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Grammar Topic 1 (Transitional Words)

Start Add Sequence Examples Stress Contrast Results Conclude

Firstly, Also, Earlier, For an Most On the other Eventually, In a
instance, importantly, hand, nutshell,
To begin Besides, Next, Particularly, Significantly, On the As a result, To sum
with, contrary, up,
Primarily, Furthermore, Later, Specifically, Especially, Despite the Consequently, Precisely,
fact,
Moreover, Although, Hence, To
conclude,
Additionally, However, Thus,
Similarly, Whereas, Therefore,
Likewise, In fact,
Nevertheless,

EG: 1) Most importantly, both the school and the students will become the beneficiaries it the above
mentioned ……..

2) On the other hand, the above mentioned problems can be sorted if certain……….

3) Most importantly, both the commuters and residents will become beneficiaries…..

Grammar Topic 2 (Subordinating Clauses)

R REASON C CONDITION T TIME C CONTRAST

As Until Since Although
Because Unless While Though
Since If When Despite
In order that

Syntax 1: Subordination Conjunction + Subordinating Clause, Main Clause

Syntax 2:

Examples: 1) As the grandparents cannot stop themselves intrude, the family seems to suffer. Grandparents

Topic
2) In order that family life does not suffer, the grandparents should not intrude in family members.

3) The family life suffers as the grandparents are unable to stop themselves intrude in family matters.

4) If they do not play for money, why do they wail on media for their payments? The players’ today
play for money and
5) Until they are paid well, they continue providing their services.
not for enthusiasm.
6) Unless their remuneration is withheld they do not seen to lose any interest. How far do you
agree? Support your
7) When they are invited for interviews, they charge hefty sum of money. view with strong
arguments
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8) They start charging hefty amounts of money since the time they become renowned.

9) Although they claim of being patriotic, they appear to prefer their own interest.

10) Since congestion is causing trouble for both commuters and residents.

11) If the school will take these measures, students’ problems will be subsequently resolved.

12) Until the school authorities will not take the measures, student’s interest in sports will not revive.

13) While I was standing there, I observed something disturbing.

14) Although I tried to intervene, Ali remained indifferent.

15) We will be able to conduct this activity only if you approve it.

Syntax 1: SC + S +V, S + V

Syntax 2: S + V + SC + S + V

Grammar Topic 3 (Gerunds)

*Words ending with –ing and looks like verbs; however, will be functioning as nouns.

1. Smoking
2. Sleeping
3. Considering
4. Selecting
5. Choosing
6. Pondering
7. Opting
8. Giving
9. Refuting the opponent’s view ………
10. Considering another contrasting opinion …………
11. Evaluating the findings, it can be concluded……….
12. Considering the fact, the authorities should consider……….
13. Standing in the closest proximity, I observed………..
14. Adopting the above mentioned suggestion……….

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Grammar Topic 4 (Adverb and Adjective Phrases)

*Since an article needs to look lively and interesting so a couple of grammar topics may help in
establishing such a style. Well-chosen Adjective and Adverb phrases can give sentences more life and
personality. Sentence constructed with Adjective and Adverb Phrases provide reader with greater
details.

Adjective Phrase Emotion Adverb Phrase

Jubilant and Thrilled Happy Enthusiastically and Joyfully
Euphoric and Elated Overjoyed Eagerly and Excitedly
Tensed and strained Upset Worriedly and Anxiously
Un-nerved and Petrified Nervous / Intimidated Reluctantly and Hesitantly
Prepared and Geared Charged Willingly and Voluntarily
Inspired and Stirred Motivated Eagerly and Readily
Electrifying and Awes trucking Outperform Excellently and Flawlessly
Calm and Serene Place (Activity)
Spick and Span
Spectacular and Magnificent
Lionized and Acclaimed Panel of Judges
Eminent and Honored

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Grammar Topic 5 (Relative Clauses)

WHO WHICH THAT WHOSE WHOME

Restrictive Clause Non-Restrictive Clause

A restrictive clause restricts or declines the A non-restrictive clause adds additional
meaning of a noun information to a sentence
It provides necessary information about the noun It uses commas to show that the information is
in the sentence hence no comma is needed additional. Hence, additional information is
separated by encasing it in commas.

Eg:

1) The judges who were there to grace the event are lionized and acclaimed.

2) The plantation drive that was held under close supervision of senior student council members was
quite a success.

Grammar Topic 6 (Alliterative Headline)

*Alliterative headings use repetition of the same sounds at the beginning of words, most tongue
twisters uses alliteration. They are hooking and attention grabbing and must be constructed in UPPER
CASE in the present tense.

Eg:

1) SCHOLARLY STALWARTS STAND SECOND

2) CEDAR GETS CROWN

3) ALPHA’S ARMY IN ARENA

4) PAFIONS POWERPACK

5) ELOQUENT ARTICULATION

6) BEACONKNIGHTS BAGS BIGGER BONUS

7) TITANS TIRELESS TEAMING

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Grammar Topic 7 (Ethos. Pathos and Logos)

• Three rhetorical appeals

• Rhetorical = Related to the art of rhetoric (using language)
• Three tools that you can use to make your language more persuasive to your listener / reader

Ethos

Pathos Logos
*ETHOS:

EG: 1) 70% of the people believe that……..

2) On a scale of five every fourth person will agree with the face that …………

3) (Observation) In my neighborhood……….

4) The news currently streaming on media showed…………

5) 70% of the people shit their jobs ………

6) The news article published in The Nation, in the last week of June revealed the fact …………

7) A research conducted and published in ……….university brought the fact to limelight that ……….

*PATHOS: Emotional appeal (Fears / Worries / Problems / Happiness / Comfort )

*LOGOS: logical reasoning to your support

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Grammar Topic 8 (Contractions)

I am I’m
You are You’re
They have They’ve
We will We’ll
It is It’s
It is It’s VS Its (This one is for
possession)

EG: 1) I’m writing to……..

2) You’ll not believe…..

3) You’ve to help me……

4) They’re dressed in …….

Grammar Topic 9 (Modal Auxiliary Verbs)

Cases of probability

MV USAGE
Will 100% sure
Can Possible under condition IF
May 50/50_Mood dependent
Might NO! Polite refusal
Must Obliging the self
Have to Obliging others

EG: 1)I must tell you the exact details ………..

2) You have to sort it out …….

3) This will be definitely exiting ……….

4) I can sort it out if you suggest me …………..

5) This may prove to be helpful…….

6) I might not do it again…….

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Grammar Topic 10 (Third Conditionals)

• To express thing in the past that have not occurred

• One may also express regrets using third conditionals

EG: 1) If I had given explanations earlier, I might have not ruin things

2) If you had attended the eve, you could have met your friends

3) Things my side could have been better if the other neighbors have objected to

Syntax1: If + S + Past Perfect + Compliment, S + MV + Present Perfect + Compliment (IF Clause, Main
Clause)

Syntax 2: S + MV + Present Perfect + Compliment + if + S + Past Perfect + Compliment (Main Clause, IF

Clause)

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INFORMAL LETTER

Task Completion Language Component

Format [5] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [5] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [5] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

1) Contractions

2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs

3) 1st Conditionals SWAP

4) 3rd Conditionals SWAP

5) Idiomatic Structures

*Format:

Greeting line Dear Friend /Aunt / Sis 250-300 Words

P1 (Opening Paragraph) Set tone, dive in the situation Conversational style

P2 (Body Paragraph 1) Elaborate signpost 1 S-S/TH/V/S/P

P3 (Body Paragraph 2) Elaborate signpost 2

P4 (Body Paragraph 3) Elaborate signpost 3

P5 (Closing Paragraph) Fabricate an urgency in closing / Restate request

Complimentary closing Your Sunny / Girl / Bestie

First name only

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*How To Start a Paragraph without a Transitional Word:

1) Okay the best thing ……

2) Okay now, the first thing ……..

3) Now comes the best / worst part ……..

4) Well…….

*Idiomatic Structures:

Blessing in disguise A good thing that seemed bad at first

Beat around the bush Avoid saying what you mean, usually because it is
uncomfortable
Get out of hand Get out of control
Its not rocket science Its not complicated
Make a long short story Tell something briefly
No pain, no gain You have to work for what you want
Full oneself together Calm down
Under the weather Sick
Add insult to injury To make a bad situation worse
Barking up the wrong tree Tb be mistaken, to be looking for solutions in thw
wrong place
Costs an arm and a leg Very expensive
Give someone the cold shoulder Ignore someone
Go on a wild goose chase To do something pointless
It’s a piece of cake Its easy
Once in a blue moon Rarely
Jump on the bandwagon Follow a trend, do what everyone else is doing
On cloud nine Very happy
Once beaten, twice shy You are more cautious when you have been hurt
before
Out of the frying pan and into the fire Thing are going from bad to worse
There are clouds on the horizon Trouble that awaits

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*Sample:

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FORMAL LETTER

Task Completion Language Component

Format [5] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [5] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [5] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

1) Transitional Words

2) Gerunds

3) Subordinating Clauses / Conjunctions SWAP

4) 1st Conditionals SWAP

5) FANBOYS

6) Semi colons

7) Conjuncts

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*Format:

Salutation Dear Sir/Editor

Subject line Sub: Purpose of writing; max in 7 words UPPERCASED Formal Register

250-300 Words

P1 Compliment, Introduce yourself, State purpose of writing S-S/TH/V/SP/P

P2 TW, Elaborate signpost 1

P3 TW, Elaborate signpost 2

P4 TW, Elaborate signpost 3

P5 Request for action

Note of thanks Thanking in anticipation [Letters entailing a request]

Valediction Phrase Valediction Phrase PTO

Signature Signature

Name Full Name

Date ddth/mm/yy

*Valediction Phrases:

• Principal : Very Sincerely Yours

• Editor : A Concerned Citizen
• Hotel Manager (+) : Very Thankfully
• Hotel Manager (-) : Your Well-wisher
• Sponsor / Business Personnel : Thankfully Yours
• Chief Guest / Celebrity : Thankfully Yours / Regards / Cardinally

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Formal Report

Task Completion Language Component

Format [5] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [5] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [5] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

1) Transitional Words

2) Gerunds

3) Subordinating Clauses / Conjunctions SWAP

4) 1st Conditionals SWAP

5) FANBOYS

6) Semi colons

7) Conjuncts

*Types of Formal Reports:

1) Eye Witness Report (Your vantage point is neutral / Stay in closest proximity / Mention time twice
[Once shortly on P1 and then complete and accurate time in P2 as per signpost])

2) Problem Solution Report (Mention survey [70%of the students…….. , On a scale of 5 every 3rd……….] /
Do not list / Elaborate 1 or 2 problems and solutions / Write do able measures )

3) Suggestion approval Report (Venue? /Time? / Date? / Invitees / Paraphernalia / Budget / School
support)

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*Format:

To: The recipient’ name and position

From: The sender’ name and status 250-300 Words

Date: DDth/MM/YY Formal Register

Subject: Purpose of writing; max in seven words S-S/TH/V/SP/P

P1 Introduce yourself, state purpose of writing

P2 TW, Elaborate Signpost 1

P3 TW, Elaborate Signpost 2

P4 TW, Elaborate Signpost 3

P5 Originated closing / Request for action / Request for approval

Signature Signature

Name Full name

Date DDth/MM/YY

REPORT’S VOCABULARY IS SAME AS OF FORMAL LETTER

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ARTICLE WRITING

Task Completion Language Component

Format [5] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [5] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [5] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

1) Relative Clauses

2) Adjective and Adverb phrases

3) Alliterative Heading

4) Gerunds

5) FANBOYS

6) Semicolons

7) Conjuncts

8) 1st Conditionals SWAP

9) Subordinating Clauses SWAP

*Format:

Headline: Catchy / Set in present tense / Alliterative Heading / UPPERCASE

Byline: Written By: Your name

P1 (Opening Paragraph) What? / When / Where Lively style

P2 (Body Paragraph 1) Elaborate signpost 1 250-300 Words

P3 (Body Paragraph 2) Elaborate signpost 2 S-S/TH/V/SP/P

P4 (Body Paragraph 3) Elaborate signpost 3

P5 (Closing Paragraph) Opinionated Closing / Future

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Speech Writing

Task Completion Language Component

Format [5] Stylistic Devices [9]
Organization [5] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [5] Vocabulary [2]
Spellings [2]

*Stylistic Devices:

• Rhetorical Questions
• Speech jargons
• Upper case
• Pauses
• Filler
• Repetition
• Anaphora
• Pathos
• Logos
• Ethos
• Direct addresses

1) Rhetorical Questions: These are the questions which intent to convince the listener , thus providing
them food for thought.

EG: 1) Who can parallel miss…..?

2) Who would want to get their day spoiled?

3) Who would not want that their dreams come true?

2) Speech Jargon:

EG: 1) “Ladies and Gentlemen” / “Dear fellow mates and guests lend me your ears”

2) “I hope we all are on same page”

3) “I hope I have communicated my intentions/ the message clearly”

4) “I hope you are getting me “

5) “I hope you are excited to know what happened next”

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3) Repetition: Repetition is the exact repeating of words;

EG: 1) Hammad should be crowned , I must repeat Hammad should be crowned (1). The phrase “I
repeat” will be substituted by following; 1)I request , 2)I plea , 3)I insist

2) It was an awful day; I swear it was an awful day (1)

4) Anaphora: Anaphora is another name for parallelism / rule of three. It activates the ears;

EG: 1) Hammad is deserving for he has been always keeping with his commitments. Hammad is
deserving for he has excellent communication skills. Hammad is deserving for he never been
disappointing in what so ever context.

2) The shop is successful for it runs 24/7, the shop is successful for it offers mega discounts , the shop is
successful for their hospitable customer service. (2)

5) Filler: “Well” / “mmmm…….” Will be used as a filler instead of transitional words in Paragraph 3 and 4

EG: 1) Well….

2) Okay……..

6) Upper Case: Since intonation is crucial in oration it can be shown by writing the stressed words in
upper case.

EG: 1) You ALL must try my uncle and aunt’s restaurant

7) Pauses:

EG: 1) (1) is used after repetition to show catching breath

2) (2) Is used after anaphora to give audience to ponder over the words of Anaphora

8) Direct Addresses : Are used in the speech for someone special in the audience

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EG: 1) Hammad! We are going to tribally miss you.

2) Don’t look at me like that, I know you will miss all of us.

3) Sir you have been a source of inspiration for all of us

4) We all look up to you as our role model

• Greeting (Formal): I bid you all a genial welcome.

• Greeting (Informal): Good Morning
• Introduction (Formal) : Well I am your head boy / girl (Name)
• Introduction (Informal): Well I am here to …………
• Purpose (Formal) : The purpose of today’s congregation is to tell you about
• Purpose (Informal) : Well I am here / here again to tell you about
• Upper case: In your entire speech write one important word in the upper case. Eg: Cast your
vote ONLY for Hammad
• Thank you note (Formal): Thank-you for being wonderful audience
• Thank You note (Informal): Thank-you for bearing with me
• WRITE ALL YOUR SPEECH ENCLOSED IN INVETED COMMAS

*Format:

P1 (Opening Paragraph) “Salute, Greet, Introduce Yourself, State Purpose

P2 (Body Paragraph 1) Rhetorical question + Elaborate signpost 1 using EPL

P3 (Body Paragraph 2) Speech Jargon + Elaborate signpost 2 using EPL + Repetition + Pause (1)

P4 (Body Paragraph 3) Filler… + Speech Jargon + Elaborate signpost 3 using EPL + Anaphora
+Pause (2)

P5 (Closing Paragraph) Request for action + Upper Case

Thank you Note

250-300 Words using Stylistic Devices / Toned according to the audience

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Argumentative Writing

Task Completion Language Component

Format [2] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [3] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [10] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

• All the grammar topics needs to be used wherever possible

*Format:

P1: Hook + General Statement + C1 + C2 + C3 // Thesis Statement

P2: To begin with, + Rephrase C1 + E + P + L +R

P3: Moreover, + Rephrase C2 + E + P + L +R

P4: Significantly, + Rephrase C3 + E + P + L +R

P5: In a nutshell, + Restate stance + Rephrase P2 + Rephrase P3 + Rephrase P4 + Call for Action

*ETHOS:

EG: 1) 70% of the people believe that……..

2) On a scale of five every fourth person will agree with the face that …………

3) (Observation) In my neighborhood……….

4) The news currently streaming on media showed…………

5) 70% of the people shit their jobs ………

6) The news article published in The Nation, in the last week of June revealed the fact …………

7) A research conducted and published in ……….university brought the fact to limelight that ……….

8) 70% of the ………….

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9) On the scale of five, every third ………….

10) 7 on 10 ………..

11) An article published in Dawn newspaper recently, highlighted the fact ………….

12) A research in journals of ; Karachi University / Institute of Bussines and Management / Dow
university of Health sciences / National University of Sciences and technology / Middle sex university ,
endorsed the fact ……………..

13) Recently, I / In my neighborhood……………….

*PATHOS: Emotional appeal (Fears / Worries / Problems / Happiness / Comfort )

*LOGOS: logical reasoning to your support

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Should there be music lessons in schools more or the syllabus must focus on academics only? Support
your argument with strong claims.

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Discursive Writing

Task Completion Language Component

Format [2] Sentence structures [6]
Organization [3] Tense harmony [2]
Coherence [10] Vocabulary [3]
Spellings [2]
Punctuations [2]

*Grammar Topics:

• All the grammar topics needs to be used wherever possible

*Format:

P1: Introduction the topics and its Side A and Side B while balancing both the sides

P2: Transitional Word + Side A + Support Device 1 + Support Device 2 + Support Device 3 + Support
Device 4

P3: Transitional Word + Side B + Support Device 1 + Support Device 2 + Support Device 3 + Support
Device 4

P4: Transitional Word + RephraseP1 + RephraseP2 + Neutral Period

Example: What are the advantages and disadvantages of living either with a big or small family?
Support your argument with strong details.

Opening: Family life parallels no other bounty of God, living with your loved ones in closest proximity
add colors to your life. Whereas the same can also be a problem in disguise…..

Neutral Point: Hence, from the above stated supportive claims it can be clearly drawn that everything
/entity on the planet carries its green and grey shades. It is up to the homo-sapiens how do they derive
the most of it and at the same time curb the consequences it may carry.

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Many students choose to travel overseas to study. Write about some of the advantages and
disadvantages of overseas study.

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