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Standard
First Aid
(SFA)
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Module 1:
Introduction to First Aid

Session 1:
First Aid Concepts and Principles

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 First Aid
Helping behaviors and initial care provided for an
illness or injury

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 Goals of First Aid

• Prevent further injury

• Preserve life

• Alleviate Suffering

• Promote recovery

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 Responsibilities of the First Aid Provider

• Bridge the gap between the victim and the

health care provider
• Ensure his own safety, that of the victim’s,
and of bystanders
• Gain access to the victim
• Determine threats to the victim’s life
• Call for more medical assistance as needed

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 Responsibilities of the First Aid Provider

• Provide emergency care to the victim

• Assist Health Care Providers when they
arrive.
• Handover to medical services or properly
trained and authorized personnel.

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 Limitations of First Aid

• Limited skill range

• Limited medical knowledge

• Minimal or no medical resources

• Legal concerns

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 Republic Act 3815
Article 12. Section 4 of the Philippine Revised
Penal Code Book 1: Any person who, while
performing a lawful act with due care, causes
an injury by mere accident without fault or
intention of causing it is exempt from criminal
liability.

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Characteristics of an Effective First Aid Provider
• Gentle

• Resourceful

• Observant

• Tactful

• Empathetic

• Respectable

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Module 1:
Introduction to First Aid

Session 2:
Steps in First Aid:
Emergency Action Principle

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 Scene Size-up
SCENE SAFETY
Ø Don’t engage if it is unsafe.
Ø Secure the scene.

KNOW WHAT HAPPENED

Ø Mechanism of injury
Ø Nature of illness

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 Scene Size-up
PROTECT YOURSELF/WELL-BEING
Ø Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to
prevent possible transmission of diseases.

NUMBER OF CASUALTY

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 Activate Medical Assistance

Call for HELP:

Ø National Emergency Hotline 911
Ø Local Emergency Hotline of your Municipality

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 Primary Assessment
Goal: To identify and initiate treatment of
immediate or potential life threats.
• Responsiveness

• Airway

• Breathing

• Circulation
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 Responsiveness

• Awake/Alert

• Verbal, responsive to verbal stimuli

• Pain, responsive to pain stimuli

• Unresponsive

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 Airway

• Able to speak / cry = open airway

• Note quality of speaking / crying

• Open the airway (Module 2)

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 Breathing
• Check for signs of breathing (within 10 seconds!)

• See the chest rise and fall

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 Circulation
• Skin - color: reddish? whitish? bluish?
- temp: cold? clammy? hot? sweaty?
very dry?

• Pulse – For responsive victim, check for

peripheral pulses

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 Secondary Assessment
q History Taking
Interview the victim/relative/bystander:

q Chief Complaint
ØSAMPLE

q Pain Assessment
ØOPQRST

q Other important information

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 Secondary Assessment
q Physical Examination

Identify specific signs of illness or injuries.

• Head and neck
• Shoulders, chest and back
• Arms and hands
• Abdomen
• Hips
• Legs and feet

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Module 2:
Medical Emergencies

Session 1:
Fever

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 Fever

• Higher-than-normal body
( greater than 37.8
degrees Celsius)
temperature

• Slightly elevated body

temperature in children,
infants = serious illness

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 What to do for Fever
• Give tepid sponge bath
• Give plenty of fluids
• Give prescribed doses of paracetamol; DO
NOT give aspirin

• Promote bedrest

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Module 2:
Medical Emergencies

Session 2:
Head and Neck Problems

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 Dizziness

• Feeling of
unsteadiness;
spinning sensation

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 Dizziness

• Vertigo: feeling of motion when there

is no actual motion

• Lightheadedness: feeling of about to

faint

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 When to seek medical care

• Dizziness without a clear, certain cause

• Dizziness followed by loss of consciousness
• Inability to walk straight; falling
• Worsening or new symptom

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 Fainting

• Not enough
blood supply to
the brain which
causes loss of
consciousness

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 Convulsions

• Seizures
• Uncontrolled, rapid
shaking
• Muscles contract
and relax repeatedly

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 What NOT to do for Convulsion
• DO NOT place anything in the mouth
• DO NOT try to make the person stop
convulsing
• DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert

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 Headache

• Most common pain

complaint
• May indicate an
underlying disorder

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 Nosebleed

• Bleeding from the

nose

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 Common Causes of Nosebleeding
• Injury / trauma

• Disease / medical
conditions

• Extremes in
environmental
temperature

• Changes in altitude
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 Foreign object in Nose
(common in Children)
• May be inhaled or obstruct
the air flow
• May be present in child’s
nose without any adult being
aware
• May dislodge into the mouth
and might be swallowed

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 Foreign object in ear

• Common among
toddlers

• Mostly in ear canal

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 Eye injuries
• Include cuts, scratches, objects, burns,
chemical exposure, and blunt injuries to the
eye or eyelid
• Can lead to vision loss if left untreated

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 Stroke

• Is a condition that occurs when the blood

flow to the brain is interrupted.
• This is also known as “Brain Attack”.

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 Types of Stroke

• Ischemic (Block)
• Hemorrhagic (Bleed)

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 Assessment System for Stroke
• F-acial Droop

• A-rm Drift

• S-lurred Speech

• T-ime of onset

Note: if any of the symptoms present, bring to the nearest

capable hospital

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Module 2:
Medical Emergencies

Session 3:
Breathing Emergencies and
Heart Attack
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 Breathing Emergency

• Occurs when a person is having trouble

breathing or cannot breath.

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 Causes of difficulty of Breathing

• COPD
• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• Hyperventilation
• Pulmonary TB
• Traumatic injury to chest

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 Heart Attack

• Serious Medical Condition in which the blood

supply to the heart is suddenly blocked.

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 Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack

• Chest Pain
• Chest Discomfort
• Pale, clammy skin
• Difficulty of breathing
• Profuse sweating
• Weakness
• Dizziness
• Nausea & vomiting
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Loss of consciousness

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Module 2:
Medical Emergencies

Session 4:
Abdominal Problems

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 Diarrhea

• Frequent, loose, watery stools

• It can lead to dehydration and electrolyte

problems

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 What to do for Diarrhea

• Promote rehydration
vGive water / oral rehydration solution (ORS)
ü1L of water + half tsp of salt + 6 tsp of sugar
v Juices
vFruit water

• BRAT: Banana, Rice, Apple, Toast (dry)

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 What NOT to do for Diarrhea
• DO NOT drink coffee, milk, or alcoholic drinks

• DO NOT take diarrhea medications unless advised

by doctor

• DO NOT give spicy, greasy or fatty foods

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 Stomachache

• Any discomfort in the

stomach due to gas
pain and indigestion.

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 Common Causes of Stomachache
• Food poisoning
• Indigestion
• Food Allergies
• Cramps
• Constipation
• Lactose Intolerance
• Stomach Flu
• Gas
• Bowel Incontinence
• Gastritis
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Module 2:
Medical Emergencies

Session 5:
Diabetic Emergencies

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 Diabetes
Long-term disease that affects how the body turns
food into energy.

Types of Diabetic Emergencies

1. Hyperglycemia
2. Hypoglycemia

Reference: American Heart Association and American Red Cross

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 Hypoglycemia

Occurs when
there is too low
sugar in the body.

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 Hyperglycemia
Happens when
there is too much
sugar in the body.

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Common Signs and Symptoms Diabetic Emergencies

• Dizziness • Change in the

• Weakness Level of
• Change in the level Consciousness
of consciousness • Deep and fast
• Sweating breathing
• Tremors • A fruity smelling
• Hunger breath
• Thirst

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Module 3:
Environmental Injuries

Session 1: Allergies

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 Allergic reaction

• over-reaction of
protective mechanisms
to substances that are
normally harmless
• can be mild or
life-threatening

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 Triggers of allergic reactions

• Food
• Medications
• Chemicals
• Insect bites, stings
• Plants

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Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
Mild Severe (Anaphylaxis)
• Sneezing • shock causing pale skin,
• itchy, runny nose causing dizziness
irritation, persistent • loss of consciousness
cough • Respiratory difficulty
• itchy, tingling, or burning (Hoarseness, wheezing)
flushing of the skin • Cardiovascular effects
• skin hives (hypotension and fast
• swelling of face, neck, pulse)
hands, feet and / or
tongue

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 For Anaphylaxis
• Inject the pre-filled EpiPen.
• When the person with
anaphylaxis does not
respond to the initial dose,
and arrival of advanced
care is expected to exceed
5 to 10 minutes, repeat
dose may be considered.
[Link]
ency-epinephrine-syringe

Reference: AHA 2015 guidelines ([Link])

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Module 3:
Environmental Injuries

Session 2: Animal Bites

and Stings

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 Insect Bites and Stings

• causes pain, swelling,

allergic reaction

• can lead to serious

illness or death

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Insect Bites / Stings: Signs & Symptoms

• stinger present
• pain
• swelling
• itchiness
• rash
• redness
• hives or wheal
• allergic reaction

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 Insect Bites / Stings: What To Do
• DO NOT pinch the stinger
• Remove stinger by gently
scraping the skin
• Wash wound with soap
and water
• Cover the wound
• Apply cold compress
• Watch for signs of allergic
reaction

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 Spider Bite and Scorpion Sting

• causes pain, swelling,

allergic reaction, infection
[Link]

• can cause paralysis

and death

[Link]

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 Marine Life Stings

• common marine
animals causing
injuries
• very painful wounds
• may cause severe
allergic reaction

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 Jellyfish Stings: What To Do
• Remove victim’s clothing
• Rinse affected area with
vinegar as soon as possible
for 30 seconds.
• Pain should be treated with
hot water immersion (as
tolerated) when possible.
• Use seawater in washing
the injury to dilute the toxin.
• Monitor victim’s condition
• Bring victim to hospital

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 Jellyfish Stings: What Not To Do

• Remove, but DO NOT touch the tentacles

• DO NOT use fresh water and ice
• DO NOT rub the affected area
• DO NOT apply pressure

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Stingray / Sea Urchin Stings: What To Do
• Irrigate / immerse
affected area with hot
water
• Cover the wound
• Bring victim to the
nearest health care
facility or Poison Control
Centers immediately

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 Snake: Poisonous vs. Non-poisonous
Venomous Non-venomous

Example cobra python

Movement concertina, side-winding semi-concertina, curving
Shape of head semi-triangular oblong
Body girth Rectangular circular
Skin rough smooth
Shape of pupil vertical, slit-like round
Manner of attack non-constrictor constrictor
Bite mark fang marks: U-shaped row
2 punctures

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 Snakebite: What NOT To Do

• DO NOT suck the wound to remove the

venom
• DO NOT apply cold compress
• DO NOT incise the bitten area
• Do NOT use tourniquet

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 Land Animal Bites

• causes direct damage to

skin and soft tissues
• causes infections
• tetanus
• rabies

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 Land Animal Bites: What To Do

• Wash bitten area with soap and water

• DO NOT induce bleeding
• Control bleeding
• Cover wound with sterile or clean dressing
• Bring victim to the nearest health care
facility / Animal Bite Treatment Center

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Module 3:
Environmental Injuries

Session 3: Poisoning

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 Poison

• any substance that

causes illness or
death when it enters
the body or comes in
contact with the
surface of the skin

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 Examples of Poisonous Plants

PONG-PONG ANGELS’S TRUMPET

DUMB CANE POISON IVY

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 How do poisons enter the body?

Inhalation

Ingestion
Injection
Absorption

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 Ingested poisons
- Introduced into the digestive tract by
way of the mouth
•overdose of alcohol
•overdose of medicines
•insecticides, pesticides
•kerosene
•denatured alcohol
•acids
•toxins from poisonous plants
•contaminated food or water
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 Examples of Ingested Poisons

Amanitaceae Family

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 Ingested Poisons: What To Do
• Check the victim’s level of consciousness

• If conscious, get the following information

• WHO is the victim? age?
• WHAT was swallowed? HOW much?
• HOW did it happen?
• WHEN did it happen(date and time)?

• If unresponsive: check airway & breathing; place

in side-lying position

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Ingested Poisons: What NOT To Do

• DO NOT make victim vomit.

• DO NOT administer anything by mouth unless
advised to do so by a Poison Control Center
(PCC) or Emergency Medical Personnel.

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 Alcohol Intoxication
Alcohol
üIs a powerful CNS depressant, both sedative
and hypnotic.
üDulls the sense of awareness, slow reflexes,
and reduces reaction time.
üMay cause aggressive and inappropriate
behavior.

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 Alcohol Intoxication

Alcohol intoxication
•when a person takes in more alcohol than his
body can tolerate can lead to decreased physical
and mental abilities

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 Inhaled Poisons
- inhaled into the
lungs

• smoke, fumes
from chemicals
• carbon monoxide

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 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Common
Signs & Symptoms

• Dull headache • Shortness of breath

• Weakness • Confusion
• Dizziness • Blurred vision
• Nausea or vomiting • Loss of
consciousness

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 Absorbed Poisons

- enter the body by passing

through the skin
• household cleaning
fluids
• agricultural chemicals,
pesticides
• industrial products
• creams, ointments,
and dyes
• secretions of
poisonous plants
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 Absorbed Poisons: What To Do
• Remove all contaminated clothing from the
victim, making sure you do not contaminate
yourself in the process.
• DO NOT wipe the poison to remove it
• liquid: blot it off victim’s skin
• powder: brush it off victim’s skin

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 For expert advice
on any poisoning situation
24/7

National Poison Management and Control

Center
(02) 524-1078
(02)554-8400
09228961541
09667189904
Local / Regional Poison Control Centers
Hotlines:__________

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Module 3:
Environmental Injuries

Session 4: Heat-Related
Problems

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 Types of Heat Related Illnesses
• Heat Cramps

• Heat Exhaustion

• Heat Stroke

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HEAT CRAMPS HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE
• Less severe type • most common heat-related emergency • most serious
• painful tightening of • heat exposure causes heavy sweating heat-related
muscles after leading to water loss, electrolyte illness
prolonged use imbalance • striking change
• heavy sweating • Inadequate intake of water in behavior
leading to • pale, moist, cool skin leads to loss of
electrolyte 9consciousness
• dry tongue, thirst
imbalance and • skin is flushed,
muscle tightening • dizziness, faintness hot, dry
• irritability • rapid, weak
• confusion pulse and
breathing
• Weakness • can lead to
• nausea (with or without vomiting) death if
• headache untreated
• rapid pulse
• normal or slightly high body temperature

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 Wounds
• Injuries to soft tissue
that damages the skin
and the structures
underlying it

• First aid depends on

types of wound:

- Closed
- Open
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 Closed wounds
- No break on the surface of
the skin
- Application of external
forces
• bruise, contusion
• redness
• swelling
• hematoma
• severe bruising =
possible internal
bleeding
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 First aid for closed wounds
• Cold compress done within 15
(range to 20 mins) every 20
minutes until referred

• Cold compress done within 15

(range of 10-20 mins) minutes
every 2 hours on the first 24
hours, for home remedies
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 First aid for closed wounds

• Hot compress for 15 minutes

3x a day after 24 hours

• Keep affected part elevated

when possible

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 Open wounds

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 Abrasion
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:

• affects the top layer of

the skin

• priority: prevent
infection

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 Laceration

Clinical Presentations, Signs and Symptoms:

• tear on surface of the skin
• more severe bleeding
• goal: control bleeding
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 Incision
Clinical
Presentation, Signs
and Symptoms

• Cut or wound of
body tissue caused
by sharp edged
object or material

• Synonyms: gash,
laceration, rent, rip,
slash, slit, tear
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 Puncture Clinical
Presentations, Signs
and Symptoms:

• entry of sharp,
pointed object

• can cause massive

internal bleeding

• very painful
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 Amputation
Clinical Presentations, Signs and Symptoms:

• total separation of body part or limb

• massive bleeding
• very painful

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 Avulsion
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:

• skin and tissues

under it torn off
from surface

• severe bleeding

• very painful
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 Impaled wounds
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:

• foreign object that

penetrates the
skin and remains
embedded in
tissue
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 Evisceration
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:

• severe open
wounds in
abdominal wall
may expose organs
à organs protrude
out of wound
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 Human bite wounds
Clinical Presentations,
Signs and Symptoms:

• Caused by the
piercing of skin by
human teeth
• Bacteria are usually
present and serious
infection often follows
• Also known as: fight
bites
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 Other wounds

Crashing Sucking
Injuries Chest
Wounds

Blast Injuries
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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries

Session 2: Burns

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 Burns

• due to large amounts

of heat energy
absorbed by the skin
• very painful
• can cause scarring
• severe burns à death
• recognizing type of
burn à correct first aid

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 Causes of Burns

• Thermal Burns - sun exposure; contact with fire,

very hot/very cold objects, liquids or gases;
blasts, fireballs

• Electrical Burns - direct contact with live electrical

currents or lightning

• Chemical Burns - direct contact with corrosive

substances

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 First-degree burns

• redness; no blisters
• painful
• can be swollen

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 Second-degree burns

• moist
• redness
• swollen
• has blisters
• very painful

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 Third-degree burns

• dry, leathery
• white, dark brown
or charred
• hard to touch
• numb

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 Fourth-degree burns
• Injury extends to all
layers of the skin
• Often there is no pain
• burnt area is stiff
• Healing typically does
not occur on its own
• Injury to deeper
tissues, such
as muscle, tendons,
or bone

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Module 4:
Trauma Injuries

Session 3:
Musculoskeletal Injuries

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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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 Musculoskeletal injuries: DON’Ts

• Do NOT try to re-align a limb if you

suspect a fracture

• Do NOT try to put back an exposed bone

• Do NOT massage the affected area

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First aid for musculoskeletal injuries
• R – Rest/ Immobilize

• I – Ice/ cold packs

• C -Compression

• E - Elevate
** If an injured extremity is blue or extremely pale,
activate EMS immediately.
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 Musculoskeletal Injuries

• dislocation-
bone ends are
no longer in
contact

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 Musculoskeletal Injuries

• Sprain -
stretched or
torn ligament

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 Musculoskeletal Injuries

• strain -
stretched or
torn muscle
or tendon

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Recognizing Musculoskeletal Injuries
• tenderness
• deformity
• swelling
• pain
• discoloration
• crepitus
• false motion
• guarding
• loss of function
(extreme cases)
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 Spine Injuries

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 The Spine

• pillar of 33 bones
along neck and back
• protects the spinal
cord

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 The Spinal Cord

• bundle of nerves that

runs down the neck
and back
• carries signals
between the brain and
other parts of the body
• spine injury à injury
to spinal cord à loss
of functions; death
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 Suspect a spine injury if there is…
• dizziness
• head, neck or back pain
• clear fluid coming out of nose and ears
• difficulty of breathing
• numbness, inability to move the limbs
• loss of urinary or bowel control
• paralysis
• unconsciousness

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Drowning

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 Drowning

Respiratory impairment due to

submersion or immersion in
liquid.

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Shock

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 Shock
• A state of collapse and failure of the of
the heart and blood vessels to deliver
enough blood to the body tissues.

• If not treated promptly, DEATH

follows.

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 Causes of Shock

A. Pump Failure

B. Hypovolemia

C. Dilation of blood
vessels

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 TRAINING PACKAGES SCS1
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Special Emergencies

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 Non-institutional Delivery (Child Birth)

First Aid Tip

Newborn Care
• Keep the newborn dry and warm
• Promote skin to skin contact
• Do not attempt to cut the umbilical cord
• Bring to the nearest health care facility

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 Non-institutional Delivery (Child Birth)

First Aid Tip

Maternal Care
• Monitor ABC
• In cases of laceration, apply pressure
dressing
• Contact local health care provider

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 Non-institutional Delivery (Child Birth)

First Aid Tip

Maternal Care
• Immediately, bring to the nearest health
care facility
• In case the placenta is still intact: do not
massage
• In case the placenta was already expelled:
apply massage at the lower abdominal area
and apply ice pack if available
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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 Mass Casualty

First Aid Tip

• Call 911 immediately

• Provide first aid, as possible
• Initiate and support crowd control

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 Hazardous Spills

First Aid Tip

• Evacuate the area
• Call 911 immediately
• Provide first aid, if possible
• Initiate and support crowd control

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 Terrorist Acts

First Aid Tip

• Evacuate the area

• Call 911 immediately
• Provide first aid, if possible
• Initiate and support crowd control

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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 Objectives
Were we able to meet the objectives?

• Identify and apply special considerations to

victims of special emergencies such as
• Non Institutionalized Delivery
• Mass Casualty
• Hazardous Spills
• Terrorist Acts

Standard First Aid (SFA)

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