OILWELL CEMENTING (DAY 2)
Cementing Additives & Design
SAFETY MOMENT
CEMENT ADDITIVES
Oilwell Cementing 2021
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Types of Additives
Two main types: dry powders and liquid (mixed in water and
may have trace amounts of other chemicals that make it easier
to disperse and be suspended in water).
All dry powders have to be either blended into the cement
prior to delivery to the work location or pre-hydrated in the
mix water.
Liquid additives when used with a Liquid Additive System
(LAS) provide the flexibility and ease of use that offers many
advantages over dry powder based slurry systems.
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Cementing Materials
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Cementing Materials
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Accelerators
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Accelerators (NaCl)
NaCl functions depending on concentration and curing temperature:
- Up to 10% BWOW as accelerator
- 10 – 18% BWOW neutral
- Above 18% as retarder
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Retarders
Chemical Classes of retarders
– Lignosulphonates
– Hydroxycarboxylic acids
– Inorganic compounds
– Cellulose derivatives
– Blended retarders
– (Blend of above components)
– Sugar is also a cement retarder
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Mechanism of Retardation
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Mechanism of Retardation
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Cement Retarders
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Extenders
z Water based extenders
– Water
– Clays (Bentonite
– Chemical extenders (Sodium Silicates
z Low density solids
– Pozzolans (Fly ashes)
– Kolite and gilsonite (asphalt)
– Expanded perlite (volcanic)
– Microsilica
z Very low density materials
– Nitrogen - FOAM CEMENT - need stabilizer
– Ceramic microspheres
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Cement Extenders
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Weighting Agent
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Dispersant
z Superplasticizers
z Plasticizers
-Lignosulphonates
-Cement retarders
-Mud Thinners
z Organic salts and acids
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Dispersant mechanism
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Fluid Loss Control
z Particulate FLACs
z Latex FLAC
z Cationic Polymer
Water Soluble Polymers
z Cellulose Derivative
z Non-Ionic Synthetic Polymer
z Anionic Synthetic Polymer
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Fluid Loss Effect on Slurry
REDUCED INCREASED
Slurry yield Slurry density
Free Water Plastic viscosity
Thickening Time Yield point
Settling
Bulk Shrinkage
Mud Removal Efficiency
Hydrostatic (psi/ft)
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Mechanism
z Reduce cement filter cake permeability
– Particulate materials to fill voids (gel, latex, microgels)
– Polymer particles to plug pores (HEC, Polyacrylamide)
– Polymer film over cement particles/pores
– Change cement particle distribution with dispersants
z Increase viscosity of aqueous phase
– Addition of water soluble polymers (HEC)
– Also reduce filter cake permeability
– Effect small compared to permeability reduction
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Mechanism
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Dispersant effect on FL
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Typical Fluid Loss Limits
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Lost Circulation Control
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Antifoam Agents
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Antisettling Agents
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Other Special Additives
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SLURRY DESIGN
Oilwell Cementing 2021
Wellbore Geometry
Good Bad
Wellbore Wellbore
- Gauge Mud
- Not in gauge
- Uniform Weighted - Washouts
TOC
spacer - Restrictions
too high
Tops of fluids - Channeling
as planned - Unknown TOC
Lead Lead slurry higher
slurry
Loss zone (PF) PH > PF = losses
P H < PF
Loss zone (PF) Gelled mud channel
no losses Tail (not removed)
P H > PP slurry
HP zone (Pp) HP zone (Pp)
well stable
Tail slurry below
HP zone top
PH < Pp = inflow
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Criteria for Success Cementing
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Concept
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PDW Well Planning Workflow
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PDW Cementing Snapshot
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Designing Slurries
Design Stage I Design Stage II
• Job Objectives • Data Collection
– Casing string purposes (surface, – OH geometry (bit size, caliper, excess,
production liner, etc.) depths, etc.)
– Cement fill (required TOC, formation – Wellbore (pore & frac pressures,
depths) lithologies, depths, etc.)
– Completion plans (perf, prod, injection, – Temperature (BHST, BHCT, TOLST)
stim, tersting, etc.) – Problem zones (losses, wash-outs,
– Regulations (government, local, waterflow, HP gas, etc.)
operator, etc.) – Casing data (size, type, hardware
depths, previous casing)
– Survey data (TVD, MD, KOP, bearing,
deviation, etc.)
– Fluid data (mud type, density, rheology)
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Designing Slurries
Design Stage III Design Stage IV
Job Design Pumping Schedule
Laboratory Testing – Job sequence and execution
– Define required slurry properties (density, – Pumping and displacement rates
PV, Ty, FL, stability, pumping time) – Dynamic pressures (friction, frac and
– Optimize using field samples surface pressure)
– Optimize set cement properties – U-tubing (annular rates, contact time,
(compressive strength, perm, etc.) etc.)
Mud Removal Other
– Displacement regime (turbulent preferred) – Equipment requirements
– Spacer and washer selection (fluid – Material requirements
compatibilities) – Logistics
– Contact time (for turbulent flow) – Personnel
– Recommended – conditioning, plugs,
centralization & pipe movement
Cement Fill
– Static pressure (hydrostatic)
– Cement and preflush volumes, fluid yields,
tops of fluids
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Stage collars, baskets, ECPs, etc.
Mud Removal
Mud Channeling
Allow Interzonal Communication
Lost Production
Unwanted Production
Corroded Casing
Costs remedial cementing
Squeeze Jobs
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Mud Removal
Best practice before cementing:
1. Hole cleaning
2. Conditioning the drilling fluid
3. Displace the drilling fluid from the annulus
4. Pipe Movement (Rotation / Reciprocation)
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Mud Removal
Criteria for Effective
Mud Removal
• Centralize casing
• Casing movement
• Scratchers
• Wiper plugs
• Washes and spacers
• Flow regime
selection
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Spacers and Washers
Chemical Washes Spacers
Separate mud and cement • Densified viscous fluid separating mud
No incompatibility effect and slurry
Remove mud from annulus • Thorough removal of mud
Turbulence at low pump rate • Compatible with mud and cements
Erode, dilute and disperse particles • Specified rheology
Leave casing and formation water wet Low for Turbulent Flow
Function of the Surfactant Adjustable for Effective Laminar Flow
Provide less hydrostatic pressure
Water or oil-based
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Flow Regime
Turbulent Flow Displacement Effective Laminar Flow
“Preferred” Flow Regime Displacement
Critical rate for turbulence depends on: Alternative if turbulent flow is not
– Fluid rheologies possible
– Casing stand-off – Has adjustable viscosity
– Annular gap size – Use viscous weighted spacer
Use chemical wash or spacers – Use minimum 60 bbl or (500 annular
– Enough contact time for 100% cement feet)
coverage – Depends on length of dynamic
– MUDPUSH II spacer channeling problem
– Spacer density close to that of mud as – Viscosify cement slurry if necessary
per placement simulation
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Slurry Properties
• Slurry density
• Slurry rheology
• Free water
• Thickening time
• Compressive
strength
• Fluid loss control
• Compatibility
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Slurry Properties
Bottomhole Temperature
Temperature Prediction Bottomhole static temperature (BHST)
Two basic influences on downhole – From mean geothermal temperature
performance of cement: gradient (°F/100 ft)
- Temperature – BHST = surface temperature + (depth *
- Pressure TG)
– From interpolation of bottomhole logs
Temperature has the biggest
influence and affects on: Bottomhole circulating temperature
1. Thickening time (BHCT)
2. Transition time – From BHST + API schedules or
3. Compressive Strength correlation (simulation)
4. Fluid loss – Downhole circulating temperature probes
5. Rheology (DCTP)
6. Free water – Normally over estimated
– Maximum BHCT is not at bottom of well
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Simulation Sample
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Post Job Evaluation
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Post Job Evaluation
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Post Job Evaluation
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CEMENTING CALCULATIONS
Oilwell Cementing 2021
PHE OSES
Cementing Calculation
Objectives:
Able to calculate:
• Different volumes in wellbore/casing configuration
• Dry cement requirements for slurries
• Water requirements for slurries
• Additives requirements for slurries
• Minimum thickening time requirements for slurries
• Differential pressure at the end of cement job
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Volumes
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
Void spaces between the golf balls filled with trapped air.
Golf balls analogy Volume of golf balls only (in gallons) =
7.4805 gal/ft3 - volume of water to fill the gaps
Volume of golf balls only = absolute volume.
Absolute volume is provided in the Technical Data
section of the Halliburton Cementing Tables
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Bulk and Absolute Volume
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Cement Quantity
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Cement Quantity
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Cement Quantity
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Cement Quantity
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Water Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Additives Requirements
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Estimated Job Time
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Estimated Job Time
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Job Pressure
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Job Pressure
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