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Smooth and Cardiac muscles:

Structures and Functions

สมพล เทพชุม พ.บ., Ph.D.

ภาควิชาสรี รวิทยา คณะแพทยศาสตร์ศิริราชพยาบาล
[Link]@[Link]

2
 Objectives
• Student should be able to explain
– the differences between skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle
– the structures of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
– the differences between single unit (unitary) and multi-
unit smooth muscle
– character and properties of electrical events in cardiac
muscle and smooth muscle
– mechanism of contraction and relaxation in cardiac muscle
and smooth muscle
– properties of cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
contraction

Prerequisite
• Structures and Functions of Skeletal muscle (SIID245)
• Resting membrane potential and Action potential (SIID146)
• Synaptic transmission (SIID146)
• Autonomic nervous system (SIID146)

4
 Types of Muscle
Anatomy Histology Control mode

Voluntary
Skeletal muscle (somatic nervous system)
>
- Reflex :
involuntar
Skeleton Striated

Involuntary
Cardiac muscle (autonomic nervous system)

Heart Striated

Involuntary
Smooth muscle (autonomic nervous system)

5
Visceral Smooth

Functions of Muscles
• Functions: Contraction of muscle can causecontraction
rthym of
– Movement of organs or body parts (phasic contraction)
-

– Maintain tone of organs or body (tonic contraction) posture maintaining.

– Others e.g. Heat production
muscle
shivering of skeletal
nutrient regulation ; glucose uptake
of the skeleta
muscle

maintain
vasodiameter
in
phasic contraction
Posture Movement
(Tonic contraction) (Phasic contraction)

([Link])

6
 Control of Muscles
from cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
sprimitive
control

knee jerk
Voluntary reflex Involuntary 7
not require cerebral cortex

Skeletal muscle:
Contractile proteins
Actin Myosin
• Myofilaments
– Thin filament
• Actin filament
• Tropomyosin
• Troponin complex
– Thick filament
• Myosin filament
filamentous-activ

line↑
Z

--
(Rhoades & Bell: Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical medicine, 3rd ed., 2009)

bind whenever Actin- myosin bindingsite exposure

& = several binding
in resting stage
& =
high force
-
when

Cont bird to tropain C

>
-
troporyosin expose
altio-myosin bing site
8
 Skeletal muscle:
Excitation-contraction coupling
Nerve action potential
Muscle action potential

-
Nicotinic-cholinergic
>
- Nat influx

PHPR
voltuge getelkt ATP
RTR
y
Cs't releasion
ATP from SR

9
Force

Cardiac muscle
Intercalated disk

• Muscle fiber Desmosome

– Striation arrangement stuator must
same
- both Cardice & in

– Branching
– interconnection at intercalated disks
• Cell-cell coupling
– Mechanical:
• Desmosome (adherent junction) at functional
intercalated disks a syncytimm

– Electrical: Gap junction

electrical coupling
Intercalated disk ↑
• Gap junction at intercalated disks &electrical Net depolarization
10
synapse &
>
- form connection between cells
 Cardiac muscle: Myofibril
• Actin and Myosin arrange in sarcomere similar to that of skeletal muscle.
• Contain troponin complex and tropomyosin

11
(Boron & Boulpaep: Medical Physiology, 2nd ed., 2009)

Cardiac muscle: Intracellular structure

In cardice
• Moderately developed SR and t-tubules  Diad depend on

less SR developed ECF

• Abundant in mitochondria and myoglobin & well &
bu Cast
storage
difference from
skeletal muscle
&
depend on

St

* aerobic res
of cardiac m
.
-

>
- resistant to
Fatique
full of myoglobin
& mitochondriz
* some skeletal muscle
presen characteristic
T-tubule at Z line of aerobic respiration
>
-
respiratory M

Red Fiber of
·
Diaphragm
...
etc
.

12
(Berne & Levy Physiology, 7th ed., 2018)
 Cardiac muscle: Action potential
K
+
efflux
↓

&
• Phase 0
g – depolarization rapidly
Etinflux
-
• Phase 1
& differ from
skeletal muscle
– initial rapid
* Not influx
repolarization
~
ECF-ICF >
- contraction
voltage-gated
• Phase 2
E
not present
CattChaund
in skeleta
– plateau phase muscle
SkeletDHPR l
Ca't voltage-gated
• Phase 3
> provide less
-

effect compare to
– late rapid
cardize muscle repolarization
• Phase 4
– baseline
Cardiza
located typical
graded =
even

A praction potentials signal

= transtruction
13
Moth
distance of muscle
slong

L-type Ca2+ channels

(DHPR)

• The Ca2+ influx through the mammalian skeletal muscle

dihydropyridine receptor is irrelevant for muscle performance
Cast influx

in cardiac muscle
↑

interest with
e RYR
-

of DHPR
14
decrease expression
(Dayal, A. [Link]., Nature Communication, 2017)
 Cardiac pacemaker
Rapid phase
absentComparet - calcium action

7
&
potential
peacemaker potential
=
self-generated Ap by cardiac
↑

leader
Rthym
↳

pacemaker potential
↓
cardiac muscle
action potential
&↑ Phase)

cardise pace maker pathway

not classified as neuron but
muscle cell with speceilized
differentiated to function in 15
signal transduction

Cardiac muscle: E-C coupling Action potential

-
L 2
show
Ca't induce Carelease DHPR induce
↑ fast

Incurdinese
-
In skeletal muscle
main)
be Cal + I Cal + R too
~ L
may
Ca2+
releasing from SR

by RYR
↑

16
(Berne & Levy Physiology, 7th ed., 2018)
 Cardiac muscle: Role of Ca2+

17
(Boron & Boulpaep: Medical Physiology, 2nd ed., 2009)

Cardiac muscle contraction

to
to contract rthymic
- -

RELAX - CONTRACT
↳
ToReceive
Cartfinflux
↑
blood
Relative refractory period
↑ durction bug RRP
-> buy >
-

T
prevent summation
of cardiac contraction
Natfinflux unlike skeletal M .
-

* temporal sur

*
special sun3]
empowered
Force of Sketch M .

• No summation of contraction or tetanic contraction

18
 Length-tension relation

initial leght
best
-optimum =

contraction
if less
->
actin-myosin
overlaping not suitable
=
not present
optimum initial length

19

Cardiac innervation

control Rthymic

pacemaker

conducting
pathway

muscle
-

↓ MR
,
4 power of contraction
z
20
Rthymic
 Sympathetic stimulation

B -
1

&

increase &
RyR
effective
↑ of function

castrestoration
one
>
-
con & Rely

21

Parasympathetic stimulation

&
Inhibit 2 stimulate

Depolarization

22
 Smooth muscle
• Location
– Wall of visceral organs, vessels
– Ciliary muscle, pupillary muscle
– Arrector pili

GI smooth muscle Vascular smooth muscle Ciliary muscle 23

Smooth muscle cell

• Spindle shape
• Diameter 2-5 micron
• Length 50-200 micron
• One central nucleus
• Few mitochondria due to small cell
• No T-tubules system
-

– Relatively poor developed

sarcoplasmic reticulum
(SR)
– Small membrane
invagination correlated
=
with SR; Cavelolae
• Relatively positive RMP
(about -55 mV) ↑
new by
excitation-relaxation
coupling
24
 Smooth muscle cytoarchitecture
• Contractile protein
– actin and myosin Thick filament
• Arrangement Thin filament
dueto attachment of
– no sarcomere
-
dense
body
– actin:myosin > 10:1 Dense body
• Dense body
– attach site for actin Dense body
– locates intracellularly and on membrane Mechanical coupling

– Contain actinin
• Intermediate filament Gap junction
Electrical coupling
– Cytoskeletal elements provide scaffold (In some SM)
of smooth muscle cell
actin
– Contain desmin and vementin
• Smooth muscle cell also contain Cross
tropomyosin but no troponin Section
& activ : < myosin in SM
provide empowere Force of
My
Area
unlike Hexagonal actin around
myosin Myosin
in Skeletal & Cardies M
. 25

Smooth muscle contractile proteins

Myosin Light Chains

COO-
COO-
Myosin Heavy Chain Tail

Myosin Heavy Chain Head

not contract to Mline

but all direction contract
abbular
>
-
contraction

26
 Myosin classes

Smooth muscle

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

27

Types of smooth muscle

• Single unit or Unitary or Visceral
- - -

mechanical coupling
smooth muscle e of desiocone

– &
Abundant gap junction functional=

syncytium
-

– Diffused nerve ending

– Ex: GI tract,
w uterus,
- urinary bladder,- ↑
~
small arterioles~ coordinated contraction

• Multi-unit smooth muscle

-

fewer cell-cell
– Fewer gap junctions interaction
-

– Individually supplied by nerve ending

-

– Ex: ciliary muscle,

-
iris muscles,~
bronchial muscle,
~
tracheal muscle,~
vas deferens,w and GI sphincters,~ and
larger blood vesselsL
M
I individually independent
emparsant varicosity contraction 28
 Electrical activity:
Multi-unit SMM
• Graded potential

no need AP

require only lead or

graded
potential

* Controversy
,
Contraction Single-unit
= need AP

Membrane potential

Stimulus 29

Electrical activity: Unitary SMM

• Action potential &Ap like percenar of
ardition in singlesM
– Depolarization  L-type voltage-gated channelsCa2+
– Repolarization  K+ channels (Ca2+-activated, voltage-gated)
1. Spike potential

↑
• Elicits by external stimuli e.g. electrical,
all CaltAP
stretch, hormones, neurotransmitters
-

From
ECFTSR
2. Slow wave and Spike potential
• Elicits by spontaneous slow rhythm
not present
RRP in
electrical wave in intestinal wall
smooth
due to not

require Natch
-
3. Plateau potential
• Delayed repolarization
• Can be found in uterine muscle and
ureter 30
 GI Slow wave and Spike potential

contraction relate
to calcium isn

31

GI pacemaker
 The slow wave potential in GI
smooth muscle is initiated in
&
Cal+AP
Pacemaker cell called interstitial >
-

pincristals
-

cell
- of Cajal (ICC). is
-

 The ICC are electrically coupled

and also electrically coupled with
smooth muscle via gap junction. S
Pace maker potential from pacemaker cells

S Passive component in smooth muscle

↓ spike
on
top of
Cat influx

&

Secondary regenerative component in

smooth muscle
32
 Slow wave and Contraction

spikefrege is ,

tone of
contract
I

&
tonic contraction

tonic phasic

33

Smooth muscle: E-C coupling

In Crossbridge cycle
ATP in
usage of ① ATP molecule
* contraction - >
give E to
* Relaxation myosin head
↓
hydolysis to
CaM Ca2+ provide power stroke

activation of MLCK non-activated

ATP
Myosin Pi
inActive Active
Ca2+-CaM phosphorylatio
MLCK MLCK MLCK MLCP
-
L

M
not crucial role in -
Activated
ADP
Skelet & cardiac M Myosin
• Myosin-liked regulation
-

& active
always
until MLCP dephosphorylate
Actin- Myosin
ADP
ATP
Power stroke

CaM = Calmodulin ATP Pi

MLCK = myosin light-chain kinase Actin- Myosin

34
MLCP = myosin light-chain phosphatase ADP
 Smooth muscle: E-C coupling
• Thin filament regulation in Cardiza & Skeleta

In smooth =
thick filament
reg

&- disinhibition of Actin

-

myosin binding
site some
of MM

• Caldesmon and Calponin

– Inhibit cross bridge
– The inhibition is released by Ca2+-CaM
35

Regulation of intracellular Ca2+

Ca2+ entry Ca2+ exit

Direct entry

Ligand-gated
channel
Voltage-gated
Ca2+-channel Ca ATPase

Ca2+/Na+exchanger

RyR

Ca ATPase
&

Via second messenger 36

 Regulation of smooth muscle contraction

• Neural: ANS
– Enteric nervous system in GI tract
-

– Sympathetic nervous system

-

– Parasympathetic nervous system

-

• Humoral: catecholamine, acetylcholine,

-
-

angiotensin, vasopressin, serotonin, histamine

-
-

• Local tissue factors: oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH

- -

-de

37

Type of smooth muscle contractions

&I
& sphincter

- v
to maintain tone
&
of contraction

~
&local factor

& depend on

Calt
spike top
on

38
 Characters of smooth muscle contraction
smaller RSR
a
• Slow cross-bridge cycle, due to less ATPase activity
-

• Long contraction duration (1-3 s, 30 times as long as

that of skeletal muscle) ~ maintain force
brey
= more

• less energy required to sustain same tension of

-

contraction as in skeletal muscles.

-
• Force of contraction is 4-6kg/cm2 (3- 4kg/cm2 in
skeletal muscle) > mu

39

* Latch state
• Maintain force of contraction with minimal ATP
-

expenditure needno crossbridge cycle like Cardice & Skelet

more

binda

in
Low High
ATPase ATPase
activity activity

each
vary in
type of
myosin

Latch ↑ Cross bridge

slower deattachment dephosphorylated
of myosin head occur while myssin need 40
bind to activ
 Stress relaxation and
Reverse stress relaxation
Hanstrst :

& Recover
Wastest su
-

many direction rearrangement of

mysfilement
• Rearrangement of tissue and contractile
elements to maintain wall tension
41

Length-tension relation
v
still present
but not obvius

(Rhoades & Bell: Medical Physiology: Principles for Clinical medicine, 3rd ed., 2009)

• Slopes are less than skeletal muscle.

42
Effects of different stimuli

SM rebration

↓
&
membrane hyperpolarized
on

43

Effect of ACh
or Parasympathetic stimulation

&

44
 Effect of E
or Sympathetic stimulation

rCite
&

* inactivation of active mys in head

45

Summary:
Action potential and contraction

46
 Summary
Characteristic Skeletal Multi-unit Unitary Cardiac M
Smooth M Smooth M
Location Attached to skeletal Large blood vv, small Wall of hollow organs in GI, Heart only
airway, eye, hair follicle reproductive, urinary and
small blood vv
Function Movement of body Varies with location Movement of content in Pump blood
hollow organs
Mechanism of contraction Sliding filament Sliding filament Sliding filament Sliding filament
Innervation Somatic ANS ANS ANS
Level of control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Involuntary
Initiation of contraction Neurogenic Neurogenic Pacemaker Pacemaker
Role of nervous stimulation Initiation Initiation Modified Modified
Modified effect of hormones No Yes Yes Yes
Presence of thick and thin Yes Yes Yes Yes
filaments
Striation Yes No No Yes
Troponin Yes No No Yes
T-tubules Yes No No Yes
Development of SR Well Poorly Poorly Moderately
Cross bridge turn on by Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ca2+
Source of increase cytosolic SR ECF and SR ECF and SR ECF and SR
Ca2+
Site of Ca2+ regulation Troponin Calmodulin Calmodulin Troponin
(actin-regulate) (myosin-regulate) (myosin-regulate) (actin-regulate)
47

References

48