ONCOLOGY
(CANCER)
-The branch of medical science dealing with tumors including
the origin, development, diagnosis and treatment of benign and
malignant tumors.
Oncology Terminology
Sarcoma: cancer that affects connective, supportive and
soft tissue (bone, cartilage, muscle or fat)
Osteosarcoma - bone
Chondrosarcoma - cartilage
Leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle
CANCER TUMOR
also known as neoplasm is an
is a group of neoplastic
abnormal mass of tissue which
diseases in which there is a
may be solid or fluid- filled that
transformation of normal
can be either benign (non-
body cells into malignant cancerous) or malignant
ones. (cancerous).
BENIGN TUMOR MALIGNANT TUMOR
aren't cancerous and can often are cancerous, they can
be removed. In most of the invade nearby tissues and
cases they don't possess any spread to other parts of
health risk and don't come the body.
back.
CARCINOGEN
-carcinogen is something that can cause cancer. Examples
includes cancer causing chemicals, viruses and environmental
exposures.
Physical carcinogens-UV rays and ionizing radiations
Chemical carcinogens- Asbestos, Tobacco ,Smoke
Arsenic
Biological Carcinogens- Infection from micro-organisms
Cancer Etiologic factors
Infectious agents- Hepatitis B and C virus- liver
cancer, HPV-cervical and anal cancer, HIV induced
immunodeficiency associated with Kaposi's
sarcoma, certain lymphomas, and anal cancer
Pharmacologic agents- estrogens-uterine and
breast cancer
Diet- breast, colon and stomach
Risk factors of cancer
Cigarette smoking
CR Infections
Radiation exposures
Immunosuppressive medicines
Diet
OR Alcohol
Obesity
Environmental factors
Types Of Cancer:
Carcinoma- cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line
or cover internal organs (epithelial tissues) (epithelial cells are
found in breast, skin, cervix, stomach prostate)
Sarcoma- cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle,
blood vessels or other connective tissues.
Leukemia- cancer that starts in blood forming tissues such as
the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood
cells to be produced and enter the blood.
Types Of Cancer:
Lymphoma- cancers that begins in the cells of immune
systems.
Central nervous system cancer- cancers that begin in
the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
Cancer level of Prevention
Primary prevention - keeps disease from occurring by
reducing exposure to causative agents and risk factors
Secondary prevention - detects the disease before it
is symptomatic and when intervention can prevent the
illnes,
Tertiary prevention - reduces complication of the
disease once the disease is clinically evident.
Different diagnostic procedures
for Cancer
Biopsy- It means removal of small pieces of living tissue from
an organ or a part of body for microscopic examination for the
diagnostic purpose of benign, malignant other tumor.
Mammogram-It is a specific type of imaging that uses low
doses X-ray system modalities without any effect or hazards. It
is used for the early detection and diagnosis of the breast
disease in the women including both symptomatic or
asymptomatic disease.
Different diagnostic procedures
for Cancer
Pap smear test- is a test of sample of cells taken form the woman's
cervix or vagina. The test is done to look for the changes in the cells
of cervix and vagina.
VIA(Visual Inspection with acetic acid)- is the naked eye
inspection of the cervix after application of 3-5% acetic acid. Acetic
acid acts by coagulating the protein of the surface epithelium.
VILI- Visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), also known as
Schiller's test, uses Lugol's iodine instead of acetic acid.
Cancer treatment Modalities
Chemotherapy- is the treatment of cancer using specific chemical
agents or drugs that are destructive to malignant cells and tissues.
The term comes from two words that mean "chemical" and
"treatment." Cytotoxic literally translated means 'toxic to cells'.
Modes of Chemotherapy:
1. Primary Chemotherapy
2. Adjuvant Chemotherapy
3. Neo-adjuvant Chemotherapy
4. Concurrent Chemotherapy
Cancer treatment Modalities
Radiation Therapy- uses high energy radiation such as X-ray or
gamma rays to destroy cancer cells and stop them form growing and
multiplying. It is the method of cure for certain localized cancer.
Hormone therapy- It is a standard treatment used to treat cancer of
prostate, breast and uterus.
Bone Marrow Transplant- This is the process of replacing the bone
marrow with healthy cells especially performed in case of blood
cancer.
Surgery- is the removal of the visible tumor and near by tissues.It is
the most frequently used for cancer treatment. It can be prophylactic,
palliative or reconstructive It can be used for treatment, prevention
and diagnosis.
Cancer treatment Modalities
Immunotherapy- It uses body's own immune system to destroy
cancer cells. It isn't widely used as it requires many clinical trails.
Types of Immunotherapy:
1. Check-point Inhibitors
2. Monoclonal antibodies
3. Adoptive cell transfer
4. Topoisomerase Inhibitors
5. OR Cancer Vaccines (Sipuleucel-T, laherparepvec (T- VEC)
6. Immunomodulators
Thank you
