Alexander-Sadiku

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

Chapter 11
AC Power Analysis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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 AC Power Analysis
Chapter 11

11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power

11.2 Maximum Average Power Transfer
11.3 Effective or RMS Value
11.4 Apparent Power and Power Factor
11.5 Complex Power
11.6 Conservation of AC Power
11.7 Power Factor Correction
11.8 Power Measurement

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11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (1)
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
dw dw dq
• Mathematical expression: p= =  = vi
dt dq dt

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11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
p (t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = Vm I m cos ( t +  v ) cos ( t +  i )
1 1
= Vm I m cos ( v −  i ) + Vm I m cos (2 t +  v +  i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2t

p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source.
11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)
The average power, P, is the average
of the instantaneous power over one period.

1. P is not time dependent.

1 T 1
P=
T  0
p (t ) dt =
2
Vm I m cos ( v −  i ) 2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.

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11.1 Instantaneous and Average Power (2)

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Example

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (3)
Example 1

Calculate the instantaneous power and average

power absorbed by a passive linear network if:

v(t ) = 80 cos (10 t + 20)

i(t ) = 15 sin (10 t + 60)

Answer: 385.7 + 600cos(20t − 10 )W, 387.5W

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Example

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 11.1 Instantaneous and
Average Power (4)
Example 2

A current I = 10  30  flows through an

impedance Z = 20  − 22 Ω . Find the average
power delivered to the impedance.

Answer: 927.2W
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Example
For the circuit shown in Fig., find the average power supplied by
the source and the average power absorbed by the resistor

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Example:
Determine the average power generated by each source and the average power
absorbed by each passive element in the circuit of Fig.
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
ZTH = R TH + j X TH

ZL = R L + j X L

The maximum average power

can be transferred to the load if

XL = –XTH and RL = RTH

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VTH
Pmax =
8 R TH

If the load is purely real, then R L = + X TH = ZTH

2 2
R TH
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11.2 Maximum Average Power
Transfer (1)
ZTH = R TH + j X TH

ZL = R L + j X L

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Example: Determine the load impedance that
maximizes the average power drawn from the
circuit of Fig. What is the maximum average power?

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Example: In the circuit in Fig. find the
value of RLthat will absorb the maximum
average power. Calculate that power

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 11.3 Effective or RMS Value (1)

The total power dissipated by R is given by:

1 T 2 R T 2
P =  i Rdt =  i dt = I rms
2
R
T 0 T 0

T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff =
T 0
i 2 dt = I rms

The rms value is a constant itself which

depending on the shape of the function i(t).
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the
same average power to a resistor as the periodic current. 20
11.3 Effective or RMS Value (2)
The rms value of a sinusoid i(t) = Imcos(t)
is given by:

Im
I 2rms =
2
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:

Note: Power industries specify phasor magnitudes in terms of their rms values.
220 V is rms voltage fom Wapda. Analog Voltmeter and Ammeter are designed
to read rms value of voltage and current. 21
Example: Determine the rms value of the given current waveform. If the current
is passed through a 2 Ω resistor, find the average power absorbed by the resistor?

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Example: For the given half wave rectified sine waveform. Find the rms value
and the average power absorbed by the 10 Ω resistor?

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
• It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from
the average or real power which is measured in watts.

P = Vrms I rms cos (θ v − θ i ) = S cos (θ v − θ i )

Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf

• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between

the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance.

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (1)
• Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between
the voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle
of the load impedance

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 11.4 Apparent Power and
Power Factor (2)

Purely resistive θ – θ = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are

v i
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) pf = 0 consumption
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging - inductive
reactive load θv– θi < 0 load
(R and L/C) • Leading - capacitive
load

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Example:

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Example:

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 11.5 Complex Power (1)
• Complex power is important in power analysis as it
contains all the information pertaining to the power
absorbed by a given load.
• Complex Power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
V = Vm θ v I = I m θ i

1 
V I = Vrms I rms  θ v − θ i
2

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 11.5 Complex Power (2)
1
S = V I = Vrms I rms  θ v − θ i
2

 S = Vrms I rms cos (θ v − θ i ) + j Vrms I rms sin (θ v − θ i )

S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is

the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VA.
• Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
• Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
• Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf). 30
 11.5 Complex Power (3)
 S = Vrms I rmscos (θ v − θ i ) + j Vrms I rms sin (θ v − θ i )

S = P + j Q

Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2 + Q 2

Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)

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 11.5 Complex Power (4)
 S = Vrms I rms cos (θ v − θ i ) + j Vrms I rms sin (θ v − θ i )

S = P + j Q

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle Power Factor 32

Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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Example:

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11.6 Conservation of AC Power (1)
The complex real, and reactive powers of the sources equal the
respective sums of the complex, real, and reactive powers of
the individual loads.

For parallel connection:

For series connection:

The same results can be obtained for a series connection. 38

Example:

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Example:

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