CRS SLP HUMAN ANATOMY

TOPIC 10: MASTICATION, TONGUE MOVEMENT, AND NERVES IN

SWALLOWING
Objectives:
1. Identify the muscles and nerves involved in swallowing.
2. Describe the actions of the muscles and functions of the nerves involved in swallowing.

Muscles of the Head, Part II: Mastication and Tongue Movement (Marieb & Hoehn, 2006)
 Muscles of the anterior neck and throat that promote swallowing.
Left: Anterior view of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. The sternocleidomastoid muscle (not involved in
swallowing) is shown on the left side of the illustration to provide an anatomical landmark. Deeper neck muscles are
illustrated on the right side. Right: Lateral view of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx shown in their proper
anatomical relationship to the buccinator (a chewing muscle) and the hyoglossus muscle (which promotes tongue
movements (Marieb & Hoehn, 2006)

1. Squeezes and keeps the food inside the mouth

A. Masseter
B. Buccinator
C. Medial pterygoid
D. A, B
E. A, B, C

2. Infrahyoid muscles
A. Pharyngeal constrictors
B. Elevate the hyoid bone
C. Elevates the pharynx
D. Elevates the larynx
E. A, B

3. Omohyoid
A. An infrahyoid muscle
B. Strap-like muscles
C. Depresses the hyoid bone
D. A, B
E. A, B, C

4. Infrahyoid muscle, EXCEPT

A. Sternohyoid
B. Sternothyroid
C. Stylohyoid
D. None of the above

5. Suprahyoid muscles
A. Help form the floor of the oral cavity
B. Anchors tongue
C. Elevates the larynx
D. A, B
E. A, B, C
6. Suprahyoid muscles, EXCEPT
A. Digastric
B. Stylohyoid
C. Geniohyoid
D. Mylohyoid
E. None of the choices

7. Muscle of mastication innervated by the facial nerve

A. Temporalis
B. Masseter
C. Lateral pterygoid
D. Medial pterygoid
E. None of the choices

8. Prime movers of jaw closure

A. Temporalis
B. Masseter
C. Lateral pterygoid
D. A, B
E. A, B, C

9. Which muscle is not 11. Part of the airways

involved in mastication nor A. 2
swallowing? B. 8
A. 5 C. 9
B. 6 D. 10
C. 7 E. None of the choices
D. 8
E. None of the choices 12. Produces hormones
A. 9
10. Proximal attachment of the B. 10
larynx C. 11
A. 1 D. 12
B. 2 E. None of the choices
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

References:

Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2006). Chapter 10: The muscular system. Human Anatomy and Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson
Education.
 CRANIAL NERVES INVOLVED IN SWALLOWING SUMMARY
CN NAME TYPE FUNCTION LESIONS RESULT IN GENERAL SUMMARY EXIT/ ENTERS CRANIUM REGION
INNERVATED
XII Hypoglossal Motor Moves tongue (styloglossus, hyoglossus, Tongue pointing toward same (affected) side Hypoglossal canal Tongue
genioglossus, and intrinsics – palatoglossus is by CN on protrusion The hypoglossal nerve controls the muscles of the tongue. If
damaged in LMN lesions, the tongue will deviate to the side
X) of lesion. If damaged in UMN lesions, the tongue will
deviate away from the side of lesion and will occur without
fasciculations or wasting. Speech difficulties are more
evident. There is inability to position food for chewing,
resulting in food getting pocketed in cheeks.

V Trigeminal Mixed
The trigeminal nerve controls muscles of biting and
General sensation (touch, pain, temperature) of V1 – loss of general sensation in skin of V1 – superior orbital fissure Orbit and scalp
Ophthalmic (V1) forehead/scalp/cornea forehead/scalp
chewing; provides sensation to face, cheeks, lips, anterior
2/3 of tongue, jaw, forehead, eyes, eyebrows, and nose (ophthalmic division)
Loss of blink reflex with CN VII (including pain, temperature, touch and proprioception).
Assists with upward/anterior movement of larynx, backward
Maxillary (V2) General sensation of palate, nasal cavity, maxillary of tongue to soft palate, tensing the soft palate, and Pterygopalatine
face, maxillary teeth V2 – loss of general sensation in skin over posterior pharyngeal wall constriction. V2 – foramen rotundum fossa (leave by
maxilla, maxillary teeth (maxillary division) openings to face,
General sensation of anterior two thirds of tongue, If the trigeminal nerve is damaged, there is loss of sensation
Mandibular (V3) mandibular face, mandibular teeth and inability to move mandible.
oral and nasal cavity)
V3 – loss of general sensation in skin over
mandible, mandibular teeth, tongue, V3 – Foramen ovale Infratemporal fossa
Motor to muscles of mastication (temporalis,
weakness in chewing (mandibular division)
masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids) and anterior
belly of digastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor
palatii Jaw deviation toward weak side
Trigeminal neuralgia – intractable pain in V2
or V3 territory
VII Facial Mixed To muscles of facial expression. Posterior belly of Corner of mouth droops, can’t close eye, The facial nerve provides the sense of taste in the anterior Internal auditory meatus Face, nasal, and oral
two-thirds of the tongue, controls the muscles of the face,
digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius can’t wrinkle forehead, loss of blink reflex, including the circular muscles around the lips that assist
cavity (branches
hyperacusis with lip closure and keeping food/liquids in the mouth. leave skull in
Tastes anterior two-thirds of tongue/palate Alteration or loss of taste (ageusia) stylomastoid
Eye dry and red If the facial nerve is damaged, there is paralysis of facial foramen,
muscles, dry mouth, diminished jaw opening/closing, and
Salivates (submandibular, sublingual glands) Bell’s palsy – lesion of nerve in facial canal no taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. petrotympanic
fissure, or hiatus of
Tears (lacrimal gland) facial canal)
Makes mucus (nasal and palatine glands)

IX Glossopharyngeal Mixed Senses pharynx, carotid sinus/body Loss of gag reflex with CN X The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits sensation to the Jugular foramen Neck
posterior one-third of tongue, pharynx, and soft palate; and
Salivates (parotid gland) provides sense of taste to posterior one-third of tongue.
Pharynx/tongue
Tastes and senses posterior one-third of tongue Related to dry mouth in response to fear (sympathetic) and
Motor to one muscle - stylopharyngeus salivation in response to food (parasympathetic).
If the glossopharyngeal nerve is damaged there is
decreased sense of taste and salivation; diminished or
inhibits gag reflex. Weak cough reflex.

X Vagus Mixed To muscles of palate and pharynx for swallowing Nasal speech, nasal regurgitation The vagus nerve controls sensation of larynx, base/back of
tongue, pharynx, palate, and their muscles.
Jugular foramen Neck
except tensor palatii (V) and stylopharyngeus (IX) Dysphagia, palate droop If the vagus nerve is damaged, there is difficulty
Pharynx/larynx
To all muscles of larynx (phonation) Uvula pointing away from affected side swallowing, nasal regurgitation, reduced or lost gag reflex. Thorax, abdomen
Senses larynx and laryngopharynx Hoarseness/fixed vocal cord Voice is hoarse, breathy, and wet, with inability to vary
Loss of gag reflex with IX pitch.
Senses larynx and GI tract
Loss of cough reflex
To GI tract smooth muscle and glands in foregut and
midgut