1.

Although there has been great scientific debate for decades over global warming,
most scientists now agree that human activity is causing the Earth’s temperature to rise.
Though predictions vary, many global warming experts believe that average global
temperatures will rise between three and eight degrees Fahrenheit during the next
century. Such an increase would cause an alarming rise in sea levels, displacing
millions of people by destroying major population centers along the world’s coastlines.
Which of the following is an assumption in support of the argument’s conclusion?
a. Individuals will not become more aware of the steps they can take to reduce
the emission of greenhouse gases.
b. Some global warming experts predict a greater than eight-degree Fahrenheit
increase in global temperatures during the next century
c. Human activity is the sole cause of increasing global temperatures.
d. Rising sea levels similarly affect all coastal population centers.
e. New technological developments in the next century will not divert

2. In recent years many cabinetmakers have been winning acclaim as artists. But
since furniture must be useful, cabinetmakers must exercise their craft with an eye to
the practical utility of their product. For this reason, cabinetmaking is not art. Which of
the following is an assumption that supports drawing the conclusion above?
a. Cabinetmakers should be more concerned with the practical utility of their
products than they currently are.
b. Some cabinetmakers are more concerned than others with the practical utility
of the products they produce.
c. An object is not an art object if its maker pays attention to the object’s
practical utility.
d. Some furniture is made to be placed in museums, where it will not be used
by anyone.
e. Artists are not concerned with the monetary value of their products.

3. Statements: Jade plant has thick leaves and it requires little water.
Conclusions: I. All plants with thick leaves require little water.
II. Jade plants may be grown in places where water is not in
abundance.
a. Only conclusion I follows
b. Both I and II follow
c. Only conclusion II follows
d. Either I or II follows
e. Neither I nor II follows
The statement talks of jade plants only and not 'all plants with thick leaves'. So, I does
not follow. Also, since jade plants require little water, so they can be grown in places
where water is not in abundance. So, II follows.
 4. Arlene should not be part of the basketball team because she does not trust her
teammates.
ASSUMPTION:
a. Team mates should have faith in each other.
b. Arlene’s team mates are not trustworthy.
c. Arlene’s team mates do not have faith in the teams.
d. The Basketball team needs Arlene even if she can has no faith in them.
e. Arlene is better than her team mates.

5. DOH Secretary: After several years of vaccinating all of the citizens of this
country for Tacitus’ Disease, a highly infectious virus, state hospitals have cut costs by
no longer administering this vaccine, starting at the beginning of this year. A senator
defended the position, arguing that after several years with zero incidence of the
disease in the country, its citizens were no longer at risk. This is a flawed argument. Our
country imports meats and produce from countries with high incidences of diseases for
which our country has vaccines. Three years ago, when we reduced the use of the
Salicetiococcus vaccines, a small outbreak of Salicetiococcus among young children,
fortunately without fatalities, encouraged us to resume use of the previous vaccines.
The DOH Secretary’s statements, if true, best support which of the following as a
conclusion?
a. Young children of the state will be at risk for Tacitus’ Disease.
b. The cost of providing all citizens with the Tacitus’ Disease vaccine places an
undue burden on the budget of the country's health agencies.
c. Some of the meats imported to this country do not have adequate
refrigeration during the shipping process.
d. No food products produced within the country bear any contaminants that
could lead to either Tacitus’ Disease or Salicetiococcus.

6. Statements: The old order changed yielding place to new.

Conclusions:
I. Change is the law of nature.
II. Discard old ideas because they are old.
a. Neither I nor II follows
b. Only conclusion I follows
c. Both I and II follow
d. Either I or II follows
e. Only conclusion II follows
Clearly, I directly follows from the given statement. Also, it is mentioned that old ideas
are replaced by new ones, as thinking changes with the progressing time. So, II does
not follow.
 7. The constable has been recommended for suitable reward by his superior in
recognition of his sincere duty and busting of several gangs of criminal activity involved
in the loot and incidents of pickpocketing.
ASSUMPTION:
a. The constable desires to be monetarily compensated for his efforts.
b. Rewards recognizing the sincerity and accomplishments of policemen are
given.
c. The superior is certain that the recommendation would be denied.
d. The number of criminals apprehended by this constable was exceptionally
high.
e. The superior wants to set an example for his other juniors by recommending
the reward

8. XCB Cycling Solutions has two divisions, both of which performed consistently
over the last five years. The Mountain Bike Products Division accounted for
approximately 30% of the corporation’s transactions and 50% of the corporation’s
profits; the Road Bike Products Division accounts for the balance.
The statements above support which of the following conclusions about XCB
Cycling Solutions over the last five years?
a. Mountain Bike parts is an increasingly competitive field, while Road Bike
Products are a largely untapped market.
b. The Road Bike Products line has remained consistent over the past five
years.
c. Measured in dollars, the total profits for XCB Cycling Solutions have remained
stable over the last five years.
d. The Road Bike Products Division yields a lower average profit per transaction
than does the Mountain Bike Products Division.
e. Most bike riders will, over a given five-year period, spend more money on
mountain bike products than on road bike products.

9. Until now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available.
Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at
risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza
vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However,
since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant
public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the
nasal spray.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
a. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the
nasal-spray vaccine as well.
b. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
c. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
d. The nasal spray vaccine is not effective when administered to adults.
 e. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as
injectable vaccines do.

10. All of my friends believe in marriage. Geraldine is a new friend. She lives with an
officemate in an apartment downtown.
CONCLUSION:
a. She needs a companion in the city.
b. Geraldine is not married yet.
c. She is living-in with her boyfriend
d. Her housemate is most likely a good friend
e. Geraldine believes in marriage.

11. The soul is either immortal or it is mortal. The soul is not immortal. What
can be concluded?
a. The soul is mortal.
b. The soul may or may not be immortal.
c. The soul is mortal and it is clean.
d. The soul is immortal, or it is mortal.

12. Statement: "If you trouble me, I will slap you." - A mother warns her child.
Assumptions:
I. With the warning, the child may stop troubling her.
II. All children are basically naughty.
a. Either I or II is implicit
b. Only assumption II is implicit
c. Both I and II are implicit
d. Neither I nor II is implicit
e. Only assumption I is implicit
The mother warns her child with the expectation that he would stop troubling her. So, I
is implicit. The general nature of children cannot be derived from the statement. So, II is
not implicit.

13. Statement: It is desirable to put the child in school at the age of 5 or so.
Assumptions:
I. At that age the child reaches appropriate level of development and is
ready to learn.
II. The schools do not admit children after six years of age.
a. Either I or II is implicit
b. Both I and II are implicit
c. Neither I nor II is implicit
d. Only assumption I is implicit
e. Only assumption II is implicit
Since the statement talks of putting the child in school at the age of 5, it means that the
child is mentally prepared for the same at this age. So, I is implicit. But nothing about
admission after 6 years of age is mentioned in the statement. So, II is not implicit.

14. In the Philippine show business, even if artists are gifted and are packaged to
perfection, they would still not automatically become famous if the audience would not
support and watch their shows. Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can
be drawn from the information provided?
a. Artists become famous because they are liked by the audience.
b. Untalented can be packaged into load actors despite their embarrassing lack
of acting ability.
c. Audience empathize with the artists who are humble
d. The audience cannot stop an artist to become famous.
e. Artist needs to please everyone to like them.

15. Statements: The nation of Balamb faced growing international opposition for its
decision to explode eight nuclear weapons at its test site.
Conclusions:
I. The citizens of the nation favored the decision.
II. Some powerful countries do not want other nations to become as powerful as
they are.
a. Neither I nor II follows
b. Only conclusion II follows
c. Both I and II follow
d. Either I or II follows
e. Only conclusion I follow
Neither the citizens’ response to the decision nor the reason for opposition by other
nations can be deduced from the statement. So, neither I nor II follows.

16. Although many doubts have been raised as to the accuracy of age
estimation for a recently found artifact, all this criticism has no grounds. To
estimate the age of the artifact, archaeologists used a radiocarbon dating
method known to be highly accurate in estimating the age of organic
materials.
ASSUMPTION:
a. Modern dating methods are generally more accurate than older dating
methods.
b. Radiocarbon dating cannot accurately estimate the age of objects and
materials that are more than 60,000 years old.
 c. Written records report that artifacts similar to the one recently found were
being used at the time indicated by the radiocarbon dating method.
d. The recently uncovered artifact is made of organic material.
e. Some of the scientists who doubt the accuracy of the age estimations are
very young.

17. Either God exists or God does not exist. If God exists, I have everything to gain
by believing in Him. And if God does not exist, I have nothing to lose by believing in
Him. What can be concluded?
a. God does not exist and people who believe in Him are lost.
b. I have everything to gain or nothing to lose by believing in Him.
c. God exists and I believe in Him.
d. God exists and I have nothing to lose in believing that God does not exist.
18. Statement: 'Double your money in five months.' - An advertisement.
Assumptions:
I. The assurance is not genuine.
II. People want their money to grow.
a. Both I and II are implicit
b. Only assumption I is implicit
c. Neither I nor II is implicit
d. Either I or II is implicit
e. Only assumption II is implicit
The truth or falsity of the promise made in the statement cannot be judged. So, I is not
implicit. Since the concerned firm advertises with the assurance that money can be
doubled quickly by investing with it, so II is implicit.

19. If you are so smart, then why aren’t you rich?

ASSUMPTION:
a. All rich people are smart.
b. To become rich is difficult.
c. Only the smart are rich.
d. All smart people are rich.
e. Only the rich are smart.

20. Statement: Unemployment allowance should be given to all unemployed Filipino

youth above 18 years of age.
Assumptions:
I. There are unemployed youth in the Philippines who needs monetary
support.
II. The government has sufficient funds to provide allowance to all
unemployed youth.
a. Neither I nor II is implicit
b. Only assumption II is implicit
 c. Only assumption I is implicit
d. Both I and II are implicit
e. Either I or II is implicit
I directly follows from the statement and so is implicit. Also, the statement is a
suggestion and does not tell about a government policy or its position of funds. So, II is
not implicit.

21. To be considered for this year's merit scholarship award, students need to have
perfect attendance and a 4.0 GPA. Alex is the only person in the class who has a 4.0
but he has had 5 absences. The claims above, if true, most strongly support which of
the following conclusions?
a. No student at this school has perfect attendance for the year.
b. Many students have achieved perfect attendance but never 4.0 GPAs.
c. Alex is the only student who could be considered for the award.
d. No student at this school qualifies for the award this year.
e. Some students at this school who did not have a 4.0 also did not have perfect
attendance.

22. Statements: Population increase coupled with depleting resources is going

to be the scenario of many developing countries in days to come.
Conclusions:
I. The population of developing countries will not continue to increase in future.
II. It will be very difficult for the governments of developing countries to provide
its people a decent quality of life.
a. Neither I nor II follows
b. Either I or II follows
c. Only conclusion I follows
d. Both I and II follow
e. Only conclusion II follows
The fact given in I is quite contrary to the given statement. So, I does not follow. II
mentions the direct implications of the state discussed in the statement. Thus, II follows.

23. Gigi is probably a pianist. She can really stretch her hands and fingers.
Assumptions:
a. Pianists can really stretch their hands and fingers.
b. Stretching helps pianist perform better.
c. Playing the piano helps Gigi stretch her hands and fingers.
d. A long stretch enables pianists to reach more keys on the piano.
e. Only people with big hands and long fingers can be pianists.

24. Statement: "You are hereby appointed as a programmer with a probation period
of one year and your performance will be reviewed at the end of the period for
confirmation." - A line in an appointment letter.
 Assumptions:
I. The performance of an individual generally is not known at the time of
appointment offer.
II. Generally an individual tries to prove his worth in the probation period.
a. Either I or II is implicit
b. Both I and II are implicit
c. Only assumption I is implicit
d. Neither I nor II is implicit
e. Only assumption II is implicit
25. Subscribing to Cable T.V. is a luxury. All luxuries are needle expenditures.
Having a cellular phone is not a luxury. Dining in a Five-Star hotel is a needless
expenditure.
CONCLUSION:
a. Dining in a Five-Star hotel is a luxury.
b. Having a cellular phone is not a needless expenditure
c. Subscribing to Cable TV is a needless expenditure.
d. Subscribing to cable TV is not a needless expenditure.
e. Dining in a Five-Star hotel is not a luxury.

26. There are fewer juvenile delinquents in communities where the youth
participate actively indifferent socio-civic and religious clubs. Barangay X has a
number of youth clubs.
CONCLUSION:
a. Community development workers in Barangay X give training in organizing
youth clubs.
b. Municipal officials encourage the organization of youth clubs.
c. Parents in Barangay X exert great efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency.
d. Barangay X has fewer juvenile delinquents than other barangays.
e. All young people in Barangay X are member of at least two youth clubs.

27. Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the human

bloodstream lower bloodstream cholesterol levels by increasing the body’s
capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol. Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of
some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise
and weight reduction.
CONCLUSION:
a. Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high
levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream.
b. Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing
high levels of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.
c. A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol
levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.
d. Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the
bloodstream of individuals of average weight.
 e. Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering
bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.

28. An increase in blood flow and a reduction in the resting heart rate lower the
occurrence of hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, a medical condition in
which blood pressure is chronically elevated. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk
factors for strokes and heart attacks. A regimen of regular walking can assist some
people in greatly increasing their blood flow and significantly decreasing their
resting heart rate. Which of the following is a correct conclusion that can be drawn
from the information provided?
a. Individuals who walk on a regular basis do not run any risk of developing
hypertension.
b. Walking is the most effective method for increasing blood flow and decreasing
a resting heart rate.
c. Only regular walking is necessary to lower the risk of heart attacks.
d. A program of regular walking for some people can lower a risk factor for
strokes.
e. Individuals who do not walk on a regular basis run a high risk of developing
hypertension.
29. The principal at Northridge High School noticed that scores on math tests were
lower this year than in previous years. This year, all students took math courses during
the first period of the school day; in years past, they had taken math during the final
period of the day. Reasoning that the students perform better on math tests when they
are fully awake, the headmaster concluded that test scores would be higher if math
classes were moved to the end of the day. The principal’s reasoning depends upon
which of the following assumptions?
a. Students are more likely to be fully awake during the final period of the day
than they are during the first period of the day.
b. This year the math department started using new, unfamiliar curricular
materials.
c. It would be possible to reconfigure the school’s schedule to accommodate
having math classes in the afternoon.
d. The quality of the teaching has little bearing on test scores.
e. Several schools similar to Northridge High School hold math classes in the
afternoon.

30. Researchers studying the spread of the Black Plague in sixteenth-century

England claim that certain people survived the epidemic because they carried a genetic
mutation, known as Delta-32, that is known to prevent the bacteria that causes the
Plague from overtaking the immune system. To support this hypothesis, the researchers
tested the direct descendants of the residents of an English town where an unusually
large proportion of people survived the Plague. More than half of these descendants
tested positive for the mutation Delta-32, a figure nearly three times higher than that
found in other locations.
The researchers' hypothesis is based on which of the following assumptions?
a. No one who tested positive for Delta-32 has ever contracted a disease
caused by bacteria.
b. The Plague is not similar to other diseases caused by bacteria.
c. The Plague does not cause genetic mutations such as Delta-32.
d. Delta-32 does not prevent a carrier from contracting any disease other than
the Plague.
e. Delta-32 did not exist in its current form until the sixteenth century.