The Following Notes cover in

Much Detail of the topic : -

Acid Bases & Salts !

I hope these set of notes help out !

Made by : -

DACKIFY @ insta

( Ahmed Afzal)

Ultimate credit goes to Sir Rizwan Khan

 = Acid Bases 4 Salts =

= Acids =
What is an Acid ? Define Acid .

Substances which produce Ht ions are called Acid

Hydrochloric Acid ( HCL)

HCl Hao
CL Ht Basicity
-

2 Nitric Acid CH Nos )

H NO , tho
NO tht → Mono Basic
-

3
Sulfuric Acid ( Hz soy)
Di Basic
'to
Hz soy 505+2 Ht >

Phosphoric Acid ( Hs Poy)

Hz Poy Poi t3Ht→ Tri Basic

-

Number of Ht ions of Acid molecule Bascity of the Acid

Ht ions responsible for Acidic Properties

The Process of formation of Ht ions is called
"

Dissociation
"
 = Bases =

Bases are substances which Naetralize Acid

(UO t Hzsoy →
Cus Oy t H2O
=

Base Salt

NazOt Hz Sou → Nazsoyt H2O

Base Salt

) All metal
o oxides are Base .

(no → Base Naz O - > Base t Alkali ??

rut tem
-

=
-
-

=
-
- -

#
Eggnog

Soluble
Insoluble

II
I Box
X
Mg

ca
s.
→
water soluble
Ba

Ra

so what
,
is Alkali ?
( next page)
 = Alkali =

A water soluble Base is called Alkali OR

Substances which Produce Hydroxide (OH ) Aq

-

ions in
.

sol -

AU Group I 4 Group Calcium to Barium metal

Oxides or Metal Hydroxides are water soluble base .

•
Base
Alkali l

Ez -

Base
-

Alkali
Fe >
Base
,

Alkali X

Zn s Base
-
Alkali X

AIL Alkali 's are bases but all Bases

are not Alkali 's
 =
Strengths of Acids 4 Alkalis =

Strong Acids ••
Acid which ionizes
completely in Aq Sol
- .

2 Weak Acid ••-

Acid which incompletely ionizes in Aq .

Sol .

Dissociation lionization
a CL at CL
Hao
-

, t

H CL
tho
Htt CL
-

Complete Dissociation →
Strong Acid
( H , COOH ( HzCOO Reversible
-

→ t Ht
Reaction

Incomplete Dissociation → Weak Acid

-4
CE
Ha Ht
"" "" "

IIE
if
#¥¥÷
:#
¥ CHSCOO
-

CH>COO X
.

Gt3 COO
-

Completely ionize ① completely ionize

complete dissociation →
Single arrow

① complete dissociation In reversible arrow

Strong Acid 's

HCl Hydrochloric Acid

Hzsoy -3 Sulfuric Acid
HN 03 '
Nitric Acid
Hspoy -
Phosphoric Acid

weak Acids :
-

Hzcoz → Carbonic Acid

CHzCO0H Ethanoic Acid

( Hz COOH S l Mono Basie

✓ incomplete ionization
✓ ( Hz
-

COO

Acetate ion

or

Ethanoate ion
 = Strength of Alkali e

strong Alkali :
-

Alkali →
completely dissociate → Aa Sol
. .

Weak Alkali : -

Alkali -
s in complete dissociate →
Aq -

Sol .

ol AU Group I and Group II ca Ba metal hydroxides

-

are Strong Alkalis -

KOH →
Strong Alkali
NaOH → Strong Alkali

Coco H) a
→
Strong Alkali

ALCO H) s
-
s
weak Alkali

Zn COHL - s
weak Alkali
 Salts ...

A substance → all Ht ions of Acid replaced by Cations

-
t

H CL t Nat = NaCl Gatt)

iF
't
Hzsoyt Ca = Ca Sou C Salt)

H5P0ytALT =
ALPO , ( salt)

- t
Ht = Na
-
2 Ht = Z Nat
-
2 Ht =
Cast
-
3 Ht 3 Nat =

-
3 Ht = AL St
 = Indicators =

Substances which show different colours at

Different PH is called Indicator .

Indicators Acid Alkali

Phenophlatein Colourless Purple 1 Pink

Methyl Orange Red Yellow

Litmus Solution Red Blue

LAR MAR PAC → For Acid !

Universal Indicator :
-

mixture of d. f. Indicators → dif colors at Iif PH

This indicator is not used in Titration .

VIBGYOR
A- Red
B > Blue
① Orange
I. Indigo
Ys Yellow V Violet
-
-

G- Green
 I preparation of salt =
There are four methods to Prepare salts : .

Method to .
.

Acid + Base -
Salt t water
I 2 HEI t ¥20 → 2 NaCl t I

2 Has Out CaO Caso y t H2O

I =

3 Hz SE t
Atos > A Lacson) ,
t H2O

At # OF - ' AL . Gods
ZH NO z t
CIO → ( CN 0372
u
t H2O

( u NOI - '
CalNoda
Method 2 :-

Acid + Alkali → Salt + Water

i
HC Lt NaOH
= =
→ Nacht H2O

2 31-12504+2 Alcott 73
= = #s
-
'
Ah (Sou) z
-7
t G H2O

ALIX Soi Ah Gods

-

→
-

3 Hz PI t
M¥0 HI?
-
'
[Link] 6h20
Mg EXPO :
-

→
MgkPoy) .

u 3 It N#tAIC0H¥ ALCNOI .
- '

,
t
6 H2O

ALIANO 5- '
ALLNOD .

Method 3: -

Acid t Metal Carbonate -

s Salt + Cost H2O

' 2 HEI t
NICO ,
→
2 Nacht cost H2O

3 Hz # t -11031,3 -
'
Alison +3 Cost 3h20 ,

Apt # Soi Abdou)

-

→
,

3
HN€t MIC 03 →
Mg (Nos) ,
t (Oz t H2O
't

Mg NO5- '
Mg CNO3) z

4
Hzsoyt Ca ( Oz -
'
Cas Oyt at H2O
 Method :S .

Acid + Metal →
Salt + Hz

Reactivities
fu
Violent reaction with Acid
a ,

so we dont react
ca ,

Mg >

)
AL React with dil acid to give
Zn Salt t Hz
Fe
Pb React with conc HN 03
H
cu
Ag →
Do not react with
A- u dilute acid
Pt

Hzsoy tcu → No reaction

Z
HCl tag -
s No reaction
3 HzS0yt2n→2n SO at Hz
 x Acid Satta
salts - >
Not All Ht ions -
,
replaced -

4 Monobasic acids # No Acid salt

) Dibasic
o
acids → Two Acid Salls .

'

Hzsoyt Na OH =
→
NAH SO y t H2O
=

( Acid salt)

Hzsoy >
NAH SO y ( sodium Hydrogen sulfate)
> Naz Sou
+ Cj

Hzpoyt Nato H - s Na Hz Poy t H2O

+ Lt t

Hz Port 2 NaOH -
Na H Poytltzo

Hit3hNaOH -
' N' a. Post H2O
(sodium hydrogen
H 3P y
> Na Ha Po , Phosphate)

Naz H Poy ( Disodium hydrogen

>

Phosphate )
J
Nas Poy (Tri -
sodium Phosphate)
 = di des =
Binary Compounds of Oxygen -

H types of Oxides
:|
Acidic Oxides : .

Oxides →
Acidic Solution
'

I C Oz t H2O →
Hzcoz Carbonic Acid
=

2 502 t H2O → H2 503 Sulfurous Acid

=
= F

3
50€ t HIO s Hz soy Sulfuric Acid

* One less oxygen ic -

sous

"
2N Oz t H2O → H Nos t HNOZ
Nitrite Acid Nitrous Acid

* AU nonmetal oxides - Acidic

> Acidic oxide
( Chemical Property)
( L2 7
'
(covalent compound )

>
M P 1B P
.
-
= Low

( Physical Property )
2 Basic Oxides
Oxides -
s Neutralize Acids
✓

I Naa Ot Hz Soy
=
-
s
Naz SO y
t H2O
=

2 ⇐It HIS Oy → Cus Out H2O

P)
>
-
Ionic compound CC .

> M PIB P
.
-

high ( P P)
.

* All metal oxides -

Basic
 3
Amphoteric Oxides 3

Oxide → Both Acid 4 Alkali

I ZnO t HCL → Znclzt H2O

Base Acid salt water

2 t NaOH → Nakao -
t H2O
Acid alkali Salt water

List of Amphoteric Oxides

:| Zinc ( ZnO)

2 Aluminium ( Alsos)

3 Lead ( Pbo )

3 ALz0zt2NaOH→2NaAL0zt H2O
Acid Alkali Salt water

u
Neutral Oxides 4

Oxides -
s no reaction

etc
x
.

X
.

Acidic Oxides -
non metals

Basic Oxides →
Metals

Amphoteric Oxides → Zn Pb AL ,
,

why A ?
Coz → Acidic Oxide →
Nonmetal

Zn -
s
Amphoteric →
Fact
 = Ionic Equations =

a common Ions in both equations

-
'
Spectator Ions !

)
o
Spectator Ions - ' removed from Molecular equation
gives you
Ionic Equation !
) Do not break H2O CO2
o
,
,
Elements and Solids

I) Acid + Alkali > Salt + Water

✓ Hat NaOH s Na Cl t H2O

✓
T T t
Ht CL Nat OH Nat CL H2O
- - -

Htt H2O
-

OH →

Caq) Cah) Cl)

/ Hz Sou t 2 KOH → lasso ,

t 2h20

Tito it
-

Itoi tho
Htt H2O
-

OH →

Caq) Cah) Cl)

If acid reacts with Alkali this Ionic Equation ,

will always be formed !

II) Acid + Carbonate →
Satttwatertco,

it soluble Carbonates .

✓ ZACH Nazcoz - '

2NaCLtHzOtC0z
Tag) Tag) Tag ) a) 1cg)

Htt CL
-

Nat COE Natta tho Eos

2 ttCOz£→ H2O + CO2

Caq)Caq ) CL) Cg)

✓ 2HN0ztkzCOz→2kN03t
(99
H2O
CL)
1- CO2
) Caa) Cg)

k¥05
Caq)

ILO Cto
f
Htt Nos
-

lat Nos
-

2 ttCOz£→ H2O + CO2

Caq)Caq ) CL) Cg)

t
If acid reacts with soluble carbonates
This Ionic Equation will always be formed !
ii ) Insoluble Carbonate : -

✓ Zltcltcacoz > Cadet Hzotcoz

HIT .to att:

" ' "

to
"

. . .

[Link]#
'

in:* :S:c:* :÷÷÷÷÷÷¥:

2 Httmgcoz
)
Cag
-

Cs)
>
Mgttcosttlsoas
Cag) Cg)
III ) Acid + Metal → Salt t Hz

'

¥¥ Ii; 'm:÷i÷÷÷
' .

2
Httaq)
Mg →
Cs)
Mgtt Cag)
Its
Cg )

/ Hz soy + Ca → Ca soy t Hz

Tatti Its
-

T
ta
-

Ht Sdi
-

Htt Ca → Cat t Hz
call) Cs, Cag) Cg )

Insoluble Cs)

soluble Caq )
 Soluble 4 Th soluble Substances !

>
AU GEL and NII compounds are water soluble

→
All Nitrates C
rn
NO 5) are water soluble

→ AU Cabanis are water Th soluble except

CEI and AmmoniumCNHy

→ All teams are water Insoluble

except 2*⑧¥e E PbCN0z)#

→ All Hides Cas Bri IT are water soluble

Except shiver and Lead

→ All sulfates are water soluble except Lead

-

CPb) [Link]#Twwl

>
All HIS are water insoluble except
Ero¥NHut#II Cca to downward )
 A few examples v

-
NaCl
>
AUGRPI soluble

cache
> [Link] Soluble

IIOH
>
Grp I soluble

Bason
Sulfate insoluble if Grp II
-

II ,

FeCNods-

↳ All nitrates soluble

Ask
↳ Hallides insoluble with sliver ( Ag )

BeC0Hlz× Be 5041
.

Mgcottlzx Mgsoy ,
beat Ca ( OH) no
"
Soy water
,
Solubility
soldier
in
soluble
solubility
-

Srcoltlz in water Sr 504 decreases

[Link] Bason ,

↳ Most Soluble ↳ least soluble

 =
Precipitation = a

Two Solutions mixed - >

Precipitated
Insoluble substance

Precipitation
NaCl +
Ag NO, →
Ag Cl t Na Nos

a'FEE III's
"

¥ .
.

Agt Aga
-

CL t -

Cs)
Caq) Caq)

3. NaOH [Link] 0373 → Fe Colt )zt3NaN03

d- fuel
-

Tag) Tag)
-

Fett thx's Totti NII ¥5

cs)

'

Nat OH E. ,

Fest Fe
-

3 OH t →
co Hb
Caq) Cah es)
 Fest For Ions =

Identification of Ross with help of Precipitation !

Two reagents -
s
Aq NHS 9 Aq NaOH

IIag NaOH aq NaOH few drops

v

(excess)
Ppt
Fe"t2OH FECOH)
-

→
- Z
Cs)
Cag) cag)
-

Fett
StB

> Green Ppt

CT
II AqNHz VAI Aq NHS few drops
(excess) ( NHYOH)

Fest + OH
-

→ E- COHL
Cag) call)
- -

- Cs,

Fett
StB

> Green Ppt

 D D N N N
TI TI H
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f En o
w x
n I F & N
+ t t
f

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F n £
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o o
Te o F D O Es
o a 2
s s g SO
s s T E n
I
g I g -
T i T s s
y
x s a
F ←

s nos nos s s s
s a- a S s
← x EF x s
← T ←
In o
on n F T
- -
,
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Of
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s
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o
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f O F n
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← A
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x @ '
n i n -
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S
S s S D
S J s TW
s D G
T T T -
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-
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s no s s
s
s O
a- F s EF D
T o i
y ← s
.
T n
0 -
.
,
78 '
of of
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s ' 5 -

f EE f Gz
g E o
s nor I go B on
← .

E Es .
[Link] G go
- '
-

r SS f
og
g [Link] g

A D N D T nil
no non -
one , "
w
t
of
-
f } " ,e
E E
£04 f)
a- + Ext Et t - t O
f t
W N s
N w w f '
O N -
no o O NI,
O 's 0
n , C
SI ' n
I n I
NII Ey
n I -
I Et ' ,
' u
§ I n It § It Is
- D s b TI Ty
n O n
n - n n o
% 8 ¥ E E E
° - I
I 0 n
I
n f - n
'
n -
n I of f
Sg
s .

It - g SW D -
w Sf G
 = Test for Anions =

G- → Chloride !

i) Acidify with dil nitric acid CH Nos)

ii ) Add aqueous sliver nitrate ( Agnos

white Ppt = Cl 't Age Ag Cl CS )

Cag ) Caq)

Br Bromide !
-

i) Acidify with HN 03

iil Add Aq AGN 03

+

Cream Ppt Br tag → Ag Br

-

Cag) Cag) CS)

I Iodide !
-

i) Acidify with HN 03

i il Add Aq AGN 03 I Lead Nitrate CPBN037

Yellow Ppt = II Agt →

Ag I or
CS)
Cag) Caa
)

Pb" → PbIs
-

2.I t

CS)
Cag) Caq)
 CO ; → Carbonate !

Add dit HCl

Effervescerises = bubbles of colorless gas

[Link] t cos →
Hoot coz
Cl)
Cag) Cag) Cg)

Sdi →
Sulfate !
Acidify with dil HN 03

add Barium Chloride C Bach)

White Ppt →
Add di L HCl → Ppt insoluble

Ba
"

Bason
-

t Soi →

Cs)
caq) Cag)

SOE → Sulfite !

Acidify with di l H NO, 9 add Bad,

white Ppt → Add dit HCl

Ppt soluble giving colorless Gas which turns

Ks Cra Ot : -

Orange to Green
kMn Oy : -

Purple to Colorless

Baths05¥ ' Ba Sos cs,

 +
N Hy Ammonium !

Add NaOH then heat the solution

colorless gas ,
turns moist red litmus Blue !
"
-

NH OH Hz Ot N H 3
-

+ →
Cag) Cag) CL) Cg )

NOT Nitrate !

Add ag NaOH du Aluminium foil then HEAT ! ,

Colorless gas evolved turns ,

moist Red litmus Blue !
 or I
[ § I on
O is u od f
T o
Joe
s
de
=
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>
G T V cod
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S O
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 Acid Bases Salts key points ! : -
'

o ) Hs , Oz →
Neutral Gas
o ) N Hs -3 Alkaline Gas
o
) CO2 502 Ch , ,
→
Acidic Gas

Hz = Insoluble in water

) 02 CO2
o
,
=
Slightly soluble in water

) Ck
o =
Moderately soluble in water

) N Hz 502
o
,
= Soluble in water

Hz = Burns !

o ) z
=
Helps in Burns !

o
) C z
=
Extinguishes !

Line = Cao

°
) Limestone = Ca Coz

O
) Lime water = Ca Colt ) s
Acid Bases Salts key points ! : -

Ch re o ) Disinfectant
o) Bleaching Agent

502 = 01 Reducing Agent

o
) Rr Paper @dusty as Bleaching agent
o
) Food Preservatives

PH =
depends on 2 ions only
Ht -
s Acidity
OH Alkalinity
-

* CaO and CaCottle used to reduce acidity of Soil !