LAB # 03 PENDULUM

IMPACT TESTING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EN 113 ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

NAME: JOSEPH ELIZAH

ID #: 24304092
COURSE: BEME/1
DATE OF LAB: 23/04/2024
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10/05/2024
Abstract
Impact test is being carried out see and examine the various properties of materials.
These properties consist of strength, ductility, hardness, and toughness. It entails
applying a load abruptly on a specimen in order to calculate its impact value. A material's
impact value can alter depending on the temperature, its size, and how much plastic
deformation it can withstand. This is why it's critical to determine whether the substance
is fragile or tough [1].

Impact test is generally done to measure the toughness of the material in different
temperatures. And to calculate how much the material is capable of taking the sudden
shock or load during the different ranges of temperatures. Impact energy gives us the
idea about the toughness of the material. Also, the absorbed energy is a measure of a
given materials toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent brittle-
ductile transition.

The test consists of breaking by one blow from a swinging pendulum, under conditions
defined by standard, a test piece notched in the middle and supported at each end. The
energy absorbed is determined in joules. This absorbed energy is a measure of the
impact strength of the material [2].

One of the primary functions of the impact test is to determine whether the metals
experience a ductile-to-brittle transition with decreasing temperature and, if so, the
range of temperatures over which it occurs.

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Table of contents
Contents Page #

Abstract Pg # 1

Table of contents Pg # 2

introduction Pg # 3

Aim or objective Pg # 3

Test materials and methods Pg # 4

The Experimental procedure Pg # 5-6

Results Pg # 7-9

Observation Pg # 9

Discussion Pg # 9-10

Conclusion Pg # 10

References Pg # 11

Appendix Pg # 12

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Introduction
Impact test is a test used to see the toughness of materials. Impact test involves the
sudden and dynamic application of the load. It determines the impact toughness, which
is a material property of metals, most commonly by measuring the work required to
fracture metallic specimen under impact. Impact testing technique were to fracture the
material at high loading rates with different temperatures. Pendulum impact test is a test
involves swinging a pendulum from a known height and allowing it to strike a sample of
a material being tested.

Toughness refers to the amount of the energy it can absorb during plastic deformation
prior to fracture. The toughness is associated with both the strength and the ductility of
the materials. Brittle materials are the materials that break or fracture without going
through the plastic deformation. The ductile materials are the materials that break or
fracture with very high plastic deformation. The impact toughness test of metals provides
information on ductile-brittle nature of metallic material upon different temperatures.
Impact tests measure the notch toughness of a material, resistance to brittle fracture in
the presence of a notch and fast loading conditions. Ductility of a materials is the measure
of the plastic deformation that occur before the break or fracture can occur.

There are two most common and fundamental test includes method of such as the
Charpy impact test and the Izod impact test. Charpy test is type of test in which the
material or the specimen is being supported on the both end as it is broken by the single
blow from the pendulum that strike the middle of the material or the specimen on the
opposite side of the notch. The pendulum was being lifted at a certain height and then
being released. Meanwhile the Izod test is when the specimen is gripped at on end only
that follows the cantilevered end to be tricked by the pendulum. Which allows several
notches can be made in a single specimen and the end broken off or fracture at a time.

In this lad, the Charpy Test was carried out with the two specimens namely steel and
aluminium excluding Izod. There were four samples of aluminium and four samples of
steel were being used at different temperatures to do the test.

Aim or Objective
The main purpose of the experiment was basically done to conduct Charpy V – notch
(VCN) impact – test to determine the ductile to brittle transition temperature for steel
alloy. Also, to develop an understanding of fracture toughness of materials with different
heat and strengthening treatments and interpreting obtained experimental data for the
selection of engineering materials.

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The materials and methods
The materials and equipment used during the experiment

I. Pendulum impact testing machine

II. The dryer (0-120 degree Celsius)
III. The party ice at (0 degree Celsius)
IV. Thermometer
V. Steel specimen
VI. Aluminium specimen

Figure 1. the pendulum impact testing machine

Figure 2. Aluminium and steel specimen ready to be tested

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The experimental procedure
The Charpy impact test was used in the Lab

Firstly, four fair of V- notched samples, 4 aluminium and 4 steel are placed in different
temperature. First sample of fair that is (1 Al and 1 Fe) were placed in the party ice with
the temperature reading of zero degree Celsius (0 ˚C). The second sample was left
outside at room temperature 25 degree Celsius. The third sample fair is placed in the
dryer and heat controller is turned to 100 degree Celsius.

Then the specimens were brought to the impact testing machine to be tested. At first,
the specimens reading zero degree Celsius was being placed, either aluminium or steel
at the sample holder below the machine where hammer would strike it.

Figure 3. The Aluminium specimen being placed in the machine ready to be strike by the
pendulum.

Once it was placed, the hummer was brought to the maximum level (300 J), indicated by
the pointer on the impact testing machine. From that point the hummer was being
released causing it to swing like a pendulum. The hummer comes down and hit the
specimen and it stopped there but the thine needle on the left-hand side of the impact
testing machine scale reader moved at the clockwise direction and stopped, pointing on
the Value of the scale reading. This process should be repeated for at least three
specimens of the same material and condition in order to calculate the average energy
absorbed by all specimens [4].

Figure 4. The pendulum was being released

to fracture the aluminium specimen at zero degree Celsius by lab facilitator (Tutor).

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The reading was being recorded and the second sample for both the specimens at room
temperatures were brought to the machine. The same process was being applied and
the reading was being recorded for both specimens. Once it was done, the third sample
for both specimens at 100 degree Celsius were being placed again in the machine. The
same process was being applied and the reading were also recorded.

The procedure was being displaced by the diagram below.

Figure 5. (a) Typical specimen used for Charpy or Izod impact tests. (b) schematic drawing
of an impact testing apparatus [3].

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Results
Table 1. The aluminium specimens with the impact energy at three different
temperatures.

Temperatures ( ̊C) Specimen # Energy absorbed

Test condition (joules)
0 ̊C 2 12
0 ̊C 5 26
0 ̊C 14 6
25 ̊C 1 56
25 ̊C 6 24
25 ̊C 12 4
25 ̊C 16 26
25 ̊C 17 22
100 ̊C 8 30
100 ̊C 10 22
100 ̊C 18 28

Table 2. The steel specimens with the impact energy at three different temperatures

Temperatures ( ̊C) Specimen # Energy absorbed

Test condition (joules)
0 ̊C 3 58
0 ̊C 4 62
0 ̊C 13 62
25 ̊C 11 90
25 ̊C 19 60
25 ̊C 20 52
100 ̊C 7 140
100 ̊C 9 80
100 ̊C 15 106

Table 3. Show the Average Energy Absorbed at three different Temperatures

Temperature ( ̊C) Average Impact Energy Absorbed (Joules)

Aluminium Steel

O 14.67 60.67

25 26.4 67.33

100 26.67 108.67

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Figure 6. Sample of aluminium and steel at 0 ̊C Figure 7. Sample of aluminium and steel
at 25 ̊C

Figure 8. Sample of Aluminium and steel at 100 ̊C

Figure 9. Impact Energy Vs Temperature for Aluminium Specimen

Energy Absorbed Vs Temperature

30
Energy Absorbed (Joules)

25

20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (Degree Celsius)

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Figure 10. Impact Energy Vs Temperature for Steel Specimen

Energy Absorbed Vs Temperature

120
Energy Absorbed (Joules)

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature (Degree Celsius)

Observations
For aluminium the ductile to brittle transition does not exist and for steel in all tests the
ductile to brittle do exist. At 0 ̊C aluminium faces brittle fracture and at room temperature
(25 ̊C) up to 100 ̊C, it was seen that aluminium experiences ductile transition.

Discussion
The test was conducted at time frame of two weeks in a lab of mechanical engineering
department at Papua New Guinea University of Technology. The two specimens were
being provided to do the impact testing namely aluminium and steel. The impact test
was being performed with various temperatures and the data were all being recorded.
The table 1 and 2 shows the two specimens being tested in three different temperatures.
Table 3 shows the average of the impact energy at three different temperatures.

The results on the table 1 and 2 shows that the specimens fracture at different impact
energies. By comparing the specimens used, it was seen that best specimen gives the
higher impact energy. The more energy absorbed by the specimen, the more toughness
the materials that will be [5]. It was seen that steel is tougher than aluminium because of
the energy absorption. The average energy absorbed by aluminium at 0 ̊C was 14. 67 J
compared to steel at 0 ̊C was 60.67 J. At 25 ̊C the average impact energy was calculated
to be 26.4 for aluminium and 67.33 for steel. At 100 ̊C the average impact energy was
calculated to be 26.67 J for aluminium and 108.67 J for steel. The average impact energy
for aluminium was less that of steel for all the temperatures, means that steel is tougher
material when compared to aluminium.

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The two graphs were being plotted as shown in figure 9 and 10 for the two different
specimens and points being plotted on the temperature range from 0 ̊C to 100 ̊C. The
main objective of the graphs to see the ductile-brittle transition by looking at the impact
energies. Specimen with lowest absorbed energy means it’s brittle and has least
toughness which can break easily and cannot withstand the sudden high loads.
Specimen with Highest absorbed energy means it’s ductile and has highest
toughness which can withstand the sudden high loads [5].

Conclusion
The toughness of a material is of the most important property of material. The toughness
depends on the amount of energy absorbed by the material at a given temperature.
Temperature can change can change the behaviour of the materials from brittle to
ductile. The absorbed energy increased as the temperature increased, suggesting a
definite influence of temperature on energy absorption capabilities [6].

The whole purpose of the of impact energy test was to see the how tough the material
by looking at the energy being absorbed at three different temperatures. The primary
function of the impact test was to determine whether the materials experiences a ductile-
to-brittle transition with the corresponding temperatures.

The Charphy impact test was being carried with the test. This rest was more important
because the it has more applications in the engineering field. The toughness of the
material is important to construct bridges, builds cars and many others that can deal with
the mechanical properties.

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References
1. Elidrissi, A. (2022, January 4). EXPERIMENT REPORT IMPACT TESTING Full Name. From
Impact Experiment Report: [Link]
universitesi/strength-of-materials/impact-experiment-report/21614221

2. Lab, I. (2023, October 5). INFINITA LAB. From Different aspects of Impact Testing Procedure:
[Link]
procedure/

3. LinkedIn. (2023, May 10). LinkIn. Mechanical Testing. From How do you report and document
the Charpy impact test procedures and results?:
[Link]

4. MaLam, K. (2013, June 4). Scribd. From Complete Impact Test PDF:
[Link]

5. Materia, T. (2003, January 12). Total Materia. From Charpy Impact Test for Metallic Materials:
[Link]

6. William D. Callister,Jr & David G. Rethwisch. (2014). MATERIALS SCIENCE and ENGINEERING.
New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Appendix

Average impact energy being calculate for two

specimens
1. Aluminium
-At 0 ̊C
(12+26+5)/3 = 14.67 J
-At 25 ̊C
(56+24+4+26+22)/5 = 26.4 J
-At 100 ̊C
(30+22+28)/3 = 26. 67 J

2. Steel
-At 0 ̊C
(58+62+62)/3 = 60.67 J
-At 25 ̊C
(90+60+52)/3 = 67.33 J
-At 100 ̊C
(140+80+106)/3 = 108.67 J

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