Welcome to Week 6

WCDMA Link Budget, Antennas

and coverage Planning

Dr. Nasir Faruk

Department of Telecommunication Science
University Of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
 Course content/Lecture Schedule
Lect. No. Date Topic
1 Week 1 General Introduction, 2G-3G evolution, WCDMA and HSPDA technologies
2 Week 2 UMTS network architecture and Deployment Options
3 Week 3 Principles and operation of CDMA
4 Week 4 Orthogonality and OVSF codes
5 Week 5 Scrambling codes generation and M-Sequence
6 Week 6 UMTS , Antennas, Link budgets and Coverage Planning
7 Week 7 Capacity Planning in WCDMA Networks (Test 1)
8 Week 8 UMTS handover
9 Week 9 Channels in WCDMA (I): Logical and Transport
10 Week 10 Channels in WCDMA (I): Physical Channels
11 Week 11 Frame Structure, Multiplexing and Code Planning
12 Week 12 Backhauling systems, Transmission and Network Planning
13 Week 13 Test 2 and Drive Test Laboratory Defense
14 Week 14 General Course Revision
15 Week 15 General Course Revision

P.S Topic Date Duration

No. Assigned
1 OVSF Codes Week 4 1 week
2 Scrambling codes, Pseudorandom noise sequence, M-Sequence Week 5 1 Week
3 UMTS power budgets, UL and DL power budgets Week 6 1 week
2 Sunday, January 14, 2018
4 Capacity Planning in WCDMA Networks Week 7 1 week
RADIO FREQUENCY AND ANTENNA CONCEPTS

 An antenna is a device that is made

to efficiently transmit and receive
radiated electromagnetic waves.
 It is the interface between radio
waves propagating through space
and electric currents moving in
metal conductors, used with
a transmitter or receiver.
 In transmission, a radio transmitter
supplies an electric current to the
antenna's terminals, and the
antenna radiates the energy from
the current as electromagnetic
waves (radio waves).
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 Antenna types
There are basically five types of Antennas: Dipole,
Monopole, Array, Loop and Aperture

 Dipole: A basic dipole antenna consists

of two conductors (usually metal rods or
wires) arranged symmetrically, with one side
of the balanced feedline from the transmitter Rabbit ears Dipole Yagi-Uda
or receiver attached to each. We have 5
different dipole antennas:
1. Yagi-Uda
2. Log-periodic dipole array
3. Turnstile
4. Corner reflector Log-periodic Two-element
5. Patch (microstrip): dipole array turnstile

4 Corner reflector
Monopole:

 Monopole: Monopole
antennas consist of a single Rubber Ducky antenna
Quarter-wave
conductor such as a metal rod, whip antenna on UHF 446 MHz walkie
mounted over the ground or an talkie with rubber cover
removed.
artificial conducting surface (a so-
called ground plane).
1. Whip –
2. Rubber Ducky –
3. Ground plane –
4. Mast radiator
VHF ground plane
antenna
Mast radiator antenna
5 of medium wave AM radio
station,
 Array

 Array antennas consist of

multiple antennas working
collinear array of
as a single antenna. Typically folded dipoles. Used in land
they consist of arrays of Reflective mobile radio systems (police,
identical driven elements, array Used fire, ambulance, and taxi
for radar and dispatchers, and sector antennas
usually dipoles fed in phase, UHF for cellular base stations)
giving increased gain over television
that of a single dipole. transmitting
and receiving
1. Collinear antennas.
2. Reflective array -
3. Phased array
4. Curtain array - US Air Force PAVE PAWS phased
6 array radar antenna for ballistic
missile detection,
 Loop and Aperture Antennas

 Loop antennas consist of a loop (or coil) of wire.

 Aperture antennas are the main type of directional antennas
used at microwave frequencies and above. They consist of a small
dipole or loop feed antenna inside a three-dimensional guiding
structure large compared to a wavelength, with an aperture to
Loop antenna
emit the radio waves.
o Parabolic - The most widely used high gain antenna at microwave
frequencies and above. Consists of a dish-shaped metal parabolic
reflector with a feed antenna at the focus. It can have some of the
highest gains of any antenna type, up to 60 dBi, but the dish must be
large compared to a wavelength. Used for radar antennas, point-to-
point data links, satellite communication, and radio telescopes
o Horn - Simple antenna with moderate gains of 15 to 25 dBi consists
of a flaring metal horn attached to a waveguide. Used for applications
such as radar guns, radiometers and as feed antennas for parabolic
dishes. Aperture antennas

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 ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS:

What to consider when choosing antenna

Power Gain Directivity

• Antenna
radiation Polarization
patterns

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 ELEMENTS OF RADIATION PATTERN

Key elements to be considered when choosing a

radiation pattern:

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 UMTS Planning Process
Why Plan a Network?
The need to have a good network plan is imperative in order to address issues relating
to the coverage and capacity requirements
It must allow for a sufficient and flexible network expansion without major changes to
the existing site. Recall UMTS network deployment!
When planning a UMTS network the coverage and the capacity go hand in hand i.e.
they have to be planned with the appropriate guidelines
In any wireless system there is a common goal i.e. to maximize coverage and capacity
and still maintain a balance with the key performance indicators (KPI)

DIMENSIONNING
OPTIMIZATION AND
TRAFFIC DETAILED PLANNING
MONITORING
AREA SITE CONFIGURATION
TRAFIC COVERAGE
COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE THRESHOLD
VERIFICATION

10 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 FACTORS AFFECTING NETWORK PLANNING

Market analysis Coverage requirements

i. Competitor analysis i. Capacity requirements
ii. Potential customers ii. Quality targets: call setup success,
iii. User profiles: services drop call rate, etc.
required and usage iii. Financial limitations
iv. Future deployment plans

Environmental factors:
i. the area topography;
ii. rural, suburban and urban factors e.g. indoor
and outdoor differences caused by buildings;
iii. frequency range;
iv. the location of cities, roads

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 COVERAGE PLANNING AND DIMENSION

 The target for the coverage planning phase is to

find optimal locations for BSs/NodeBs to build
continuous coverage according to the planning
requirements.
 Coverage planning is performed with a planning
tool including a digital map with topography and
morthography information and a tuned
propagation model.

12 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 KPI and Layered Optimization Approach
 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are a minimum set of
metrics for tracking system progress toward a performance
targets.
 During network deployment and optimization, several sets of
KPIs can be defined.

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Sunday, January 14, 2018
 RF Analysis: Coverage

14 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Quality: UE Pilot Ec/Io Distribution

15 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 CELL FRAGMENTATION
ON INITIAL PILOT COVERAGE

16 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 HEIGHT PROFILE optimization

17 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Final pilot coverage indicating where
there was low signals

18 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Flow for coverage planning

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 Link Budget Calculations
 The radio link budget aims to calculate the cell coverage area.
 One of the required parameters is radio wave propagation to estimate the propagation
loss between the transmitter and the receiver.
 The other required parameters are the transmission power, antenna gain, cable losses,
receiver sensitivity and margins, as shown in Figure

20 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 GSM –WCDMA Link Budget Parameters: A Review

 UMTS Receiver Sensitivity

Reception sensitivity for UMTS=

Reception sensitivity for GSM

Nt: thermal noise (-108 dBm/3.84 MHz)

Nf: Noise figure of NodeB (GSM)
Eb/No:Bit energy divided by noise spectral density
I: Interference margin
PG: Processing gain
This is receiver sensitivity for uplink budget. -117.2 dBm
21 While for downlink budget is -121 dBm at BER of 10-3
 Link budget calculation tips

 Basic rule:
 Add all gains separately
 Add all losses separately
 In UL direction
i. MS is the transmitter and BTS is the receiver
ii. Use TX power of the MS and receiver sensitivity (BTS RS) of the BTS
iii. Add all gains (including the diversity gain) to the TX power
iv. Subtract all losses (excluding the combiner) from (iii)
v. Subtract the BTS RS to get the maximum path loss in (dB) from (iv)
 In DL direction
i. BTS is the transmitter and MS is the receiver
ii. Use TX power of the BTS and receiver sensitivity (MS RS) of the MS
iii. Add all gains (excluding the diversity gain) to the TX power
iv. Subtract all losses (including the combiner) from (iii)
v. Subtract the MS RS to get the maximum path loss in (dB) (iv)
 Note: The Max Path loss in most cases is the same in UL/DL direction
22 but NOT necessary
 UMTS LINK BUDGET PARAMETERS
UE Parameters Value Node B Parameters Value
Mobile Tx Power 21 dBm Thermal Noise -174 dBm/Hz
Antenna Gain 0 dBi Antenna Gain 19.5 dBi, 18.9 dBi
Body Loss 3 dB Interference Margin 3 dB
In car loss 8 dB Base station Noise figure 7 dB
Soft handover gain 3 dB Fast Fading Margin 3 dB
E.I.R.P 13 dBm
Slow Fading Margin 4.3 dB
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS Noise rise Limit 3 dB
Model number HBX-3319DS-VTM Cable loss 2 dB
DualPol antenna 1710-2180MHz Required Eb/No 5.0 dB
Receiver Noise power -108.2 dBm
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

23 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Link Budget for 15kbit/s Voice coded data rate, 120km/hr in-car users

ALL GAINS=46.5 dBi

Max Loss Tx power-Total

Loss=21-(-116.4)=137.4 ALL LOSES=104.1+(-174)
=-69.9 dB
24 Sunday, January 14, 2018
 NUMBER OF BASE STATIONS
 Using Okumura-Hata propagation model for urban cell

 Maximum allowable path loss is 137.4 dB when using bit rate

of 15 kbit/s. R= 1km
 The maximum cell radius should be 1km.
 Area of the cell=3.142 km2
 Assuming an estimated area of a city = 46 km2
 The number of node B required is 46/3.142 = 14.6
approximately 15 node Bs are required to give coverage to the
area.

25 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Class work 2
 Calculate the cell radius and the required
number of NodeBs if the required data rate is:
 250 kbps
 350 kbps
 500 kbps
 1 mbps
 2 mbps

26 Sunday, January 14, 2018

 Propagation Mechanisms
 Reflection
 Propagation wave impinges on an object which is large as compared to
wavelength
- e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
 Diffraction
 Radio path between transmitter and receiver
obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges
 Waves bend around the obstacle, even when LOS (line of sight) does
not exist
 Scattering
 Objects smaller than the wavelength of the
propagation wave
- e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts
 Absorption
 Polarization
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 Radio Propagation Effects

Building

Direct Signal

hb Reflected Signal
Diffracted
Signal hm

d
Transmitter Receiver

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 Free-space Propagation

hb

hm

Transmitter Distance d
Receiver

 The received signal power at distance d:

AeGtPt
Pr 
4d 2
where Pt is transmitting power, Ae is effective area, and Gt is the
transmitting antenna gain. Assuming that the radiated power is uniformly
distributed over the surface of the sphere.

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 Small scale fading (Rayleigh)
Small-scale (fading) models characterize the rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength
over very short travel distance or short time duration

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 Log normal fading: Path Loss

170

160

150

140

Path Loss (dB)

130
Measured Path Loss
120
HATA
110 COST 231
100 ITUR P.5293
Egli
90 ECC
80 CCIR
Davidson
70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Distance (Km)

31