Analog and Digital Modulations
September 2011 Lectured by Assoc Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
Slides with references from HUT Finland, La Hore uni., Mc. Graw Hill Co., and A.B. Carlsons Communication Systems book. Textbook: A . B . Carlson, et al. "Communication Systems", third ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1986, 2002 ISBN: 0-07-100560-9
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Communications
Communications = Information transfer This course is about communications
Limited to information in electrical form
We will not consider delivering newspapers
We will primarily cover information transfer at systems level
We will not deal [too much] with circuits, chips, signal processing, microprocessors, protocols, and networks
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What exactly is information?
Information is a word that is too generic for our purposes
We will use the word message
A physical manifestation of information
What do communication systems have to do with messages?
Communication systems are responsible for producing an acceptable replica of message at the destination
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Is Signal = Message?
Just like information, signal is also a generic word
Derived directly from information
Scientists and Engineers use signal to denote information in electrical form
We will use signal and message interchangeably
Can we classify signals?
Messages or signals can be classified: Analog
A physical quantity that varies with time, usually in a smooth or continuous fashion Fidelity describes how close is the received signal to the original signal. Fidelity defines acceptability An ordered sequence of symbols selected from a finite set of discrete elements When digital signals are sent through a communication system, degree of accuracy within a given time defines the acceptability
Digital
Examples
Analog Signals
Values are taken from an infinite set
Digital Signals
Values are taken from a discrete set
Binary Signals
1 0 0 0
1 0
Digital signals with just two discrete values
t
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n( t ) m(t )
(Modulator) Analog or Digital
s( t )
m(t )
Demodulator
h( t )
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Transmitter
Modulation Coding Attenuation Noise Distortion Interference
Elements of Communication Systems
Channel
Receiver
Detection (Demodulation+Decoding) Filtering (Equalization)
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Transmitter
What does modulation do?
Encodes messages (analog) or bits (digital) into amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal Also makes transmitted signal robust against channel impairments Source coding remove redundancy Channel coding add redundancy
Coding
Channels
Channel introduces impairments
Noise
Thermal noise is the most significant Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) Inter-symbol interference Constant attenuation Variable attenuation Crosstalk
Distortion
Attenuation and fading
Interference
Receiver
What does demodulator do?
Extracts messages or bits from the received signal Mitigates channel impairments by making use of equalizers Decodes the signal, especially if channel coding was performed at the transmitter
Fundamental Limitations
If practical implementation is not a concern and we dont worry about feasibility, is there something else that limits acceptable communications? Bandwidth
Channel must be able to allow signal to pass through Channels usually have limited bandwidth Can we reduce signal bandwidth? Do something at source Can we reduce it? Can we reduce its effects? Do something at the transmitter and receiver
Noise
Signal to Noise Ratio
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Performance Criterion
How a good communication system can be differentiated from a sloppy one? For analog communications m(t ) to m ( t ) ? Fidelity! How close is SNR is typically used as a performance metric For digital communications Data rate and probability of error (BER) No channel impairments, no error With noise, error probability depends upon data rate, signal and noise powers, modulation scheme
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Limits on data rates
Shannon obtained formulas that provide fundamental limits on data rates (1948) Without channel impairments, an infinite data rate is achievable with probability of error approaching zero For bandlimited AWGN channels, the capacity of a channel is:
C = B log(1 + SNR)
Bits/second
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Example: PSTN, ADSL
Public Switched Telephone Network, Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line Components
Phone set (analog signal is generated), MODEM Local exchange (A/D conversion) Long-haul exchange Circuit-switched network Designed for voice communications and Internet Faxes and modems use PSTN for transmission of digital data in analog form
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Characteristics
Example: PSTN
Long distance line
Local exchange
International exchange
International line
Local line
Long distance exchange
Long distance line
Long distance users
Local exchange
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ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Customer Premises
DSL Modem Line Splitter
Local Carrier End Office
Main Dist ribution Frame Local Loop Voice Telepho ne Network
Hub
Telepho ne
ATM Switch
ISP POP
Computer
Computer
DSL Access Multiplexer
Customer Premises
ISP POP ISP POP
ISP POP
Customer Premises
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Example: Cellular
Islamabad
PSTN
MTSO MTSO
MTSO: Mobile Telephone Switching Office
Lahore
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Example: Cellular
Cellular Communication System
A cell is assigned some number of channels Typically one channel is allocated to a user Users communicate with a base station Base station is connected to MTSO/PSTN AMPS is an analog system
Uses FM and frequency-division multiple access
Digital systems use digital modulation
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Example: Radio broadcast
Two modes are used
AM
Amplitude modulation 600-1600kHz (MW), 1600kHz-22MHz (SW) 10kHz channels Frequency modulation 88-108MHz Channels centered at 200kHz intervals starting at 88.1MHz
FM
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Example: Wireless LANs
Various standards IEEE 802.11a/b/g popular IEEE 802.11b
11Mb/s data rate 2.4-2.4835GHz band Modulation: Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 55Mb/s data rate 5.725-5.825GHz band (in U.S.) Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
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IEEE 802.11a
Example: LANs and WANs
Local Area Networks (LANs)
Connect closely located computers Data bits are transmitted in chunks (packets) for efficiency/feasibility reasons Various LAN protocols are used in practice A wide area backbone network connects different LANs A standard protocol is needed for such communication (TCP/IP)
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Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Example: Ad Hoc Networks
Various devices connected to each other without using an infrastructure
Sensor Networks
Similar to ad hoc Networks (may be considered a special case of ad hoc networks) Have power constraints (Use non-rechargeable battery) Another example of ad hoc networks Used for provide communications to remote areas
Mesh Networks
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