Z • Visuals and documents that provide evidence of
UNIT 1: READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
past events.
Examples: The Hoax Code of Kalantiaw
What is history
Historical research
• Definition: Comes from the Greek word historia which
• Studying history is crucial for understanding our
means “knowledge acquired through investigation.”
past, making sense of the present, and preparing for
• Description: Account of the past of a person or a group the future.
of people through written documents and historical • Emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and
evidence. rigorous methodology in historical research.
What Counts as History
UNIT 2: HISTORICAL SOURCES
• Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no
document, no history.” Primary sources
This is wrong because not all part of history
• Produced at the same time as the event being studied
has a written document to prove it.
(contemporary accounts).
• Oral Tradition: Includes stories, myths, and legends
• Include documents or artifacts created by a witness
passed down through generations.
or participant of the event.
• Firsthand testimony or eyewitness account.
History vs historiography • It may include diaries, letters, interviews,
photographs, newspapers, autobiographies, etc.
• History: the past events that happened and their The closer the date of creation, the more
causes. reliable it is.
• Historiography: The study of how history is written,
who wrote it, and the context of its publication.
6 points to evaluate primary sources (Garraghan, 1950)
Roles of History 1. Date – when was it produced
2. Localization – where did it originate?
1. Unites a Nation 3. Authorship – who wrote it?
2. Can legitimize regimes. 4. Analysis – what pre-existing material served as the
3. Forges a sense of collective identity. basis for its production?
4. Helps make sense of the present through lessons 5. Integrity – what was its original form?
from the past. 6. Credibility? What is the evidential value of its
5. Learning from past mistakes to avoid repeating content?
them.
6. Inspires by reminding of a great past.
Secondary sources
School of Thoughts • Produced by authors who used and interpreted
primary sources.
POSITIVISM POST-COLONIALISM • Analyzed a scholarly question and often used
Requires empirical Looks at history in two ways: primary sources as evidence.
and observable • Highlighting national
• Include books, theses, dissertations, journals,
evidence to claim identity free from colonial
magazines, and knowledge of historians.
knowledge as true. discourse.
• Criticizing colonial • Written a few years after the exact time of the event.
methods, effects, and ideas. The more recent, the more it is reliable.
History and the historian External criticism
• Is it possible to come up with an absolute historical • Verification of authenticity by examining physical
truth? characteristics; consistency with the historical
- Facts cannot speak for themselves. It is the characteristics of the time when it was produced,
historian's job to seek historical evidence and facts and materials used.
but also to interpret them. It is their job to give
meaning to these facts organize into the timeline Internal criticism
and establish causes, and write history.
• Is history an objective discipline? • Look at the truthfulness and factuality of the
- History can be both objective (as a record of evidence by looking at the author of the source, its
past events) and subjective (as an account with context, and the agenda behind its creation.
interpretation. • It looks at the content of the source and examines
• If not, is it still worthwhile to study history? the circumstance of its production.
- Yes, because history is inescapable.
REAPHIS: READING IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY
CREATED BY: JAZMINE GO
