Chapter 1
Chemistry + Science Stu
and math
DON’T PANIC
(But you probably weren’t going to anyways)
Everything boxed, underlined, or
bracketed is important
Chapter 1 notes
1.2 Scienti c Method
De nition of Science:
• Science is one way of seeking principles of order in the natural world
De nition of Chemistry:
• Chemistry is that science which deals with the materials of the universe and the changes
that these materials undergo.
Scienti c Method
A. Making observations
B. Formulating Hypotheses
C. Performing Experiments
Theory vs Law
A law summarizes what happens in nature;
a theory explains why it happens.
1.6 Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis: using conversion factors to change from one
unit to another. Ex 5dozen eggs singleeggs
Equivalence statement: one amount is equal to another amount Equivalence
Conversion factor: one amount over (divided by) another amount is Idozent12singles Statement
equal to one
Conversion
Basic steps to dimensional analysis: Factor
i
1. WRITE WHAT YOU KNOW
2. TIMES AND DRAW A LINE
A. Put the unit you already have on the bottom (so that it
I
cancels out)
B. Put the unit that you need to get on the top
a. Write the labels
b. Repeat as many times as you need
Labels will cancel out Dimensional Analysis
3. Sig gs ☠
It’s often helpful to write out a little “roadmap” if you’re doing multiple
dimensional analyses. A student weighs 110. lbs. How much is that in kilograms?
Ex: grams -> kilograms -> pounds 1. Write what you know
Also, ALWAYS write your calculations in one line instead of breaking 2. Times and draw a line
it into several calculations
110.165 9 49.8949
IF 413,591 191kt
1.7 Temperature
Daniel Fahrenheit
• made the Fahrenheit scale (duh) *Don’t forget to do sig gs before
• Freezing point of water is 32 degrees, boiling you change operations. Look at
point of water is 212 degrees
OF 1.8 06 32 the number they give you.
1000 F
4
Anders Celsius
• created the Celsius scale (obviously)
8 1000
• Freezing point of water is 0 degrees, boiling
point of water is 100 degrees EYE 05155.5655
William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)
• made the Kelvin scale (duh)
• Kelvin scale is Celsius scale plus 273 degrees
KIC 273
Ex Room Temperature is 298K. What is it in Celsius and Fahrenheit?
OF 1.8 9 32
K C 273 Remember sig gs!!
OF 1.8 25 32
29814
23 OF 45 5
2
1.8 Density
Density is a property of matter that measures the mass
of substance per unit of volume of the substance.
Density Time D
45.0 mL of a liquid weigh 38.2 g. What is the density?
Ex 1st
0
IIIIi
Density Esme s
FI
A sample of alcohol has a density of 0.82 g/mL. What do 55 mL of the alcohol weigh?
P YO 8Ig mL EFmL 4D5g2sf
A rectangular metal bar has a volume of 60. inches cubed. The bar weighs 1.42 kg.
Calculate the density of the metal in grams per cubic centimeter.
D Convert to grams and centimeters rst
14219 1
1944 4 Keep only 2 sig gs
Don’t do sig gs till the nal answer
GO.in x 9831.223824J
1,9 t
1.9 Classi cation of Matter +
Physical/Chemical Changes
MATTER is anything that takes up space (VOLUME) and weighs something (MASS)
States of Matter
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
Solid: rigid, has xed volume and shape
Liquid: de nite volume but no de nite shape
Gas: no xed volume and shape; takes on the shape and
volume of its container
Plasma
Classi cation
Element: any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Compound: a substance with constant composition (made up of only one type of thing)
that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.
Pure substance: a substance with constant composition (made up of only one type of
Icompound or element)
Mixture: matter that has variable composition (made up of two or more di erent things)
Heterogeneous: having visibly distinguishable parts (can identify the di erent parts)
Homogeneous: having visibly indistinguishable parts (looks like only one thing)
Solution: a homogeneous mixture
EI wYfedttiTsMaFwtaIegt
nomogene
Carbon C
N
Air mixtures
itrogen N O q
oxygen It
Hydrogen HOD Brass
Carbon C Ammonia NH t
heterogeneous
GEEPOT
gg waterthmony
Ammonia NH
tydrogenperoxide4202
Physical and Chemical Changes
One way of thinking of it:
Physical change: a change in the form of a substance, not in its chemical Physical changes change things in the
composition. A physical change can be used to separate a mixture into pure way you expect
compounds, but it will not break compounds into elements. Chemical changes change things in
unexpected ways
Chemical change: a change in which a given substance becomes a new
substance or substances with di erent properties and di erent composition.
-Basically, physical changes only change HOW the substance is (ex: changing
state of matter, separating a mixture into pure substances) while chemical
changes change WHAT the substance is (ex: electrolysis, which is splitting a
water atom into hydrogen and oxygen)
