PART - IV : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION > Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lene’s Law. > Eddy currents, Self and mutual induction. Revision Notes C Electric Field and Dipole ) (a) Concept Notes Electromagnetic induction, > Electromagnetic induction isthe process of generating the electric current with a changing magnetic fc, > Ittakes place whenever a magnetic field is changing or electric conductors move relative to one another when they are in fluctuating magnetic field, > The current produced by electromagnetic induction is more when the magnet or coil moves fastez, When magnet oF coil moves back and forth repeatedly, then alternating, current is, produced. Magnetic flux: > Magnetic fax through an enclosed area is the number of magnetic eld lines cutting through a surface area A, defined by unit area vector ‘The unit of magnetic flux is weber, where, 1 Wb = 1 Tim’ > Magnetic fx (fj) is related to number of field lines passing through a given area. If magnetic field is changing, the changing magnetic flux will be $= NBA cos 0, where 0 is the angle between -magnotic field and normal to the plane, =a 76 a Bperpendicular to (9-30) Batanangle owithte pependicularioa: beens 8 magnetic, = B8eos0nan ae =n sopmpuy ue ut pasows aug « wat juz 0 40090 « ia = 3 penpu aa, tua, um zd su yo oq = aug = 7 Prousjos Buoy 30 SSiepul Ps sal Pn-ma wy auiba PANPUT AA ——_uonompur peo yhrong x i (ayo = 1 ag = @ Bgl | =: Fel8l= gpl -7 ac) opamp rouse dalectacnieee yo ney skeperey a un utnonn xa agousou 948 = 7E Paqansap SeoneUALEU [RANCH su up so8uoyp dooy Suanpu0> fn nay aaa aaa Pasop v 4q papunog ware ue ‘PovsAnoep Aeperes EMSA eet eevee canesMagnetic flux density > The change in magnetic flux per unit change in area s called magnetic flux density > Magnotie fhe is given by: dg — B.A Vor B paralielto dA , we have 149 = BUdA)eos 0° = BA) a -# 4 Terie, ae - i.e, magnetic induction i equal to the magnetic flax density. In other words, the magnetic field may be measured in forms of magnetic lux density, From equation (i), we find: coe 1, Unitotap Unit of ta Or r-¥ re Tela = weber per square mete Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction > The induced emf ina closed loop due to a change in magnetic flux through the loop is known as Faraday’s law, > Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction states that whenever a conductor is placed in varying magnetic field, an emf is induced which is known as induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, current is also induced which is called alternating current. Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Inductior slates that the induced emt is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage where flux linkage is the product of number of turns in the coll and dhux associated with the col, by tt nis magnate fc through th circuit and isreprvenad os 4 [8 4% With N loop of similar area in a circuit and 9, being the flux through each loop, ema is induced in every loop. Writing the formula for Faradays law as yao at where, = Induced emé [V], N = Number of turns in the coil ‘Ap = Change in the magnetic flux NB], A = Change in time [5] ‘The negative sign indicates that e opposes its cause. > If there is no change in magnetic flux, no emt is induces. Induced emf and current > A changing magnetic flux induces an electric field which induces a current in the circuit > A wire moving inthe field induces a current which acts same as current provided by a battery. > Changing magnetic flux and induced electric field are related to induced emf as per Faraday’s law. > The induced EMF in a conductor moving is related to the magnetic field as E = [Link] @ Induced current > When a conductor moves across flux lines, magnetic forces on the free electrons induce an electric current, > When a magnet is moved towards a loop of wire connected to an ammeter, ammeter shows current induced in the loop. > When a magnet is held stationary, there will be no induced current in the loop, even though the magnet is inside the loop,> When a magnet is moved away from the loop, the ammeter shows opposite current induced in the loop. Motional emf > The relationship between an induced emf ¢ in a wire or a conductor moving at a constant speed v through a magnetic fold Bis given by: ae a > An induced emf from Faraday’s law is generated from a motional emf that opposes the change in flux. > Magnetic and electric forces on charges in rod moving perpendicular to magnetic ld is piven ms Aveguilibsium F; =F ak = 4e8 E08 ve re, E=V Yap tere, E=2] Lena's aw > Lendl is used to determine the direction of induced magnetic flds currents and emf 2 The direction ofan induce em aivays opposes the change in mognetic Hak which causes the emt hosing ha he plano induced em ent produce current that opposes the cause, change magnetic hn > As per conservation of energy, induced emt apposes its cause, making mechanical work fo continue withthe process which gets converte! nto clctcal enc > Slide wire containing induced current, magnetic field and magnetic foree Sarre > It explains the negative sign in Faraday’s ux rule, © SFotta xfer spe x Electric Generators and Back Emf > Hlectrie generator rotates a coil ina magnetic field inducing an emné which is given as a function of time c= NBA asin (wt) where, A = Area of N-turn coll rotated at constant angular velocity «in uniform magnetic field B > The peak emf of a generator a =NBAO > Any rolatingcoil prochuces an induced emf. Ia motors itis known as back emf asl opposes the emf input tothe motorC Eddy Currents, Self and Mutual Induction ) Eddy Currents > Current loops induced in moving conductors are called eddy currents, They can create significant drag, called as ‘magnetic damping, > Hddy currents give rise to magnetic fields that oppose any external change in the magnetic Feld > Eddy currents are induced electric currents that flow in a circular path: Wine loop Induced current = A on it Z Apulting forces ‘needed to balance the magnetic force fm the induced > Eddy currents flowing in a material will generate their own secondary magnetic field that opposes the cil’s primary magnetic field Mutual Induction > The production of induced emfin a circuit, when thecurrent in the neighbouring cicail changes called induction. When the circuit of the primary coil is closed or opened, deflection is produced in the galvanometer of the secondary coil, This is due to the mutual induction, > ‘The mutual induetion between tivo coils depends on the following factors: # The number of tens of primary and secondary coils # The shape, size or geometry of the two coils, the area of cross-section and the length of the cols Coefficient of mutual induction: > Suppose, the instantaneous current in the primary coil is I Let the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil be 6. Its found that the magnetic flux is proportional tothe current. ie, gel or @=MI @ where, Mis the constant of proportionality Its called evefficient of mutual induction. The induced emf ein the secondary coil is given by [No force is needed 10 pall the loop when the wires ate outside the magnet fie, a e i ‘The negative sign isin accordance with the Lenz's law ie, the induced emt in the secondary coil opposes the variation of current in the primary coil, ‘Taking magnitude of induced emf the equation (i), we find, a aia v Therefore, unitora = is M vats my, be the number of turns per unit length in primary and secondary coils per unit length and r be their radius, then coefficient of mutual inductance is given as M = pone Self-Induction: > The production of induced emf in a circuit, when the current in the same circuit changes is known as self induction. Suppose the instantancous current in the circuit is and if the magnetic fhux linked with the solenoid is, then it is found thatg~Lorg =LE voli) where, isthe constant of proportionality. tical office of sel induction, Thence etc he cl given by ya ane The native sgnisinaxcordance with theLenslaiheinduced erfopposes he vain of current the oa ‘Taking the magnitude of the induced emf from the equation (ii), we find: eer tla i) The. th cote of selsnducton isthe duc eine eit the ae ofchange ofthe cet inthe eeu Unter The units induction ia clad hey (bol) From equation (ii), we find that if dlidt =1Astande thon Tiinata > Mad of length noses perpendicular toa magne Held wh velo, then the induced epee salty i) Ny In general, we have, € = Blvsind > Ifa metallic rod of length I rotates about one of its ends ina plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, then the induced emf produced across its ends is given by Here, 0 = angular velocity of rotation, A = nP = orca of circle and f = frequency of rotation. Inductance inthe electrical circuit is equivalent tothe inetia (mass) in mechanics. > When a bar magnet is dropped into a col, the electromagnetic induction inthe coil opposes its motion, so the magnet falls with aecelezation less than that due to gravity The inductance ofa coil depends on the following, actors: v ne «area of cross-section, f¢ number of turns « permeability of the core, > Unit ofinduction, > The self inductance ofa circular coil is given by: 4 BAN _ vo QAND gy Tot 40 an aot 2] anor Here, n= N/1 = Number of turns per unit length and V = Al = Volume of the solenoid, > Iwo evils of inductance /, and L are coupled logether, then their mutual inductance is given by M = KGL where, kis called the coupling constant > ‘The value of élies between Oand 1 For perfectly coupled coils, k= 1, it means that the magnotic flux of primary coil is completely linked with the secondary col.>» Bddy eurents donot ese sparking > a caret lisselupin acc of inductance, then the magnet fed energy stored in itis given by uta 2 . Mnemonics Concept: Induced emf In a conductor moving in a magnetic fled: Mnemonics: leat Loat and Boiled Vegetables Interpretation: IeInduce eat: emf Loaf and: Length of Conductor Boiled: B (magnetic field) Vegetables: V (Velocity) Know the Terms > Electric generator: Device for converting mechanical work into electrical energy that induces an emf by rotating coil in magnetic field > Induced electric fi eld generated due to changing magnetic lux with time > Induced emf: short-lived vollage generated bya conductor or comoving ina magnetic (eld > Magnetic damping: A procesin which energy of motion i converted in to hea by way of electric eddy currents induced ina cil tha pases between the poles ofa magnet > Magnetic fu Phe mimberof magnetic held lines meesured through a given area > Motional en: Valige praduced bythe movement of conducting wire of a conductor in a magnetic field > Peakem The maximum en proiaced by a generator > Back emf: The emf generated by a running motor due tocol that tars in a magnetic field which opposes the vellage tha powers the motor > Indactor A device usd to sone clctrical energy inthe form of magnetic field when electric current flows > EME produced by an eletrie generator = NBs (0) Know the Formulae > Magnet t= fia > Faraday’s law: i 0, > Motional induced emf: > Motional emf around a circuit > EME produced by an electric generator > ForSelf Induction > For Mutual Induction © > The inductance in seriesis given by > Theinductance in parallel is given by > Mutual Inductance of two coils i given by Mz MotNyNsAp = gn :NpN, Tp Tp‘where, iis the permeability of free space (An x 10% 48 the relative permeability ofthe sition core. Neismumber of furnsin secondary coil [Np is number of turns in primary col ‘Apis the eros soetional area of primazy ein ‘Agia the cross-sectional area of secondary will inn. Tis the col current > ForAC. Generator © ~ ein! or ~ ey sin2nvt SUE DoW NR) Taleo evCH es) AA square of side L meters les in the xy plane in 4 region where the magnetic field is given by B=By (2i+3}-+48) Tesla, whore By is constant. The magnitude of flux passing through the square i (A) 2B? We (B) 361? We {C) AByL? Wo (©) JBBI? Wo Option (Cis correct. Explanation: Magnotic flax is defined as the total number of magnetic lines of force passing, normally theough an area place ina magnetic fold and is equal to the magnetic flux linked ‘with that area Square lies in XY plane in B so R=UE Q=BA = Bi +3} +48, (2R) pd deik 3 ack bd I0+ 04] = 48, Wb, Ans, 2. A loop, made of sight edges has six corners at AG, 0,0), BL, 0, 0)C(L, L, 0), BO, LF, L, 1) and F(0,0,L).A magnetic field B=By (? + &) Teslais prevent in the region. The fix passing through the Joop ABCDEFA (in that onder) is (A) Bol? Wb, (B) 281? Wo. {© apy? wo. (D)sNg1? wo. ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explenation: The loop can be considered in ‘wo planes y Hoo Lo OLD Nog x ao) Loon { Plane of ABCDA isin XY plane Soits vector K isin Zirection. Hence, A= |Ae= (i) Plane of DEFAD isin YZ plane SoA, =[A\=08 AAA, -EG +8) Baek $0,Q=BA Pk (HUG+8 (isibekikay =BL0+081] — (c0sP=0) 28,2 Wb 1.3. A cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis in the figure. A wire is connected from the axis and is made to touch the cylindrical surface through a contact. Then’ wo or bor —e| magnet (A) a direct current lows in the ammeter A. {B) no current flows through the ammeter A, (Can alternating sinusoidal current flows through the ammeter A with a time period 2n, (D)a time varying non-sinusoidal current flows ‘through the ammeter A. Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: The phenomenon of. lectromagnetic induction is used in this problem. Whenever the aumber of magnetic lines of force (magnetic fx) passing through a circuit changes (or a moving conductor cuts the magnetic flux), an emf is produced in the cireuit (or emf indueos across the ends of the conductor) is called induced emf. The induced ‘mi persists only as long as there isa change or cutting of flu.Qa Ans. Ans, When cylindrical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, nochange in flux inked withthe circuit takes place, consequently no emf induces and thence, no current flows through the ammeter A. Henee the ammeter shows no deflection, ‘There are two coils A and B as shown in figure. A ‘current starts flowing in B as shown, when A is moved towards B and stops when [Link] moving ‘The current in A is counter clockwise. B is kept stationary when A moves. We ean infer that x o {A)there is constant current in the clockwise direction in A. (B) thoreisa varyinggcurrentin A. {© there is no currentin A (D)thwre is a constant current in the counter clockwise direction in A Option (D) is correct. Explanation: When coil A moves towards col B with constant velocity, so rate of change of magnetic lux due to coil B in coil A will be constant that gives constant currentin col Ain same direction asin oil by Lenz’ law Same as problem 4 except the coil A is made to rotate about a vertical axis figure, No current flows in Bif A sat rest. The current in coil A, when the ‘current in B (at = 0) counterclockwise and the coil Ais as shown al this instant, = aH > {A) constant current clockwise {B) varying current clockwice, {C) varying current counter-clockwise {(D) constant current counterclockwise Option (A) is correct. Explanation: In tis case, the direction of the induced electromotive force/induced current {s determined by the Lenz's law. According to the Lenz’ aw the direction of induced emi or current in a ctcuit is such that it oppose + the cause that produces it. This law is based upon lave of conservation of energy. ‘When the current in coll B at f = 0) is counter: dockwise and the coil Ais considered above it ‘The counterclockwise fow of the eurrent in coi B is equivalent to North Pole of magnet and ‘rigneic field ines are eiminaling upward to coil A. When coil A starts roiating att = 0, the taurrent in coil A is constant along clockwise irection by Lenz's rule, Q.6. The polarity of induced emfis defined by (A) Ampere’ cireuital law {B) Biot-Savart law. {Lenz's law. (D) Fleming's ight hand rule, ‘Ans. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: According o Lena's law, the direction of an induced em. always opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the ems. Q.7. Lenz's lawisconsequenceofthelawof conservation of 1A) Charge (B) mass (©) energy (D) momentum, seuergaigrecismonantie fart wasoall to Seka eae energy. Q.8. The magnetic fax linked with a col is given by an equation 6 = 5? +2643 The induced emul in the coil at the third second (B) St unit (D) 65 units units ‘Ans, Option (A) is correct, Explanation: Induced ex. (9F + 21+ 3) =~ (108 +2) 6.9, The elFnducance L of aoleoi of length and tren of cromeaion Ay wilh a Eoed member of tone inereaces (A tand A neese {docreams end Acre, {0 linceoses and Adecrenses {Dhooth and A decease ‘Ans. Option (B) is correct. planation: As we know tha, Lan AsLisconstont fora coi 1 Lec Aand Lt 7 ‘Asn, and N are constant here so, o inerease L for a coil, area A must be increased and I must ‘be decreased. So answer (B) is correct, Important point: The self and mutual inductance of capacitance and resistence depend on the geometry of the devices as well as permittivity/permeabilty of the medium, Q.10, An iron-cored solenoid has self inductance 28H. When the core is removed, the self inductance becomes 2 mH. The relative permeability of the material of the core is 1A) 600 10) 280 (B) 1200 (D)2000Ans. Option (A) is correct. [ pimation p= tty = 282% 10%) = 1400 | 111 nvsich ofthe towing application, dy arent heater iat ‘aD alee pesca {B) Induction furnace (our ight {D)Magnetic brakes in tins um. Spon fh tress Exploration LED tap junction doe ae aig recdncienalel ent Q.12, Which one of the following statements is wrong? TADELMy"camons are produced int ay epee 6 (Eibepcopricmel ween bablookane {© faddy currents inimized by using laminated (Dylndetion Ranace wes eddy cumrnt to oat ‘Ans Option (A) cect Explanation: Eddy current is produced when a ‘metal is kept in a time varying magnetic field 12. If the back em. induced in a coil, when current changes from 1A to zero in one millisecond, is Bolts, the sel-inductance of the coi (as (By 1H (0) 3.x 10°11 (D)3 = 1011 Ans. Option (C) is correct. L=5x 10H Directions In the following questions, A statement fof Assertion (A) is followed by a statement oF Reason (R). Mark the correct choice as (A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A (©) Aistrue but Ris false {D) Ais falseand Ris true Q.1. Assertion(A): Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction are consequences of law of conservation of energy, ‘Reason (K): The parameter LI in a L-K circuit has the dimension of time. Ans. Option (C) is correct. ASSERTION AND REASON BASED MCQs (Q.13. Magnetic field energy stored in a coil is way? (B) Li ou wy? ‘Ans. Option (D) is correct. Explanation: If current flows through a coil of seltinduetance L, then magnetic field energy stored in itis 4 Li Q.18, Ihtwocvils of self inductance T, and Tare coupled logether, their mutual inductance becomes (ayM = ki @=s JB (QM=KJL,+L, — (DyNoneol thie above ‘Ans. Option (A) is correct, Explanation: If two coils of self inductance Liyand L; are coupled together, their mutual inductance becomes M = kYLyL; where = coupling constant whose value lies between Oand 1. Qu15, An inductor and a bulb are connected in series with ade source soft ion cores then inserted in the inductor. What will happen to intensity of the bulb? {A) Intensity ofthe bulb remains the same. {B) Intensity of the bulb decreases (©) Intensity of the bulb increases {D) The bul ceases to glow. Ans, Option (B) is correct Explanation: When a soft ton core is inserted in the inductor, the magnetic flux increases ‘According to Lenz's lav, it will be resisted by reducing the current. Since the current recluces the intensity of the bulb decreases, (1 Mark each) Explanation: In electromagnetic induction, magnetic. energy, mechanical energy are converted into electrical energy. So, Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction are direct consequences of law of conservation of energy. Hoonee assertion is true In a LR circuit, L/R parameter has the dimension of time. Hence the reason s false Q.2, Assertion (A): When hwo identical loops of copper and Aluminium are rotated with same speed in the same magnetic field, the induced em wil be Reason (R): Resistance ofthe two loops are equal. ‘Ans. Option (C) is correct.a3 Ans. Ans. Explanation: Induced ex. in a rotating loop in a magnetic field depends on the area of the loop, number of turns, speed of rotation and ‘magnetic fied strength. It does not depend con the material of the coil $o, when two identical loops of copper and aluminium are rotated with same speod in the same magnetic field, the induced em. will be same. So, the assertion is true, Resistance of the tw loops cannal be equal Resistance of copper loop is less than that of the aluminium loop. So, the reason is false, Assertion (A): Lenz’s Jaw does not violets the principle of conservation of energy. Reason (R}: Induce ems never opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the em. Option (C) is correct Explanation: Lena's law is based on principle ‘of conservation of energy. So, the astertion is trae. Induced emf always opposes the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf. So, the reason is also fale. I. Assertion (A): If the number of tums of coil i increased, it becomes more difficult to push a bar ‘magnet towards the col. Reason (R}: The difficulty faced is according to Lens law. Option (A) is correct. Explanation: As ts tried to push a bar magnet towards a coil, magnetic Mux i According. to Faraday’s law induced emt. is generated. As the number of turns increases, induced ems increases. According to Lenz's law, Induced em. always ‘opposes the change in magnetic flux that ‘causes the induction of e.m.f So, the induced ‘ean. will oppose the motion of the bar magnet towards the coil, As the number of tums increases, opposition increases. Hence both asertion and reason are true and the reason explains the assertion properly 5. Assertion (A): When the magnetic flux changes around a metallic conductor, the eddy current is produced Reason (R): Flectsic potential determines the flow of charge. Option (B) is correct. Qe Ans. ar Ans. Qs. Ans. Explanation: Change in flux induces emf in conductor which generates eddy current. So assertion is tue, Fleetrie potential determines the flow of change. So reason is also true, But reason is not the proper explanation of generation of eddy current, Assertion (A): The cores of electromagnets are made of soft iron. Reason (R}: Coercvity of soft iron is small Option (A) is correct Explanation: The core of an electromagnet should be such that it gets magnetized easily. Also, it loses magnetism easily as soon as the magnetizing field is removed. Soft iron has this property. So, soft iron is used as the core electromagnet. $0 the assertion is true. Coercvity is a measure of the ability fof a ferromagnetic substance to withstand extemal magnetic ficld without becoming demagnetized. For soft iron, it should be very low. Coercivity is low for soft iron. So, reason is also true. Also, reason properly explains the assertion, Assertion (A): Mutual inductance becomes maximum when evils are wound on each other Reason (R): Mutual inductance is independent of orientation of coils. Option (C) is correct. Explanation: Mutual inductance depends on size, number of turns, relative position and relative orientation of the 2 coils. So, when coils are wound on each other, the mutual inductance will be maximum, So, assertion is true, But the reason is fale. Assertion (A): Self inductance may be called the inertia of electricity, Reason (R): Due to self inductance, opposing induced em. is generated in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic flux linked with the coll Option (B) is correct. Explanation: Inertia is defined as the tendency of an abject to resists its change of state of motion, Induced ems, in a coil is changed by the change in current or magnetic flux. ‘The property by which a coil opposes these parameters to incur any change in induced em. is known as selfinductance, Hence, ce may be called the inertia of So, the assertion and reason both are true but reason cannot explain why so happens.CASE-BASED MCQs ‘Attempt any 4 sub-parts out of 5. Each sub-part carries 1 mark. Read the following text and answer the following. questions on the basis ofthe same: Bottle Dynamo: A bottle dynamo is a small generator to generate electricity to power the bicycle Tight Js 1s not a dynamo, Dynamo generates LX but a oltle dynamo generates AC. Newer models are now available with a rectifier. The available DC can powertthe light and small electronic gadgets. This is. also known as sidewall generator since it operates using a roller placed on the sidewall of bieyele tyre. When the bicycle is in motion, the dynamo roller is engaged and electricity is generated as the tyre spins the roller. When engaged, a dynamo requires the bieyele rider to exert more effort to maintain a given speed than would otherwise be necessary then the dynamo is not present or disengaged. Bottle dynames can be completely disengaged during day time when eyele light és not in use. In ‘wet conditions, the roller on a bottle dynamo can slip against the surface of the tyre, which interrupts the electricity generated. This cause the lights to go Why bottle dynamo is not a dynamo? (A) I generates AC only {B) It generates DC only (0) le looks like a bottle {D) It requires no fuel to operate Option (A) is correct. Explanation: Dynamo genezates DC. But bottle dynamo generates AC. So, itis not a dynamo in that sense. But, it generates electricity for bicycle light Con you recharge the battery of your mobile phone with the help of bottle dynamo? (ayyes (B) No {C) Yes, when a rectifier is used {D) Yes, when a transformer is used Ans. Option (C) is correct Esplanation Newermodelsofbotte generators are now availble witha rete DC available from such botle generator ean be used diecly for charging mobile phone. Otherwise with the old model a retfris to be allached to convert AC to DC. Q.3. Bottle generator generates electricity: (4) when fuels poured in the bot {B) when eyes in motion. (© when itis mounted propery (Dpsshen wind bows ‘Ans. Option (8) iscorrect Explanation: Boil generat is also known as sidewall genoraloe since it operas using taller placed on the sidewall of bicycle tyre When the bieyele is in motion, the dynama rollers engaged and electricity i generated as the yr spins the roller 4, Bub of bicycle light glows: {(A)with AC supply only {@) with DC supply ony {© with both AC and DC supply. (Dyonty when AC supply is ree. Option (C) is correct. Esplanation: Normal ampa workwith both AC and DC. $o, bile generators of older mod or newer model can be directly used for bicycle lamp Whit one ofthe following i not an advantages of never model of bottle dynamo ? (A) Works intermittently when 1 roller slips on yee (B) Smell electronic gadgets canbe charged {6 Canbe easily disengaged during day ime (D)Requires ro fael ‘Ans. Option (A) I correc Explanation: In wet conditions, the roller on bottle, dynamo old model or now mod) can lip again the surface of the iyre, which interrupt th elects generated, This causes, thelights to go out intermitenty. This not an sdivantage 1 Read the following text and answer the following «questions on the Basis of the sam Electromagnetic damping: Take two hollow thin exlindical pipes of equal internal diameters made of aku and PVC, respectively. Fx them ‘vertically with clamps on retort stands, Take asa cylindrical magnet having diameter lightly smallerAns, Q2 Ans. Ans. than the inner diameter of the pipes and drop it through each pipe in such a way thatthe magnet dle a ouel Hh sides uf te pipes during it fall You will observe that the magnet dropped through the PVC pipe takes the same time to come out of the pipe as it would take when dropped through thesame height without the pipe Now instead of PVC pipe use an aluminium pipe Note the ime it takes to come out ofthe pipe in cach case. You wil se tha the magnet takes much Jonger time in the ease of aluminium pipe. Why is it 0 ? Tks due tothe eddy currents that are ge the change in magnetic flux, ie, the motion of the magnet. The retarding force due to the eddy currents inhibits the motion of the magnet. Such phenomena are referred to a8 electromagnetic damping. Note that eddy currents are not generated in PVC pipe as its material is an insulator whereas aluminium is a conductor This effect was discovered by physicist Foucault (1819-1868), [eddy current is generated in (A)metalic pipe. ——_(B) PVC pipe {© alas pipe. (D) wooden pipe. Option (Ap Is correct. Explanation: Eddy curronis are not gonerated in non-conductorinsulator Eddy currents are generated in conductar/metal dy cureont was frst observed by: {A) Helmhotlz @) Foucault {© Darsonval (D)Shoek ley Option (6) is correct Explanation: The generation of eddy current | erated in the aluminium pipe which oppose was discovered by physicist Foucault (1819- 1869), What is electromagnetic damping ? {A)Generation of electromagnetic wave during the passage of a magnet through a metal pipe {B) Change of the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave due to a variable ‘magnetic flux (C) Change of the frequency of electromagnetic wave due to a variable magnetic flux {D) lo slow down the motion of a magnet moving: through ametal pipeduetoclectromagneticaly induced current. Option (D) is correct. Qe Ans. Ans. uk. Explanation: The retarding force due to the eddy currents inhibits the motion of the magnet in a metal pips. This phenomena is known as electromagnetic damping. ‘To observe electromagnetic damping a magnet should be dropped through a metal pipe and: (A) the magnet should not touch inner wall af the pipe. {(B) the magnet should touch the inner wall of the pipe. (©) itdoes not matter whether the magnet touches the inner wal ofthe pipe or not {D) the magnet should be larger in size than the diameter ofthe pipe Option (A) is correct. Explanation: ‘To observe electromagnetic damping, a magnet should be dropped through a metal pipe and the magnet should nol touch the inner wall ofthe pipe. $A piece of wood and a bar magnet of same dimension is dropped through an aluminium pipe. Which ofthe following statements is true? (A) The piece of wood will tke more time to come ‘out from the pipe, {B) The bar magnet will take more time to come ‘ut from the pipe. (© Both will take same time to come out from the Pipe. (D) The time required will depend on the mass of the wooden piece and the mass of the bar magnet Option (B) is correct Explanation: When a piece of wood and a bar ‘magnet of same dimension is dropped through an aluminium pipe, the bar magnet will take more time to come out from the pipe due to electromagnetic damping. 3 the following text and answer the following questions on the basis ofthe same: Spark coil ‘The principle of electromagnetic induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, Induction coils were used widely in electrical experiments tnd for medical therapy during the last half of the 1th century, eventually leading. to the development of radio inthe 189s. The spark coil designed on the principle of electromagnetic induction was the heart of the earliest radio transmitters. Marconi used a spark coil designed by Heinrich Rhumkorif in his early experiments ‘An induetion coil or ‘spark coil’ is a type of electrical transformer used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage (DC) supply. To create the flax changes necessary to inchuce vollage inthe secondary coil, the direct current in the primary coil is repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating ‘mechanical contact called interrupter.spark gap ‘armature [>] capacitor ‘The spark scoil consists of two coils of insulated ‘wire wound around a common iron core. One coil, called the primary coil is made from relatively few (ons or hundreds) turns of coarse wire. The other coil, the secondary coil typically consists of up toa million turns of fine wire (up to 40 gauge). ‘An electric current is passed through the primary, creating a magnetic field, Because of the common core, most of the primary’s flux couples. with the secondary. When the primary current is. sucdenly interrupted, the magnetic field rapidly collapses. This causes a high voltage pulse to be developed across the secondary terminals due to electromagnetic induction. Because of the large number of turns in the secondary coil, the secondary voltage pulse is typically many thousands of volts. This vollage is sufficient to create an electric spark, to jump across an air gap separating the secondary’s output terminals, For this reason, this induction coils are also called. spark cols, ‘To operate the coil continually, the DC supply current must be repeatedly connected and. disconnected, To do that, a magnetically activated vibrating arm called an interrupter is used which rapidly connects and breaks the current flowing, into the primary coil. The interrupter is mounted con the end of the coil next to the iron core. When. the power is turned on, the produced magnetic fiold attracts the armature, When the armature hhas moved far enough, contacts in the primary circuit breaks and disconnects the primary current Disconnecting theeurrent causes the magnetic field to collapse and create the spark. A short time later the contacts reconnect, and the process repeals. ‘An are which may form at the interrupter contacts is undesirable. To prevent this, capacitor of 05 to 15 HE is connected across the primary col The heart of the radio transmitters of Marconi was (A) spark col {B) toroid. (©) BF tuning coil {D) Van de Graff generator. Ans. Option (A) is correct, Explanation: The spatk coil designed on the principle of electromagnetic induction was the heart of the earliest radio transmitters. Marconi used a spark coil designed by Heinsich Rhumkorff in his early experiments Q.2. Spark coils a type of (A)electzical generator {B) electrical transformer. (©) static electricity generator {D) large capacitor. Ans. Option (B) is correct. Explanation: A spark coil is a type of lectrcal transformer used to produce high: voltage pulses from a low-voltage (DC) supply. To ereate the flux changes necessary to induce voltage in the secondary coil, the direct current in the primary col is repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating mechanical contact called interrupter. Q.3. Which ofthe following statements is correct? (A) Spark coil consists of two coils of insulated ‘wire, Primary coil, is made from zelatively few turns of fine wire. The secondary coil consists of up toa million turns of coarse wire {B) Spark coil consists of to coils of insulated ‘wire, Primary coil, is made from a. (lens or aillion turns of coarse wire. ‘The secondary coll consists of up to a few turns of fine wire, {© Spark coil eonsistsof two coils of insulated wire Primary coil, is made from relatively few turns fof coarse wire The secondary coil consists of ‘up to a million turns of fine wire. (D)Spark coil consists of two coils of insulated ‘wire, Hoth primary and secondary coil, is made rom a million turns of fine wire ‘Ans. Option (C) is Explanation: The spark coil consists of two coils of insulated wire wound around a common iron core. One col, called the primary coil, is made from relatively few (lens or hundreds) turns of coarse wire. The other coil, the secondary coil typically consists of up to a million turns of fine wire (up to 40 gauge). Q.4. Why most of the primary’ flux couples with the secondary in spark coil? (A)Since the primary coil is wound on the secondary eal {(B) Since the primary coils of thick wire (0) Since the core is common, {D) None of the above correct.Ans. Option (C] is correct. (©) to control the formation of spark. Explanation: The spark coil designed on the (D) None of the above principle of electromagnetic induction was the | Ans Option (A) is correct. ‘hear of the enlist radio transmitters. Marcon Explanation: To operate the coil continually, used @ spark coil designed by Heinrich the DC supply current must be repeatedly Rhumkorff in his eaely experiments, connected and disconnected. io do that, a {Q.5. What ste funtion of interrupter in a spark cit? magnetically activated vibrating, arm called (ATO mmpidly connect and break the current an interrupter is used which rapidly connects flowing into the primary coil and breaks the current flowing into the {B) To rapidly connect and break the current primary coll lowing into the secondary coil