01/Jun/20
PHYSICS 1 NEWTON’S LAWS FORCE and MOTION
Engineering Physics I
Chapter 3
Lecturer
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Dr. Dawit Worku
workud@[Link]
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
ro initial position
Average velocity is the
r final position displacement divided by
the elapsed time.
r r ro displacement r ro r
v
t to t
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast
the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.
r
r v lim
v lim t 0 t
t 0 t
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION Equations of Kinematics
v v o v
v vo at
a
t to t
x 1
2
vo v t
v v 2 vo2 2ax
v
x vo t 12 at 2
vo
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
v y voy a y t
y voy t 12 a y t 2
v x vox a x t x 1
vox vx t
y 1
2
v oy vy t
2
v x2 vox2 2a x x v y2 voy2 2a y y
x vox t 12 a x t 2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component
of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
At a time 7.0 s, find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final
velocity of the spacecraft.
The x part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the
y part did not occur at all, and vice versa.
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Reasoning Strategy Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
1. Make a drawing. In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
negative (-). analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
kinematic variables associated with each direction.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three
x ax vx vox t
of the kinematic variables. Do this for x and y. Select the ? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s
appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that
the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next. y ay vy voy t
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a ? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s
kinematics problem. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
x ax vx vox t y ay vy voy t
? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s
? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s
x vox t 12 a x t 2 y voy t 12 a y t 2
22 m s 7.0 s 12 24 m s 2 7.0 s 740 m 2
14 m s 7.0 s 12 12 m s 2 7.0 s 390 m
2
v x vox a x t v y voy a y t
22 m s 24 m s 2
7.0 s 190 m s
14 m s 12 m s 2 7.0 s 98 m s
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
v
v y 98 m s
v x 190 m s
v 190 m s 98 m s 210 m s
2 2
tan 1 98 190 27
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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01/Jun/20
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 3 A Falling Care Package
Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the
The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of
surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m/s2.
+115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required
for the care package to hit the ground.
a y 9.80 m s 2 ax 0
v x vox constant
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
y voy t 12 a y t 2 y 12 a y t 2
2y 2 1050 m
t 14.6 s
y ay vy voy t ay 9.80 m s 2
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 4 The Velocity of the Care Package
What are the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of
the care package?
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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01/Jun/20
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Conceptual Example 5 I Shot a Bullet into the Air...
y ay vy voy t Suppose you are driving a convertible with the top down.
The car is moving to the right at constant velocity. You point
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s a rifle straight up into the air and fire it. In the absence of air
resistance, where would the bullet land – behind you, ahead
of you, or in the barrel of the rifle?
v y voy a y t 0 9.80 m s 2 14.6 s
143 m s
v vx 2 vy 2
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 6 The Height of a Kickoff
A placekicker kicks a football at and angle of 40.0 degrees and vo
the initial speed of the ball is 22 m/s. Ignoring air resistance,
determine the maximum height that the ball attains. voy
vox
voy vo sin 22 m s sin 40 14 m s
vox vo sin 22 m s cos 40 17 m s
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
v y2 voy2 2a y y v y2 voy2
y
2a y
0 14 m s
y ay vy voy t 2
y 10 m
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
2 9.8 m s 2
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01/Jun/20
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 7 The Time of Flight of a Kickoff
What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?
y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 8 The Range of a Kickoff
y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ? Calculate the range R of the projectile.
y voy t 12 a y t 2
0 14 m s t 12 9.80 m s 2 t 2
0 214 m s 9.80 m s 2 t x vox t 12 a x t 2 vox t
t 0, t 2.9 s 17 m s 2.9 s 49 m
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.3 Projectile Motion 3.4 Relative Velocity
Conceptual Example 10 Two Ways to Throw a Stone
From the top of a cliff, a person throws two stones. The stones
have identical initial speeds, but stone 1 is thrown downward
at some angle above the horizontal and stone 2 is thrown at
the same angle below the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance,
which stone, if either, strikes the water with greater velocity?
v PG v PT v TG
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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01/Jun/20
3.4 Relative Velocity 3.4 Relative Velocity
Example 11 Crossing a River
The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800m wide. v BS v BW v WS
The velocity of the boat relative to the water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The velocity of the water relative
to the shore is 2.0m/s.
4.0
(a) What is the velocity of the tan 1 63
boat relative to the shore? 2.0
(b) How long does it take for
the boat to cross the river?
vBS vBW
2
vWS
2
4.0 m s 2 2.0 m s 2
4.5 m s
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.4 Relative Velocity
1800 m
t 450 s
4.0 m s
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
