SAMPLE DESIGN
Population
Population refers to “ all those people with the
characteristics which the researcher wants to study,
with the context of a particular research problem”.
Eg: All students, a population used be on students in a
collage, all users of a particular mode of car.
Sample
A Sample is “ a portion of people drawn from a
large population”. It will be the representative of the
population only if it has same basic characteristics of
the population which it is drawn.
Sample Survey/Sampling
Sampling may be defined as the process of obtaining
information about an entire population by examining
only a part of it.
Merits/Advantages of Sampling
Less time and efforts
Less cost
More reliable results
Administrative convenience
More detailed and accurate information, etc
Demerits/Disadvantages of Sampling
A sampling survey must be carefully planned and
executed. Otherwise the result obtained may be
inaccurate and misleading.
Lack of expert during the sampling process, the
information obtained from the sample cannot be
relied upon.
It is not easy to select a sample which is perfectly
representing the universe in many situation.
If inform is required for each and every unit, sampling
techniques cannot be used.
Need for Sampling
It saves Money
It saves Time
Is gives detailed and accurate measurements
It is necessary when the population is infinity
It is necessary when the study of an item causes the
destination.
It is necessary when the area of survey is wide.
Different Methods of Sampling
A. Random Sampling (Probability Sampling)
B. Non-Random Sampling (Non-Probability Sampling)
A. NON-RANDOM
A. RANDOM SAMPLING SAMPLING
I. Judgment
I. Simple Random Sampling Sampling
1. Lottery Methods
2. From table of random Numbers
II. Multistage
Sampling
II. Stratified sampling
1. Proportional stratified
III. Multiphase
sampling Sampling
2. Disproportional stratified
sampling
[Link] weight sampling
IV. Convenience
Sampling
III. Systematic
sampling V. Quota Sampling
IV. Cluster VI. Sequential
Sampling Sampling
A. RANDOM SAMPLING
Probability sampling design is based on probability
for the selection of each item. Probability sampling
is also known as Random sampling or chance
sampling.
In this method, each item has its own chance for being
selected. Some of the common Random sampling
methods are:
I. Simple Random Sampling:
A simple random sample is such a way that every
members of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. The selection is purely depends upon
chance. It includes:
1. Lottery methods
2. From a table of Random Numbers
II. Stratified Sampling
If the field of enquiry is not homogeneous and contains
variety of items, this type of sampling is adopted. In this
method, we first divide the population into different
subpopulation known as ‘Stratum’. From each stratum,
item are selected by simple Random sample methods.
Kind of Stratified Sampling:
1. Proportional Stratified Sampling: Here, the number of
items obtain from each stratum is on the basis of the
size of each stratum.
2. Disproportionate stratified sampling: Here, equal no. of
items are selected from each stratum irrespective of its
size.
3. Stratified weighted Sampling: Here, equal no. of items are
selected from each stratum, but weights are given to
stratum on the basis of its size.
III. Systematic Sampling
This method is popularly used in those cases where complete
list of the population from which sample is to be drawn is
available. Under this method, the items in the population are
included in intervals of Magnitude ‘K’. From every interval
select an item by random sample method. Therefore between
two items, selected, there is an interval ‘K”.
IV. Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling consist in forming suitable cluster of
units and surveying all the units in a sample of
clusters selected. Cluster sampling is used in many
surveys as it is very convenient and less costly.
A. NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure
which does not affected any basis for estimating the
probability for each item to be included in the sample.
Some of the non-probability sample methods are:
I. Judgment Sampling
Here, the selection of an items to be included in the
sample entirely depends upon the judgment of the
investigator and no formula or principle is followed. If
the investigator is wise and unbiased the result will be
pure.
II. Multistage Sampling
This is a sampling procedure in several stages. At first,
the first stage units are sampled by some suitable
methods like simple random sampling. Then, a sample
of second stage units is selected from each of the
selected first stage units by some suitable method. This
procedure is extended. This method has the advantage
of being flexible.
III. Multiphase Sampling
In Multiphase sampling, the first step is to select a
sample of first phase and from it to collect data on
some suitable characteristics. Then a subsample of
these units is elected in 2 or more phases, then it is
described as multiphase sampling.
IV. Convenience Sampling
A convince sampling is obtained by selecting a
convenient population unit.
V. Quota Sampling
This Method if sampling is adopted in making survey of
public opinion. Only definite quotas of person in
different social classes, age groups, religion e.t.c are
selected for interview.
VI. Sequential Sampling
In this method samples are taken one after another. The
ultimate size of the sampling design is not fixed in
advance. This type of sampling design is called
sequential sampling.
Sampling & Non-Sampling Errors
Sampling Errors
The error arising due to drawing inference about the
population on the basis of sample is termed as sampling
error.
Biased Errors
Unbiased Errors
Non-sampling Errors
The errors arising mainly at the stages of ascertaining and
processing of data are termed as non-sampling errors. They
occur both in complete enumerates and sample survey. Non-
sampling errors can occurs at every stage of planning and
execution of the census survey.
They may occurs due to:
a. Inappropriate statistical units.
b. Lack of trained and experienced investigators
c. Errors in presentation and summarization of data.
