GENSOC PART 1: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY 8. Late Adulthood (61 and above) finally in Death.

- The study of the structure and relationships
between body parts (Important Events)
 Early Stage: speeding and comfort
- Study of the structure or internal workings of
something  Second Stage: toilet training, dressing

- Study of the structure of a plant or animal  Third Stage: exploration and play stage

- In human anatomy, it includes: cells, tissues,  Fourth: school and activities

organs that made up the body and how they are
organized in the body itself.  Adolescence: social
responsibility/relationship/identity
PHYSIOLOGY
- The science of how those plants come together  Sixth: intimate relationship
to function, and keep that body alive.
 Seventh: work and parenthood stage
- Branch of sociology that deals with the normal
functions of living organisms and their parts  Eight Stage: reflection on life

- Branch of biology that aims to understand the GONADS

mechanisms of living organisms - The gonad is the organ that makes gametes.
The gonads in males are the testes, and the
- Study of how the human body works gonads in females are the ovaries. The product,
gametes, are haploid germ cells. For example,
INTRODUCTION: spermatozoon and egg cells are gametes.
 Humans experience various physical and
emotional changes from childhood to adulthood. - Each person has a pair of GONADS
These changes are gradual and progress at
different ages and speed in different people. - Produce germ cells and sex hormones

 These stages are based on human growth and - Ova (egg) - female germ cells
development from childhood, adolescence,
adulthood, and old age. - Sperm - male germ cells

FEW DEFINITION OF TERMS: - These are the basic unit of reproduction in their
 Reproduction - process of producing offspring. union that could lead to creation of a new life

 Genitals - external sex organs of male and - FEMALE GONADS (Ovaries) makes up
female FEMALE GAMETES (Eggs)

 Primary Sex Characteristics - present at birth - MALE GONADS (Testes) makes up MALE
GAMETES (Sperm)
 Secondary Sex Characteristics- will emerge
during puberty - When a baby girl is born, her ovaries contains
hundreds of thousands of eggs which remain
 Puberty - when a child’s body became inactive until puberty begins
developed and changed, there is changes to GAMETES
became an adult (EX: girls develop their breasts, - A reproductive cell that form and unite using
periods. Boys develop deeper voice, facial hair) sexual reproduction that form a new cell called
ZYGOTE
 11 - average age for girls to begin puberty
- Responsible for fertilization
 12 - for boys
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ADOLESCENCE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF BREAST
- Period of transition between childhood and  Location on the chest wall, extending vertically
adulthood and horizontally.

- Children entering adolescence are ongoing  Components: Nipple, Areola, Skin, and Cooper’s
through many changes in their body and brain Ligaments
that includes physical, intellectual,
psychological, social stages as well as the Functions and appearance of each components:
development of their moral compass  Both have same functions

LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT STAGES OR HUMAN  Girls have special function: many parts
DEVELOPMENT STAGES compared to boys
1. Pre – natal stage
 Girls breasts used for breastfeeding
2. Infancy stage (birth – 2years)
INTERNAL ANATOMY: GLANDULAR TISSUE
3. Early childhood (3 – 5 years)  Structure of the breast: 15 – 20 lobes containing
lobules.
4. Middle and Late Childhood (6 – 12 years)  Lobules and their role in milk production

5. Adolescence (13 – 18 years)  The milk producing alveoli within lobules.

6. Early Adulthood (19 – 20 years)

Fibrous Tissue
7. Middle Adulthood (30 – 60 years)
  Supports, protects and holds the bones,  An organ function to prepare for mother’s breast
muscles, tissues, organs in the place for lactation

 Other functions: organic portion or protein fibers  Involves in breast milk formation
found in connective tissues are either collagen,
elastic, or reticular fibers  Each breast of mammary glands contains 15-20
lobes
Types of fibrous tissue:
 Ligaments  Each lobes comprise to 40 terminal ductal
lobular lobes to bring about developmental
 Tendons and inner layers of the skin changes or coordinate milk delivery to the
offspring
 Sclera which is the white part of the eye PART 2: FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE EXTERNAL PART FUNCTIONS
THE ROLE OF FAT AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE  The main functions of the external genitalia is to
 Adipose tissue’s contribution to breast size and protect the internal genital tract from infection, to
shape act as sensory tissues during sexual intercourse,
and assist in micturition.
 Connective tissue including Cooper’s ligaments
for structural support  The vulva receives parasympathetic and
sensory supply from two different innervation
 Interaction between fatty and glandular tissues roots.
Female Reproductive System
Collagen Fibers - provides strength to tissues,  Is the sign to undergo conception, station and
preventing it from being torn or separated from birth once spermatozoon fertilizes
surrounding tissues
GLANDURAL TISSUE  Ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube, vulva and
 A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs mammary glands
and makes ruling senses such as mucus,
digestive juices, other fluids Anatomy
 The study of body structure in relation to body
 Commonly found in breasts (but can be in parts
stomach, lungs, colon, pancreas, prostate, The female sexual anatomy
uterus, and cervix)  Is the sign for the reproduction and fertilization
of the ovum as well as carrying and delivering
 Functions: its glands creates and releases offspring
hormones that control most/all of the processes FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
in the body 1. Labia Majora – forms the folds that cover the
Labia Minora, clitoris, vulva vestibule, vestibular
Glandular Glands bulbs, Bartholins glands. Skene’s glands,
 They coordinate metabolism, growth and urethra, and the vaginal opening
development, control of your emotions, moves,
sexual function, sleep - Outer lips surrounding all other structures
Fatty Tissue
 The main function of breast adipose tissue is to 2. Labia Minora – pair of small cutaneous folds
store the excess energy and release it when you that begins at the clitoris and extends downward
require/when the body require
- Inner lips surrounding the vestibule where
 However, breast adipose tissue plays a major sweat and oil glands occur
role in breast development and maturation
3. Mons Veneris (Mons Pubis) – tissue mound
 Rich energy source, aids the development and made up of fat located directly anterior to the
progression pubic bones

Milk Duct - The pads of the fatty tissue between the pubic
 Function in breast: a thin tube in the breast that bone and skin
carries milk from breast to nipple
4. Vulva – is the global term that describes all of
 Anatomy of a female breast the structures that make the female external
genitalia
 Nipple and Areola are shown on the outside of
the breast - All the external genital structures take together

Lactiferous Duct 5. Clitoris (homologous to the glans penis in

 One lactiferous duct drains 15-20 lobes males or tinggil) – is a sex organ in females
that functions as a sensory organ
 These ducts are enlarged to perform lactiferous
sinus before they open separately into the nipple - Glands or the head / Sensitive to stimulations
6. Vestibule – a smooth surface that begins
 The milk collected in the lactiferous sinus and it superiorly just below the clitoris and ends
is release in response to the baby’s suckling inferiorly at the posterior commissure of the
Labia minora. The vulva vestibule contains the
 Babies should learn how to suck in order to opening to the urethra and the vaginal opening.
survive and to live
- Area surrounding the urethral opening and
 Arranged rigidly in the nipple vagina

7. Urethral Opening – the inner folds the vulva

form a hood of skin or the hood of clitoris
Mammary Gland
 8. Perineum – area of skin separating the genitalia - Stages of the menstrual cycle
from the anus
FOLLICULAR PHASE
- Consist distance less in female than male - When the pituitary gland releases hormones
that stimulate the growth and development of
9. Prepuce – the inner folds of the vulva form a ovarian follicles
hood or skin or the hood of the clitoris
- Before ovulation
- Clitoral hood, or meaning foreskin above and OVULATION PHASE
covering clitoris - When a mature egg is released from the ovary
HYGIENE TIPS and is ready for potential
 Wash the outside of your vagina only LUTEAL PHASE
- Empty ovarian follicle becomes the corpus
 Wipe front to back luteum, producing hormones that prepare the
uterus for possible embryo implantation
 Wear cotton underwear
- After ovulation
 Try pH – balanced feminine washes

 Avoid using gloves or sponges to wash your

intimate area SECRETORY PHASE (LUTEAL PHASE)
- This phase always occurs from day 14 to day
INTERNAL STRUCTURE 28 of the cycle
VAGINA
- Collapsible canal extending from vaginal - Occurs when the pituitary gland releases this
opening back and upward into body to cervix one that causes the ovary to release a mature
and uterus. During arousal, it is engorged with ovum and cause the remaining portion of the
blood. This aids its expansion and triggers the follicle to develop into a corpus luteum
release of lubricant from vaginal mucosa.
3 main functions: - Measure the level of the luteinizing hormone of
 It provides a passageway for blood and mucosal your blood (LH)
tissue from the uterus to leave the body during a
menstrual period. - LH is made by pituitary gland

 It’s where the penis is inserted during vaginal - In women the pituitary sensed out the LH during
sex and it holds sperm until they pass into the the ovulation part of the menstrual cycle, this
uterus. tells the ovaries to release a mature egg

 It provides a passageway for childbirth - Secretory phase is part of a neurological

CERVIX pathway comprised of a hypothalamus
- Small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is
the opening in cervix leading to interior of uterus HYPOTHALAMUS
- Is a structured deep in your brain
- Unique part of the female internal structure, nag
eexpand pag lalabas na ang baby - Main function is to keep body in a stable state
3 main functions
 It allows fluids, such as menstrual blood, to pass PITUITARY GLAND
from the uterus into the vagina - Controls metabolism growth and sexual
maturation reproduction of blood pressure and
 It also widens during the birth of a baby gonads

 It is shaped roughly like a cylinder or tube and

connects important body parts CORPUS LETEUM
- Produces progesterone and then endometrial
UTERUS glands begins to secrete nutrients and lining
- Womb, organ with pelvic zone and where fetus becomes more vascular in response to
is carried increasing level of progesterone
3 main functions
 It is a pear shaped organ that plays a critical role - Is a mass of cells that forms in an ovary
in menstruation, fertility, and pregnancy.
- This is a temporary organ that appears every
 Once the egg has left the ovary it can be menstrual cycle and disappears if fertilization
fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the does not occur
uterus
- Also produces the hormone progesterone
 The main function of the uterus is to nourish the during early pregnancy
developing fetus prior to birth
- the role of corpus luteum depends on whether
FALLOPIAN TUBES or not fertilization occurs
- Carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, where
fertilization occurs. This is where the sperm and PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MENSTRUATION
ovum meet and become fertilized 1. Premenstrual Syndrome
OVARY
- Produces eggs (oval) and female sex hormones  Mood swings
like estrogen and progesterone  Tender breast
STAGES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE  Food cravings
MENSTRUATION  Fatigue
- Lining of the uterus is shed, resulting in the  Irritability
release of blood and tissue from the body  Depression
through the vagina
 2. Dysmenorrhea – painful menstruation cause by - These are the oval – shaped organ that
overproduction of prostaglandins produces androgen, and particularly large
quantities of testosterone
3. Amenorrhea – disruption or absence of VAS DEFERENS
menstruation - Also called as ductus deferens
SEMINAL VESICLES
FEMALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS - These are two glands that produce alkaline fluid
AFTER PUBERTY rich in fructose sugar
1. Widening of hips and pelvis EJACULATORY DUCT
- It is a duct that moves through the prostate
2. Enlargement of breasts - at puberty, both the carrying the secretion from the seminal vesicles
glandular at fatty tissues of the breast develop and vas deferens.
considerably
- It connects the vas deferens
- So the difference in breast size between women
are primarily due to the differences in the PROSTATE
amount of fatty tissue - It is a gland producing alkaline secretion that
The glandular tissue of the breast response to sex accounts for about 30% of semen volume
hormones and the breast are actually involve in a URETHRA
women sexual arousal - It is a tube within the penis that carries the
Functions: sperm and semen the rest of the way to the
 Glandular tissue produces milk toward the end opening of the penis
of pregnancy and after in response to hormone MORE MALE CHARACTERISTICS
levels 1. Generally taller and greater proportion of the
body
 Automatic when a woman got pregnant, it will
produce milk for the offspring to drink 2. Proportionately larger heart and lungs,
presumably to handle greater blood fluid volume
MORE FEMALE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Women are shorter than men (there is greater 3. Exposure to greater levels of testosterone
proportion of body weight composed of men) resulting in heavier body and facial hair, but also
2X chromosomes produces repression of many sex link increased frequency and degree of baldness
conditions and lower mortality rate at every page no
longer projected lifespan than men 4. Single X chromosomes resulting in sex – linked
conditions such as colorblindness and
2X chromosome reduces repression hemophilia
Repression - someone who cannot recall abuse in the
early childhood but still has connections, still have MALE HORMONES
problems, aggression and anxiety resulting from the - The testosterone is the major male hormone
unremembered trauma produced mainly by the testes, but there are
PART 3 THE BIOLOGICAL MALE other glands called the adrenal glands that also
THE BIOLOGICAL MALE produce some testosterone
- The male sexual anatomy is designed for the MALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
production and delivery of sperm for fertilization THAT EMERGE AFTER PUBERTY
of the female’s ovum. Puberty signals the final 1. No monthly cycle
development of primary and accessory organs
that support reproduction 2. Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice)
PREPUCE
- It is the foreskin covering the head of the penis 3. Broader shoulders
PENIS
- Glans (head), shaft (body), and root 4. Deeper chest cavity

- It is the male urinary and reproductive organ,

containing three cylinders of sponge – like
vascular tissue that allow erection

CORONA
- It is the rim of the glans where it arises from
shaft
FRENULUM
- It is a thin strip of skin connecting the glans and
shaft on the underside of the penis
SCROTUM
- It is a sac that encloses the two compartments
housing the testes

URETHRAL OPENING
- It is found in the head of the penis
PERINEUM
- An area of skin separating the genitalia from the
anus.

- The distance is greater in males than females

THE MALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

TESTES