BLANK PAGE

List MF19
List of formulae and statistical tables

Cambridge International AS & A Level

Mathematics (9709) and Further Mathematics (9231)

For use from 2020 in all papers for the above syllabuses.

CST319

*2508709701*

16
 PURE MATHEMATICS BLANK PAGE

Mensuration
Volume of sphere = 4
3
πr 3

Surface area of sphere = 4πr 2

Volume of cone or pyramid = 13 × base area × height

Area of curved surface of cone = πr × slant height

Arc length of circle = rθ ( θ in radians)
Area of sector of circle = 12 r 2θ ( θ in radians)

Algebra
For the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:
un = a + (n − 1)d , S n = 12 n( a + l ) = 12 n{2a + (n − 1) d }

For a geometric series:

a(1 − r n ) a
un = ar n −1 , Sn = (r ≠ 1) , S∞ = ( r <1 )
1− r 1− r
Binomial series:
n  n  n
(a + b) n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2b 2 +   a n −3b3 + K + b n , where n is a positive integer
 
1  
2  3
n n!
and   =
 r  r!(n − r )!
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + K , where n is rational and x < 1
2! 3!

2 15
 WILCOXON RANK-SUM TEST Trigonometry
sin θ
The two samples have sizes m and n, where m ⩽ n. tan θ ≡
cos θ

Rm is the sum of the ranks of the items in the sample of size m. cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1 , 1 + tan 2 θ ≡ sec 2 θ , cot 2 θ + 1 ≡ cosec 2 θ
sin( A ± B) ≡ sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
W is the smaller of Rm and m(n + m + 1) – Rm.
cos( A ± B) ≡ cos A cos B m sin A sin B
For each pair of values of m and n, the table gives the largest value of W which will lead to rejection of the
tan A ± tan B
null hypothesis at the level of significance indicated. tan( A ± B ) ≡
1 m tan A tan B
Critical values of W sin 2 A ≡ 2sin A cos A
Level of significance cos 2 A ≡ cos A − sin 2 A ≡ 2cos 2 A − 1 ≡ 1 − 2sin 2 A
2

One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
2 tan A
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 tan 2 A ≡
1 − tan 2 A
n m=3 m=4 m=5 m=6
3 6 – – Principal values:
4 6 – – 11 10 – − 12 π ⩽ sin −1 x ⩽ 12 π , 0 ⩽ cos −1 x ⩽ π , − 12 π < tan −1 x < 12 π
5 7 6 – 12 11 10 19 17 16
6 8 7 – 13 12 11 20 18 17 28 26 24
Differentiation
7 8 7 6 14 13 11 21 20 18 29 27 25 f( x ) f ′( x )
8 9 8 6 15 14 12 23 21 19 31 29 27
9 10 8 7 16 14 13 24 22 20 33 31 28 x n
nx n −1
10 10 9 7 17 15 13 26 23 21 35 32 29 1
ln x
x
Level of significance
ex ex
One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.01
Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.02 sin x cos x
n m=7 m=8 m=9 m = 10 cos x − sin x
7 39 36 34
tan x sec 2 x
8 41 38 35 51 49 45
sec x sec x tan x
9 43 40 37 54 51 47 66 62 59
10 45 42 39 56 53 49 69 65 61 82 78 74 cosec x − cosec x cot x
cot x − cosec 2 x
1 1
For larger values of m and n, the normal distribution with mean 2
m(m + n + 1) and variance 12
mn(m + n + 1)
1
should be used as an approximation to the distribution of Rm. tan −1 x
1 + x2
du dv
uv v +u
dx dx
du dv
v −u
u dx dx
v v2
dy dy dx
If x = f(t ) and y = g(t ) then = ÷
dx dt dt

14 3
Integration WILCOXON SIGNED-RANK TEST
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)
The sample has size n.
f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx
P is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the positive differences.
x n +1
x n
(n ≠ −1)
n +1 Q is the sum of the ranks corresponding to the negative differences.
1 T is the smaller of P and Q.
ln x
x
ex ex For each value of n the table gives the largest value of T which will lead to rejection of the null hypothesis at
the level of significance indicated.
sin x − cos x
cos x sin x Critical values of T

sec 2 x tan x Level of significance

1 1 x One-tailed 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
tan −1   Two-tailed 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
x2 + a2 a a
1 1 x−a n=6 2 0
ln ( x > a) 7 3 2 0
x2 − a2 2a x + a
8 5 3 1 0
1 1 a+x 9 8 5 3 1
a2 − x2
ln
2a a − x
( x < a)
10 10 8 5 3
dv du 11 13 10 7 5
∫ u dx dx = uv −∫ v dx dx 12 17 13 9 7
f ′( x) 13 21 17 12 9
∫ f ( x) dx = ln f ( x) 14 25 21 15 12
15 30 25 19 15
16 35 29 23 19
Vectors
17 41 34 27 23
If a = a1i + a2 j + a3k and b = b1i + b2 j + b3k then
18 47 40 32 27
a.b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 = a b cos θ 19 53 46 37 32
20 60 52 43 37

1
For larger values of n, each of P and Q can be approximated by the normal distribution with mean 4
n(n + 1)
1
and variance 24
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) .

4 13
 CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE χ 2 -DISTRIBUTION FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS

Algebra
If X has a χ 2 -distribution with ν degrees of
Summations:
freedom then, for each pair of values of p and ν,
n n n
the table gives the value of x such that
P(X ⩽ x) = p. ∑r =
r =1
1
2
n(n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
2
= 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) , ∑r
r =1
3
= 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2

Maclaurin’s series:
p 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.9 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.999 x2 xr
f( x) = f(0) + x f ′(0) + f ′′(0) + K + f ( r ) (0) + K
2! r!
ν=1 0.031571 0.039821 0.023932 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.83
2 0.02010 0.05064 0.1026 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.60 13.82 x2 xr
3 0.1148 0.2158 0.3518 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.34 12.84 16.27 e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + +K + +K (all x)
2! r!
4 0.2971 0.4844 0.7107 7.779 9.488 11.14 13.28 14.86 18.47
x 2 x3 xr
5 0.5543 0.8312 1.145 9.236 11.07 12.83 15.09 16.75 20.51 ln(1 + x) = x − + − K + (−1) r +1 + K (–1 < x ⩽ 1)
6 0.8721 1.237 1.635 10.64 12.59 14.45 16.81 18.55 22.46 2 3 r
7 1.239 1.690 2.167 12.02 14.07 16.01 18.48 20.28 24.32
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
8 1.647 2.180 2.733 13.36 15.51 17.53 20.09 21.95 26.12 sin x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
9 2.088 2.700 3.325 14.68 16.92 19.02 21.67 23.59 27.88 3! 5! (2r + 1)!
10 2.558 3.247 3.940 15.99 18.31 20.48 23.21 25.19 29.59
x2 x4 x2r
11 3.053 3.816 4.575 17.28 19.68 21.92 24.73 26.76 31.26 cos x = 1 − + − K + (−1) r +K (all x)
12 3.571 4.404 5.226 18.55 21.03 23.34 26.22 28.30 32.91 2! 4! (2r )!
13 4.107 5.009 5.892 19.81 22.36 24.74 27.69 29.82 34.53
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
14 4.660 5.629 6.571 21.06 23.68 26.12 29.14 31.32 36.12 tan −1 x = x − + − K + (−1) r +K (–1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1)
15 5.229 6.262 7.261 22.31 25.00 27.49 30.58 32.80 37.70
3 5 2r + 1
16 5.812 6.908 7.962 23.54 26.30 28.85 32.00 34.27 39.25 x3 x5 x 2 r +1
17 6.408 7.564 8.672 24.77 27.59 30.19 33.41 35.72 40.79 sinh x = x + + +K + +K (all x)
18 7.015 8.231 9.390 25.99 28.87 31.53 34.81 37.16 42.31 3! 5! (2r + 1)!
19 7.633 8.907 10.12 27.20 30.14 32.85 36.19 38.58 43.82
x2 x4 x2r
20 8.260 9.591 10.85 28.41 31.41 34.17 37.57 40.00 45.31 cosh x = 1 + + +K+ +K (all x)
2! 4! (2r )!
21 8.897 10.28 11.59 29.62 32.67 35.48 38.93 41.40 46.80
22 9.542 10.98 12.34 30.81 33.92 36.78 40.29 42.80 48.27 x3 x5 x 2 r +1
23 10.20 11.69 13.09 32.01 35.17 38.08 41.64 44.18 49.73 tanh −1 x = x + + +K + +K (–1 < x < 1)
24 10.86 12.40 13.85 33.20 36.42 39.36 42.98 45.56 51.18 3 5 2r + 1

25 11.52 13.12 14.61 34.38 37.65 40.65 44.31 46.93 52.62

30 14.95 16.79 18.49 40.26 43.77 46.98 50.89 53.67 59.70 Trigonometry
40 22.16 24.43 26.51 51.81 55.76 59.34 63.69 66.77 73.40 If t = tan 12 x then:
50 29.71 32.36 34.76 63.17 67.50 71.42 76.15 79.49 86.66
60 37.48 40.48 43.19 74.40 79.08 83.30 88.38 91.95 99.61 2t 1− t2
sin x = and cos x =
70 45.44 48.76 51.74 85.53 90.53 95.02 100.4 104.2 112.3 1+ t2 1+ t2
80 53.54 57.15 60.39 96.58 101.9 106.6 112.3 116.3 124.8
90 61.75 65.65 69.13 107.6 113.1 118.1 124.1 128.3 137.2
Hyperbolic functions
100 70.06 74.22 77.93 118.5 124.3 129.6 135.8 140.2 149.4
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x ≡ 1 , sinh 2 x ≡ 2sinh x cosh x , cosh 2 x ≡ cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

sinh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1)

cosh −1 x = ln( x + x 2 − 1) (x ⩾ 1)

1+ x 
tanh −1 x = 12 ln   (| x | < 1)
1− x 

12 5
Differentiation CRITICAL VALUES FOR THE t-DISTRIBUTION
f( x ) f ′( x )
If T has a t-distribution with ν degrees of freedom, then,
1 for each pair of values of p and ν, the table gives the value
sin −1 x
1 − x2 of t such that:

1 P(T ⩽ t) = p.
cos −1 x −
1 − x2
p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995
sinh x cosh x
ν=1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
cosh x sinh x 2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
tanh x sech 2 x
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
1
sinh −1 x 5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.894 6.869
1 + x2 6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
1
cosh −1 x 8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
x2 − 1 9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781

1 10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587

tanh −1 x
1 − x2 11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
Integration
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
(Arbitrary constants are omitted; a denotes a positive constant.)
15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
f( x ) ∫ f( x ) dx 16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
sec x ln| sec x + tan x | = ln| tan( 12 x + 14 π) | ( x < 12 π ) 18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
cosec x − ln| cosec x + cot x | = ln| tan( 12 x) | (0 < x < π)
20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
sinh x cosh x 21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
cosh x sinh x
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
2
sech x tanh x 24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745

1 x 25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
sin −1   ( x < a) 26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
a −x
2 2 a
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.689
1  x 28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
cosh −1   ( x > a) 29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.660
x2 − a2 a
30 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
1  x
sinh −1   40 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
a2 + x2 a 60 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
∞ 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

6 11
 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION MECHANICS

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and Uniformly accelerated motion

variance 1, then, for each value of z, the table gives v = u + at , s = 12 (u + v)t , s = ut + 12 at 2 , v 2 = u 2 + 2as
the value of Φ(z), where

Φ(z) = P(Z ⩽ z).

FURTHER MECHANICS
For negative values of z, use Φ(–z) = 1 – Φ(z). Motion of a projectile
Equation of trajectory is:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 gx 2
ADD y = x tan θ −
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 2V cos 2 θ
2

0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141 4 8 12 15 19 23 27 31 35 Elastic strings and springs
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517 4 7 11 15 19 22 26 30 34
λx λ x2
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879 4 7 11 14 18 22 25 29 32 T= , E=
l 2l
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224 3 7 10 14 17 20 24 27 31
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549 3 7 10 13 16 19 23 26 29
Motion in a circle
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
For uniform circular motion, the acceleration is directed towards the centre and has magnitude
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133 3 5 8 11 14 16 19 22 25
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 v2
ω 2r or
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621 2 5 7 9 12 14 16 19 21 r
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 Centres of mass of uniform bodies
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14 Triangular lamina: 23 along median from vertex
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319 1 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 13

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
Solid hemisphere of radius r: 83 r from centre
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
Hemispherical shell of radius r: 2
r from centre
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 r sin α
Circular arc of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
α
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
2r sin α
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 Circular sector of radius r and angle 2α: from centre
3α
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
3
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Solid cone or pyramid of height h: 4
h from vertex
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Critical values for the normal distribution

If Z has a normal distribution with mean 0 and

variance 1, then, for each value of p, the table
gives the value of z such that

P(Z ⩽ z) = p.

p 0.75 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9975 0.999 0.9995

z 0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.090 3.291

10 7
 PROBABILITY & STATISTICS FURTHER PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Summary statistics Sampling and testing

For ungrouped data: Two-sample estimate of a common variance:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 Σx 2 Σ( x1 − x1 ) 2 + Σ( x2 − x2 ) 2
x= , standard deviation = = − x2 s2 =
n n n n1 + n 2 − 2
For grouped data:
Probability generating functions
Σxf Σ( x − x ) 2 f Σx 2 f
x= , standard deviation = = − x2 G X (t ) = E(t X ) , E( X ) = G ′X (1) , Var( X ) = G ′′X (1) + G ′X (1) − {G ′X (1)}2
Σf Σf Σf

Discrete random variables

E( X ) = Σxp , Var( X ) = Σx 2 p − {E( X )}2
For the binomial distribution B(n, p) :

n
pr =   p r (1 − p) n − r , µ = np , σ 2 = np(1 − p )
r
For the geometric distribution Geo(p):
1
pr = p(1 − p) r −1 , µ=
p
For the Poisson distribution Po(λ )

λr
pr = e − λ , µ =λ , σ2 =λ
r!

Continuous random variables

∫
E( X ) = x f( x) dx , ∫
Var( X ) = x 2 f( x) dx − {E( X )}2

Sampling and testing

Unbiased estimators:

Σx Σ( x − x ) 2 1  2 ( Σx ) 2 
x= , s2 = =  Σx − 
n n −1 n −1 n 

Central Limit Theorem:

 σ2 
X ~ N  µ, 
 n 

Approximate distribution of sample proportion:

 p (1 − p) 
N  p, 
 n 

8 9