Class Interval Frequency Lower Cumulative

Class Mark (x) fx

(f) boundaries (lb) frequency (cf)
50 – 54 10 49.5 52 520 10
55 – 59 3 54.5 57 171 13
60 – 64 8 59.5 62 496 21
65 – 69 13 64.5 67 871 34
70 - 74 15 69.5 72 1080 49
75 - 79 17 74.5 75 1275 66
80 - 84 21 79.5 82 1722 87
85 - 89 8 84.5 85 680 95
90 - 94 4 89.5 92 368 99
95 - 99 1 94.5 95 95 100

N = 100 ෍ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟕, 𝟐𝟕𝟖
 Lesson 6

BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS

STATISTICS
•is a field of mathematics that deals
with the collection, organization,
analysis, and interpretation of
quantitative data.
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics
– is concerned with the collection,
classification, and presentation of data designed
to summarize and describe the group
characteristics of the data.
DIVISION OF STATISTICS
Inferential Statistics
– is concerned with the drawing of
conclusions or judgment about a population
based on a representative sample taken from the
same population.
DATA
is a set of observations, values,
elements, or objects under
consideration. The statistical facts,
principles, opinions and items of
various source.
VARIABLE
is the attribute of interest observable of each
entity in the universe. It is an observable
characteristics or phenomena which is capable of
taking several values or of being expressed in
several different categories. Example: sex, age,
eye color, weight, age
POPULATION
is the set of all possible values of the variable.
It is the totality of all the actual objects of a
certain class under consideration. It is denoted by
a capital N
 PROCESS/STEPS IN STATISTICAL
INVESTIGATION OR INQUIRY

COLLECTION is the process of obtaining numerical

measurements.

survey, test, interview, observe, experiment,

register
 PROCESS/STEPS IN STATISTICAL
INVESTIGATION OR INQUIRY
TABULATION/PRESENTATION is the process of
organizing data into tables, graphs, or charts.

tables, graphs, texts

 PROCESS/STEPS IN STATISTICAL
INVESTIGATION OR INQUIRY
ANALYSIS is the process of extracting from the
given data relevant information from which
numerical descriptions can be formulated.

Statistical tools are being used in this process

Example 1: Analyzing factors influencing student
attendance patterns
Collection:

Administer the survey or collect relevant

data through various channels, including online
surveys, interviews, or attendance records.
Ensure anonymity to encourage honest
responses.
 Lesson 7

MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
(Ungrouped and Grouped Data)
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

The measure of central tendency is a point or

value around which the whole set of data tend to
cluster at the center of the distribution. It is the
center of concentration of scores in any set of
data. It is a single figure which represents the
general level of magnitudes or values of the items
in a set of data.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
(Ungrouped Data)
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

➢It is the most commonly used measure of central

tendency.
➢It is the sum of the observed values divided by the
total number of observations.
➢It represents the “center of gravity”
➢If the values in a list were to be put on a dot scale,
the mean acts as the balancing point where smaller
observations will “balance” the larger ones.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿
SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN
It takes into consideration each of the item value
without regard to its relative importance.
The arithmetic mean of a set of numbers is often
referred to as simply the mean.
σ𝑋
𝑋ത =
𝑁
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 1: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

Manuel has been working on a programming and updating

a Web site for his company for the past 24 months. The
following numbers represent the number of hours Manuel
has worked on this Web site for each of the past 7
months; 24, 25, 33, 50, 53, 66, 78. What is the mean
(average) number of hours that Manuel worked on this
Web site each month?
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 2: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

Six friends a Mathematics class of 20students received test

grades of 92, 84, 65, 76, 88, and 90. Find the mean of these
test scores.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 3: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

The ages of five contestants in a Statistics Quiz Bee are the

following: 18, 17, 18, 19, and 18. Find their average age.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 4: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

The test scores of five students in a math class are as

follows: 85, 92, 78, 88, and 95. Calculate the mean
(average) score for this group of students.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 5: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

The travel times (in minutes) for a commuter over five

consecutive days are as follows: 25, 30, 22, 28, and 35.
Calculate the mean travel time for the commuter.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 5: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

The average score of ten students in a Mathematics quiz is

87.7. The scores of the first 9 students are as follows: 84,
75, 90, 98, 88, 79, 95, 85, and 95. Find the score of the 10th
student.
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Seatwork: SIMPLE ARITHMETIC MEAN

The following are Jenny’s scores in Statistics quizzes:

70, 72, 77, 78, 86, 84, and 79
a. Compute the mean of the scores
b. Show that the sum of the differences of the scores from the
mean is 0
c. Show that it is greatfly affected by extreme values
 ഥ)
B. Weighted Mean (𝐖𝑿

WEIGHTED MEAN
It takes into consideration the proper weights
assigned to the observed values
according to their relative importance
σ 𝑊𝑋
𝑊 𝑋ത =
𝑊𝑁
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 6: WEIGHTED MEAN

The table below shows the grades of a student in his 5

subjects with their corresponding number of units.
Subject Grade No. of Units
MMW 2.00 3
Purposive Comm 1.50 3
STS 1.75 3
PE 1 1.50 2
Theology 1 1.25 3
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 7: WEIGHTED MEAN

An investor is building up a particular stock in his portfolio.

He purchases the same stock at different prices over time.
Price Stocks
P100 10
P140 20
P170 15
P200 30
P350 50
 ഥ)
A. Mean (𝑿

Example 8: WEIGHTED MEAN

There are 1,000 notebooks sold at P10 each; 500

notebooks at P20 each; 500 notebooks at P25 each, and
100 notebooks at P30. Compute the weighted mean.
 ෩)
B. Median (𝑿

➢It is the middle value in an arranged

distribution
➢It divides the distribution into two equal
parts
➢If the data is odd, the median is the middle
most score
➢If the data is even, the median is the average
of the two middle most scores.
 ෩)
B. Median (𝑿

Example 9: Median

Find the median of the data in the

following lists.
a. 34, 43, 55, 65, 24, 25, 40
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
 ෩)
B. Median (𝑿

Practice Set: Median

1. Find the median of 2, 8, 3, 7, 5.
2. What is the median of 65, 76, 4, 17, 68, 12,
54, 68?
3. Evaluate the median of the numbers: 6, -4,
41, 85, 50.
4. The median of 87, 56, 99, 43, and 67 is?
 ෡)
C. Mode (𝑿

➢It is the most occurring value in a

distribution
➢It is the value that appears most
frequently. If there is one repeating value,
it is a unimodal distribution.
 ෡)
C. Mode (𝑿

Example 10: Mode

Find the mode of the data in the following

lists.
1. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21
2. 3, 3, 4, 6, 6, 3, 4, 6, 4, 5, 5
3. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
Practice Set

Compute the mean, median, and mode of the

salaries of 5 policemen of a certain
municipality.

Salaries:
P85,000 P45,000 P38,000 P35,000
P35,000
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
(Grouped Data)
Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data
ഥ)
Mean (𝑿

σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋ത =
𝑁

fx = the product of frequency and class mark

N = total frequencies
Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data
෩)
Median (𝑿

σ𝑓
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑋෨ = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 + 2 𝑐𝑤
𝑓𝑚𝑐
σ 𝑓 = total frequencies
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 = lower boundaries of median class
𝑓𝑚𝑐 = frequency of median class
𝑐𝑤 = class width
𝑐𝑓 = cumulative frequency before/preceding the median class
Measures of Central Tendency of Grouped Data
෡)
Mode (𝑿

𝐷1
𝑋෠ = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜 + 𝑐𝑤
𝐷1 + 𝐷2
𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜 = lower boundaries of modal class
𝐷1 = difference of the modal class and the class preceding
it
𝐷2 = difference of the modal class and the class
succeeding it
Example 11: Measures Scores Frequency
(f)
of Central Tendency
(Grouped Data) 11 - 15 1
16 - 20 2
21 - 25 5
Compute the mean,
26 – 30 11
median, and mode of
the scores of the 31 – 35 12
students in a basic 36 – 40 11
statistics test. 41 – 45 5
46 – 50 1
 Lower Cumulative
Scores Frequency (f) Class Mark (x) fx
boundaries (lb) frequency (cf)
11 - 15 1 10.5 13 13 1

16 - 20 2 15.5 18 36 3

21 - 25 5 20.5 23 115 8

26 – 30 11 25.5 28 308 19

31 – 35 12 30.5 33 396 31

36 – 40 11 35.5 38 418 42

41 – 45 5 40.5 43 215 47

46 – 50 1 45.5 48 48 48

N = 48 ෍ 𝑓𝑥 = 1,549
 ഥ)
Mean (𝑿
σ 𝑓𝑥
𝑋ത =
𝑁
1,549
𝑋ത =
48
ഥ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟐𝟕
𝑿
 ෩)
Median (𝑿

σ𝑓
− 𝑐𝑓
෨
𝑋 = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑐 + 2 𝑐𝑤
𝑓𝑚𝑐
48
−19
𝑋෨ = 30.5 + 2
(5)
12

෩ = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟓𝟖
𝑿
 ෡)
Mode (𝑿

𝐷1
𝑋෠ = 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜 + 𝑐𝑤
𝐷1 + 𝐷2

1
𝑋෠ = 30.5 + 5
1+1

෡ = 𝟑𝟑
𝑿
 Class Interval Frequency
Example 12: Measures (f)
of Central Tendency 50 – 54 10
(Grouped Data) 55 – 59 3
60 – 64 8
65 – 69 13
The scores of 100
70 - 74 15
students in an 75 - 79 17
achievement test were
80 - 84 21
summarized in the 85 - 89 8
frequency distribution . 90 - 94 4
95 - 99 1