| LECTURE NOTES ND - 11. BE 2023/2024 SESSIONe ¢ = 3 ae GOVERNMENT 1 THE NEED FOR GOVERNMENT s there must be thé need fp When different people with ideologies happen to live togethér, there m . unning their affairs (Goveinitient). is neee @ xpected to stay without the Ba ea ile tre not expected to stay withou ! ide their administrative affairs, ‘Therefore, government clement of leadership: They néed to have machinery that will g RACs « Backing of the law is €n obligation upon the government to its.citizens, so coe the prot ete Of law and order The Stulltyior people is safeguard through the action of suitable governnent Without government citizen Imay be deprived his rights, in to’ longer be attained without a ‘suitabl However, the needs of the!penéral public ca s through the actions sevetnment, People enioy various séry ices, rights and other social serv Orsevernment. A diplomatic relation can also Ue achieved thraugh the aid of governme ‘ MEANING OF THE CONCEP GOVERNMENT The term ovetnment ordinatily stands to mean a group a: Persons, or individuals th are vest with power an EgtILY t0 make laws and enforce same o a particular sog it ¢ Frnt: Government carpstand for an institution with put f solving human dispute through la Government is also define asan 0 Hats responsible for steering or rur fairs o # Country Or state. It may Also mean stem Of administration and the of peo Bra ioe for the administration of a country. G, "ernment asa body thus consist of a aroig adividualls sharing definite res, ity for the exercising RATIONALE BEHIND THE STUDY OF GOVERNMENT ould establish ideas of £0" interested in politics ernment ti ians the study 0 |. Thro beco It supports the practice of democracy It helps the citizens to understand the tizens to take part in the administ famental huma ming front line pol and rule of lay ts, duties and obligations, v6 aspect of government n rights when violated. nent to be adopted in their It prepares the >. Itenables us to know how to defend out fi 6. Citizens know varioils types, Systems and forms of govern country and in the ee ‘community. 7 The study of Governifent helps us to develo Positive skills and logical thinking minds. FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT Law Making: - One of thé/important function of government is law making, government makes laws t0 regulate condlict in the society and this importaht function is performed by the legislative arm of governmeht which amend o1 F repeal such laws,Defence: ef aggression and for the protectio established by the government, \ ag eaare Provision’ of social seryice: - It is the responsible functional social amenities such as schools, hospitals, electri water for its citizens, Economic Functions: - It is the duty of government to protect the econonty through proper » ‘ planning development and utilization of the resources available to the state. Maintenance of External Relations: - It is the function of government to maintain friendly relations with other nations. This involves the membership of international organization, establishment and maintenance of embassies and high commission in other countries, and participation in international conferences and treaties with other states. ORGANS / ARMS OF GOVERNMENT & THE LEGISLATURE: 3 “The legislature is one of the'three organs of government, it has the power to make laws this process is called legislation. In'modern state. a legislature consists of elected representatives of the people, for example in Nigeria the legislature is called the National Assembly in Britain the legislature is-cabled the parliament whilé in the USA is known as the congress. : ‘The composition of the legislature varies from country to country, some provide fora simple = house of the legislature called unicameral while others have two houses called Bicameral legislature. Nigeria, Britain and USA all have Bicameral legislature. In the case of Nigeria and . : the USA there is House of Representatives and the Senate while Britain have house of common spss and house of lords or upper house and the lower house. FUNCTIONS OI HE LEGISLATUREexecutive. * Constitutional Am‘ amend the nation's cc entirety. The legislat system, this power i component states. a ivities of the exeeutive arm of recs andabiedofpowers Where government “vite by the legislature thro more light on ip the confidence reposed in him can be 3c legislature U rally appoints ‘on and reporting same to the Control of Administrs House. Power to Remove the Executives - In a presidential system of government the president can be impeached by the legislature if he tails to. bide by tenets “6f the cofstitution. While in & parliamentary system of government, {he printe minister and his cabinet can be removed through a vote of no confidence by the parliament. The fegislature can also femove or recommend to be removed any judicial officer Sund wanting in his duties. the national budget prepared by the ithout the approval Of the legislative the legislature controls the running of the economy. Budget Approval: - The legislatute considers and approve executive. Which means public money Cannot be Spent wit arm of government in this way. Representation and Expressioil of the Peoples Interest: - The legislature is a platform in which members of the publi through their elected represetitatives express their ‘opinions. Individual members of the public and groups make Known theif needs as well as their views on various national issues through their representatives in the Jegislature. = Through its debate aid committee Hearings, the legislature helps to educate the people on the political Situation ih the country. ‘The legislature maintains ties their constituencies through newspapers. fadio and television programmes. 1¢. legislature has powers: to consider and where necessary Jecitive in this respect the legislative arm of government“ or ane any, col legistature. Examp! nie senator, Capital Territory. There is also 360 House of Representatives “Glected members in the second chamber of the national assembly. : THE EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE - DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONS The executlve is the organ of government responsible forthe implementation of public pol and decisions: The executive is one of the three arms of government whose principal duty 7s to. carry out the general administration of the country, In the course of administering a country. the executive enforces laws, execiting the laws, introduces bills info parliament and organize the structure Of the civil service or the bureaucracy of a country to make it perform optimally. Presently at the federal level in Nigeria, for example, the president is chief executive of the whole federation, a position that puts him at the head of federal executive council. The council composed of ministers and the-secretary to the government of the federation i) Policy making andileadership in government: The primarily function of the executive is 10 » formulate and decide the policy direction’for the state. In a demacratic system, such policies are usually derived from the manifesto presented to the citizens during the elections and upon which the power was voted into office, While in office, itis the responsibility of the party in government {o translate this blue print intoconcrete policies and programmes of the govetnment of the days The executive is also charged with the responsibility of implementation of policies formulated by the legislature, ii) Power to gives Assent on Bi ‘of state have powers to gives assent to bills already passed by both houses of the congress or parliament before they can become la\s, or to confer such nol ‘on any offieials on its behalf.“Phe judiciary is the third arm 0 five of mércy This is the power to grant ie substitution of a less * vi) Judicial Funétion known as nolle ie( General atthe instance and on behalf tive perform other functions like’ award of national Vii) Miscellaneous Functions The execu! ho have made positive contributions to the honours to \wuished citizens and foreigners WI affairs of a country. § s The exercise of emergency powers during civil wars or war with other nations, internal disturbances or during.constitutional crises also falls within the purview of the executive arm. Eg. emergency in both Plateau state by'the federal governmieht during the reign of President Oluse; ‘Obasanjo and the more recent lockdown of the corona virus pandemic. : viii) Emergency Funeti ix) Other functions of the executive Arm are powers to control the police and the army, and to engage in foreign relations, bilateral or multilateral agreement with other nations THE JUDICIARY « government that is responsible for the interpretation of laws and the trial of eases involving individual citizens, organizations and the state. Funetions of Judiciary-: the followings could be itemized-as the functions of the Judiciary: DA ee ndlecides cases = criminal, civil or constitutional - based on the strength of arguments put forward by:the concerned parties. Judiciary is the last hope of ordinary person,4s & defender of citizens” fundamer et 10 be (ted in court of law, includinggovernment f conatution could be 2 a‘ ae ofcon bet jeen individuals and oe lative arm and the executive arm of government, - Any law passed by the legislative arms of government, which is not in conformity with the provision of the constitution of the country the judicial arm of government has the power to declare the law unconstitutional. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY 8) With independence of judiciary the right and liberty of citizens will be better defended. b) Judicial independence would ensure that judges themselves are not victimised by the executive on account of any proper judgements they have given. ©) Judicial independence isould also ensure that only fully qualified judges are appointed te the judiciaty free from political consideration 4) Judicial independence establishes confidence in the judicial system. ©) Judicial independence strengthens the application of the principle of separation of powers. 1) Judicial independence forms the bedrock of the principle of rule of law ensuring that justice is dispensed fairly to all. 8) Judicial independence jwould. guard against tyranny in the state by ensuring against improper use of powers by the executive and the legislative arm of government. GOVERNMENT AND STATI Whats sigoe the State do not undergo cl from State to State. 7) The citizens have aright © go against government and not tauainst the State. The State only all qualified: adult eit { tL ght lected representatives, ; on dei es Fa s the Bo} eople by the peoplé for the people. 1 Democracy allows people to choose ed reject their ses ection, cal jote ofino Confidence if thejr programmes are. no longer servit : :‘head of state, 111 Saudi Arabia, V n:.- This can/pe def controls everything there is ae we g overvthingyhere ls Galany fom ake fas Mage | x all questions. In order words totalitarianism is alsa Authoritarianism this system allows ont one political party controlled by th ers: Medias, and laws are the properts of the state. A good example of to n ludes the Nazist Government of Germany under Adolf Hitler, Fasci “ime taly jenito. Mussulini and the communist Government of U.S.S.R unde “Theocracy: - This is a form of Government with a divine ruler. itis believed that the ruler is sent from god, he is holy and: sacred, he does not make mistake, it is believed that whatsoever the instructions he comes up with is the message from god. A good example of this form of government is Delai Lama of Tibet and Archbishop Makartos of Cyprus. It can also bé deseribes as government based on religion. faith and clergy. In some countries the rulers are known to be the priest. However the leaders rule on the throng for life. = ‘Communism: = This may be defined as an economic system,of Government in which the means of production and distribution are totally controlled by the state. Communism is the highest stage of socialism. Individual ownership of property is completely abolished in a communist state. The stat owns everything and the ‘resources are distributed to the citizens according to their needs and ability This theory is pronounced clearly by Carl Max end Lenin in their book titles “Communist Manifesto 3 published in (1848). Examples of countries that practice this form of government are China, USSR. Cuba aild Poland. = SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT ih Hehe PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT Presidential system of govéinment is @ type of government, in which there is an executive president someone vested with all the executive powers and one who combines the office of the head of state and head oP government whose constituency js the entire country In vesdentnelen aba ment, the president combines ceremonial powers. with government powers. In presitiential system of government, the president is the commander in- ief of the armed forces. Nigeria and USA are courtiers with good example of this system ofcpt ofp pol their assigt stem of government with é its Constitutional rliament, the legislature can itional through the 3) t real exeeiltive a ss signi of government the president and the fermi, eXcept in theleircumstance when the president ae 31 I e legislature but is eleated by the electorate directly or i i 6) The principle of collective responsibility which obtains i a cabinet system of government _ does not apply in a presidential system of government. 7) In presidential system of government, the president has\the powers. to appoint Supreme Court judges and ministers subject to the approval of the legislature. In presidental system df government, the president als is the executive powers to sign bills presented by the legislative atm of govertiment into laws. & i PARLIAMENTARY OR CABINET SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT . ‘The parliamentary or cabinet ey eoubiden eerrenG i cre in Whines te, no SlaeneT Separation of powers betsieen the exevutive and the legislate In tis system the head of state is called the president and ig different form the head of govert {ment called the prime ministers Executive powers are v1 the Cabinet headed by the prime minister and the legislature which remains the source Ghee eee ‘Thus under the par! executive are e prime incihead ¢ Another ee members of the cabi et in a parliamentary of ee cncac pot ane fora fi os tern rather members of the cabinet hold office for as long as their plans are approved by the majority party in the legislature, in Britain for example general election ean be held anytime. A vote of no confidence by the parliament can force the prime minister.and his minister to resign 4) In parliamentary system of government there must always be at least two political parties, the ruling party and the opposition parties as partners in political development. 5) In-such country as Britain, an arm of the parliament is the House of Lords which serve as the highest court of appeal. 6) In parliamentary system of government, the executive and the legislature are controlled by the party having a majority in the legislature. . THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT” AND PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT 1) Under the parliamentary system, the head of statevis separate from the head of government. While in presidential system the head of state is the head of governm 2) In parliamentary systen of zovernment, the prime minster and the cabinet members are necessarily members of the legisJature, while in presidential system of government the president and the cabinet team are not members of the legislature, 3) In parliamentary system! of government, the members of cabinet are all members of the majority party, while inpresidential system the president ean select cabinet members from ‘outside the legislature and even from the members of the opposition, 4) Under the parliamentary system, ministers are collectively responsible to the legislature for the uninterrupted administration of government, while in presidential system of government however the ministers are responsible to the’president. 5), Under parliamentary system of government, The prime’ minster and members, of the éabinet have no fixed tefm, rather hold office for as long as their plans are approved by the majority party in thé legislature. While in presidential system of government there is a fixed term of office for the president. and his cabinet members. 6) In i eagenai systen ef government, the: Speer ‘on-acgount of vote ofno, - Pre Svs una resignyno are out to take jg also define as enment through st, ideology: W' A political part skeveontrol of gove! port with other political parties eae of all pol 10 take control of public p* iblis power through contest of an election and means jaye a manifesto, manifesto isa docu nent listing w eve in other words manifesto contains intentions 2 sually have organised membership to reach al! comers of fal to the electorate, and would serve their in government, which usually serves as the towatds a major Socio-econdiic ideology, such as capitalism ss their member's actions especially when they came to power. hip is. drayn from all he illiterate and eduicated. the ed, Mass party is often called4 manoeuvre, Military Parties: - This are revolutionary oriented political-parties who seek to overthrow the a F existing goverment. : i i. FUNCTIONS OF POLITICAL PARTIES i : Political parties perform a‘number of functions for the society. The main functions which political parties performed include the following: ae Political education: - One of the primary functions of political parties is political education, $ political parties help to educate the electorate through political campaigns rallies which stimulate their political awareness, by spreading knowledge on their ideologies: principl Policies. Political education helps to develop political interest of the people and create forum for political discussion and organise social activities. and Narrow Down Candidate Alternatives: - Political parties help to narrow dowm candidate altetnatiyes before the electorate. If every’ interested person is to stand for an election one could imagine the number of candidates that will contest the election. This kind of situation will bring. confusion and unstable government because candidates that do not have a common policy will be elected to form @ government. Political parties therefore help to present a certain number of candidates for the electorate. Political Parties Unify Diverse View: - Political parties help to unify diverse view of various ers. Members of piel party agree on cettain policy and it ett A five poles parties then five: ou 1 " Oe the other hand tries to maintain ‘good political administration is - z e achieved in the country. THE ELECTORAL Electoral system is the proves and procedure of electing candidates into the legislature of a country. It is a Way by which the people are c ‘othe parliament. Electoral commission isan independent body chatge with the responsibility of conducting an election. The electo’ BALLOT OR VOTING SYSTEM The following are the major ballot system around the world: . Secret Ballot Voting: - This type of yoting takes place in Secret. At the polls each voter is given a ballot paper on which the names, of candidates and symbols inform of photograph of ail the political parties are boldly shown. “The voters are askéd to indicate their preference by marking or thumb printing against the candidates of their choice secretly or privately and drop. the marked baillot paper intO the ballot box : ‘Non Secret or Open Ballot System: -This system of voting involves the queuing Of the voters ies of tlielt Choice for voting, yoters are counted in the polling sandidate with the highest number of votes or support is declared 3 = This system involves secret voting By the electors with use of ballox 5 would be counted and the resiflts declared, at the voting centre s5 feduced the fear of election rigging. eeeformation about “in order to avoid ral Offcins and Voers = Adal ‘Such as ballot boxes and papers: In ste SE protection during the fear or y and heir duties without ei constitutional | addition, electoral official must be pro period of voting and counting of votes favour. While adequate security for the yorers all rights. to enable them perform # lowed them [0 exercise th tial commission to d impat isan body mast be non-parti tndependent Electoral Commission: - There must et neutral an take full responsibility forall the elections, members of the electoral and people of proven integety inthe society of Voters Register: ered voters MU: 4 yoters and include citizer n the register re free and fair electio ly in order to = In order to ensu tbe revised arid updated periodic n who are up to the voting Periodic Revision containing the names of regis! eliminate ghost names, decease nust be an independent judiciary ts there m etitions from candidates that suspect ma! age ‘0 interpret the electoral Ipractice before, during Independent Judiciary: - Jaws and entertains elect! or after elections. voting exercise is concluded immediately after the of such counting must be yotes must be counted i and resiilts fe contestants or thelr agents “PE CONDUCT OF FREE AND FAIR ELECTION - The government appoints the electoral officials whom they can ruling, party: candidates. In some eases the af the commission in the announcement of results and, aes : contesting election. Sei ae MERE cic eS 5 atc 3c oF Nigerian polticlans to win elections at all cost 1 oters oF even the mer rs of the electoral CTING fic intimidatepoliticians to use mone): people’s voters card impedes yy times as possible in order Fteir choice at the expense of Boe i: : ‘defined as the art or process of influencing pedple so that ind hea eyement. of group. goals. According to Stovdill juencing the activities of an Orggnised group toward goa! setting ffice OF position ofa leader, it means the commanding authority Galt) Of leading. Ii must be pointediout that leadership does exist in (fa leader also implies the existence of followers, There would re Nd followers to: ead: : Traditional leadership is derived ftom the customs and tratition of i aUitions that determines ‘Wwho'should lead at any given situation, ial'Gan assume leadership positions. For example, some | because of the believe that such individuals were _ Ieadetship derives from the laws (constitution) of f authority iS conferred on a perton by the ship positior may be bestowed on individuals _ sed on well-known rules and regulations, sd from the personality trail or are perceived to possess extra-society has defined objective are selected or elected to lead rd in leadership are required t ron convince people that they are capable of providing Leaders Chosen because of Charisma: - Indi . assume leadership positions naturally. Thus, there are so! hecause of the belief by the-peopte that they’ possess exceptional qualit obedience and respect. find it difficult to trust their leader position should be honest in Oicier to command the reer ‘ cana: QUALITIES OF A LEADER y Honesty! —/A good leader sheu!d be honest: one of the major problems today is that Nigerians Ms .d that a person seeking leadership Therefore, it is expecte’ confidence of the people. working individual: thus if a leader is jeader who is not hardworking 1 -Itis expected of a leader to be hard- Hard-Working: “i hard-working his followers are likely to be hardworking too. A. would.definitely be a bad example to his followers. le should always take decisions without fear oF Firmness: - A good leader should be firm. Hi j ensure that, laws are always , favour and must stand by his decision. Firm leaders alway: enforced. ays exhibit the spirit of justice and fair play. This Goad leaders alw: wn and undue favouritism. There should be equal ayoid, discriminat \ goad leader should | “olerant and should be patient in order to be effective. ten with understanding and accommodate the shuttering of those he leads. * e Leader to end by exemple: For exainple: if leader ‘curbing ostent his life style his followersside oyer important meetings. de of a ledder to his official ition: - A good leader should Bo uildagood public image fe must tealize that his ain does not exist in isolation, by This tHe viay and manner He comforts himself outside the unt ple in his Utterances.“appearance and actions would On people have of the organization he leads, mes ' (a policy is made: people may not untlerstand or i's the responsibility ofa goad leader to interpret every policy 40 his followers: stant in order to avoid confusion and ensure that people know ehaclly what Heya expe : * e r. f j organization. people are assjgned different functions and fefined goals\so it important that a good leader monitors in order to find out whether they are actually performing the not. 7 : i encompasses land air and water ig 10 as physical envifonment hip oF interactions between orFORMS OF ENVIRO} dir Pollation: Me isthe such visiblé matters as sm decomposing matter which ingludes open c 00 home or factory chimneys. Faetory factory dust fumes and chemicals. Water: Pollution: This occtirs wher bacteria, ordinary refuse, defecating | directly into the water, petroleum front ofl spillage, mining and industrial waste are washed SS into streams or other sources of water supply rendering the water polluted and hat ful Land and Soil Pollution: - This type of pollution occurs as a result arene garbage scraps heaps and other forms of soil waste which litter our cities and city surroundings. Land and soil pollution is also found in the tareless disposal of factory waste, oil spillage which discharge poisonous gases into the air, afd when rain falls the pollutants from the dumps either percolate down-to the soil or are washed down into the streams. Nosie Pollutio: This is the release of unwanted sound into the environment which involyes noise from careless hooting of vehicles, sound from factories grinding machines generating plants and heavy aircrafts while landing or taking up and the.noise from street side record players axe also form of noise pollution in our cities. : “THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Causes Discomfort and Stress: - Nosie pollution causes discomfort and stress, because the » noise is said to interferes with one sleep, work and hearing and it has been proved medically to cause construction of the blood vessels and tensing up of the muscles. ie ‘Agitations and Social Unres - Environmental pollution leadsto agitations and social unrest in a country or community. For.example, in Nigeria there are communities that protest against. the environmental degradation of their farm lands as a results of oil spillage or mining activities, which pollute their land, water and sometimes'air by the waste: - from factories situated in their communities. x BL . se water pollution lead an hepatitis and other water borne diseases in the air or water cele “humans but ee ther animals.