Disaster Preparedness & Planning Management UNIT - IV Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): Disaster management cycle — its phases; Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Relief and Recovery; Structural & Non-Structural measure, Risk analysis, Early warning systems, Post disaster environmental response (Water, sanitation, Food safety, Waste management, Disease control, Security, Communications); Roles and Responsibilities of government, Community, Local institutions, Stakeholders, Policies and Legislation for disaster risk reduction, DRR programmes in India and the Activities of National Disaster Management A uthority. 4.1 — Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. 4.2 — Disaster Management Cycle — its Phases/Stages: @ Activities and Measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation) and (preparedness) adverse effects of disasters in the pre-disaster phase and (Response, Relief, Recovery, Reconstruction) in the post-disaster Stage. @ Disaster Risk Management includes sum total of all activities, programmes and measures which can be taken up before, during and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses. 109|P ageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management THE DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CYCLE | 3 stages of onmc DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT CYCLE (DRM) DIAGRAM a= Sees See | a Phases/Stages: The three key stages of activities that are taken up within disaster risk management are: =n, Pre- Disaster — [ Wraneranness | Preparedness 110/P age RecoveryDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management DISASTER RESPONSE (post-disaster) Emergency Response Py a DISASTER MITIGATION and DISASTER PREPAREDNESS (pre-disaster) Vecusaneaausnansensunoesonsnensesrenses © 0 1. Before a disaster (pre-disaster): Activities taken to reduce human and property losses caused by a potential hazard. For example camying out awareness campaigns, strengthening the existing weak structures, preparation of the disaster management plans at household and community level etc. Such risk reduction measures taken under this stage are termed as mitigation and preparedness activities. 2. During a disaster (disaster occurrence): Initiatives taken to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met and suffering is minimized. Activities taken under this stage are called emergency response activities. 3. After a disaster (post-disaster): Initiatives taken in response to a disaster with a purpose to achieve early recovery and rehabilitation of affected communities, immediately after a disaster strikes. These are called as response and recovery activities. In the subsequent chapters we would discuss in detail M1|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management some of the major hazards prevalent in our country its causes, impact, preparedness and mitigation measures that need to be taken up. 4.3 — Prevention: Definition: Activities to avoid the adverse impact of hazards and means to check from turing into disasters. Examples: Avoiding construction in seismically active areas, landslide prone areas and flood planes. 4.4 — Mitigation, Structural & Non-Structural Measures: Introduction: @ Mitigation means measures aimed at reducing the risk, impact or effects of a disaster or threatening disaster situation. @ Measures taken in advance of a disaster aimed at reducing its impact on society and the environment. © Leaming from the past disaster. © Incorporating the learning in present scenario. @ Building back better to reduce the impact of future disasters. Mitigation Measures: 1. Structural Measures: i. Multi-hazard resistant buildings. ii, Shelters. iii. Retrofitting. iv. Modemizing early waming system. 2. Non-structural measures: i. Awareness generation. ii. Training and capacity building. iii. Policy and regulations. iv. Mock drills and demos. v. Effective dissemination of early waming. vi. Development of state, district village plans. vii. Building byelaws Revision. 112|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 4.5 — Preparedness: Introduction: © Preparedness means the state of readiness to deal with a threatening disaster situation or disaster and the effects thereof. © Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and effective early wamings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from threatened locations. © Participation is essential at all stages. Mitigation Vs Preparedness: SNO. Mitigation Preparedness 1. | Long Term Short term 2. | Might not be recurring or on Routine Basis routine basis | 3. | Might be before or after a disaster | Immediately before a disaster 4, | E.g. Construction of embankment | E.g. Checking the status of _ embankment 4.6 — Relief: Definition: An act of helping or alleviating the conditions of persons who are suffering from the effects of disaster/calamity. The relief plan provides provisions of assistance or intervention during/immediately after a disaster to meet the basic needs of affected people. Minimum Standards of Relief: Section 12. The National Authority recommends guidelines for minimum standards of relief to be provided to persons affected by disaster, which include: 1, 2. 3. 4. Minimum requirements to be provided in the relief camps in relation to shelter, food, drinking water, medical cover and sanitation. Special provisions to be made for widows and orphans. Ex gratia assistance on account of loss of life as also assistance on account of damage to houses and for restoration of means of livelihood. Such other relief as may be necessary. 13 [PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 4,7 — Recovery: Constitutes the last step of post-disaster actions, such as rebuilding livelihood, infrastructure or retrofitting of damaged structures. 4.8 ~ Risk Analysis: Definition: The probability of harmful consequences or expected losses resulting from interaction between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions. or Risk is a “measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Risk is a function of the probability of particular hazardous event and the losses each would cause.” Level of risk: The level of risk depends upon: 1. Nature of the hazard. 2. Vulnerability of the elements which are affected. 3. Economic value of those elements ‘A community/locality is said to be at ‘risk’ when it is exposed to hazards and is likely to be adversely affected by its impact. Whenever we discuss ‘disaster management’ it is basically ‘disaster risk management’. Disaster risk management includes all measures which reduce disaster related losses of life, property or assets by either reducing the hazard or vulnerability of the elements at risk. Key concept: Hazard * Vulnerability/Capacity = Risk. cei) Wr DE aang eee er er 114|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management DISASTER RISK : cassava | wazano | [ earosune ] [ VULNERABILITY a : ri 1 . I . Probability Structures Physical nynea soning Seventy Population Social ‘Social capacity Economy Economic Economic capacity Environmental Management 1. Preparedness: This protective process embraces measures which enable governments, communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with them effectively. Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the development of waming systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training of personnel. It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for areas that may be at tisk from a recurring disaster. Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event which are aimed at minimizing loss of life, disruption of critical services, and damage when the disaster occurs. 2. Mitigation: Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the vulnerable conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster. Therefore mitigation activities can be focused on the hazard itself or the elements exposed to the threat. Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water management in drought prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and by strengthening structures to reduce damage when a hazard occurs, 115|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management - In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also aim at reducing the economic and social vulnerabilities of potential disasters. Elements at Risk: Persons, buildings, crops or other such like societal components exposed to known hazard, which are likely to be adversely affected by the impact of the hazard. 4.9 — Early W: Si WS): Definition: The term ‘early waming' is used in many fields to describe the provision of information on an emerging dangerous circumstances where that information can enable action in advance to reduce the risks involved. Early waming systems exist for natural geophysical and biological hazards, complex socio-political emergencies, industrial hazards, personal health risks and many other related hazards. Or An Early Waming System (EWS) can be defined as a set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful waming information of the possible extreme events or disasters (e.g. floods, drought, fire, earthquake and tsunamis) that threatens people's lives. The purpose of this information is to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened to prepare and act appropnately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm, loss or tisk. Elements of Early warning: Early waming is the integration of four main elements: 1, Risk Knowledge: Risk assessment provides essential information to set PNorities for mitigation and prevention strategies and designing early waming systems. 2. Monitoring and Predicting: Systems with monitoring and predicting capabilities provide timely estimates of the potential risk faced by communities, economies and the environment. 3. Disseminating Information: Communication systems are needed for delivering waming messages to the potentially affected locations to alert local and regional governmental agencies. The messages need to be reliable, synthetic and simple to be understood by authorities and public. 116| PageDisaster Preparediness & Planning Management 4, Response: Coordination, good govemance and appropriate action plans are a key point in effective early waming. Likewise, public awareness and education are critical aspects of disaster mitigation. Elements of an Early Warning System A Tt factos atte nape comet A Meaitoriog an for meanngtul cnanges. \ a ~ ==, Need of Early Warning System: Early Waming for disaster reduction is a legitimate matter of public policy at the highest national levels for two main Teasons: 1. The first one, clearly, is public safety, and the protection of human lives. 2. The second is the protection of the nation’s resource base and productive assets (infrastructure and private property or investments) to ensure long- term development and economic growth. Conversely, by reducing the impact of disasters, a goverment avoids the financial and political- burden of massive rehabilitation costs. Investing in early waming and other measures of disaster reduction is neither simple nor inexpensive, but the benefits of doing so, and the costs of failing to, are considerable. For instance: @ In terms of reducing economic losses, early waming and disaster preparedness pay for themselves many times over the life of the waming system. © The reduction of environmental losses can, if properly managed and publicized, have both long-term benefits to the economy, and short-term benefits for the administration in-charge. 117|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management @ A county can strengthen its stature and influence in intemational relations by a good handling of extemadlities, or indirect effects, on neighbouring nations, From a public policy viewpoint, early waming, disaster preparedness and prevention must be part of a single, well integrated process. Communication of early warning information: An effective early waming system needs an effective communication system. Early waming communication systems are made of two main components: 1, Communication infrastructure hardware that must be reliable and robust, especially during the natural disasters. 2. Appropriate and effective interactions among the main actors of the early waming process such as the scientific community, stakeholders, decision makers, the public, and the media. Many communication tools are currently available for waming dissemination such as Short Message Service (SMS) (cellular phone text messaging), email, Tadio, TV, and web service. Information and communication technology (ICT) is a key element in early waming. ICT plays an important role in disaster communication and dissemination of information to organizations in charge of responding to wamings and to the public during and after a disaster. Redundancy of communication systems is essential for disaster management, while emergency power supplies and back-up systems are critical in order to avoid the collapse of communication systems after disasters occur. Early warning systems and policy: For early waming systems to be effective, it is essential that they be integrated into policies for disaster mitigation. Good govemance priorities include protecting the public from disasters through the implementation of disaster risk reduction Policies. It is clear that natural phenomena cannot be prevented, but their human, socio-economic and environmental impacts can and should be minimized through appropriate measures, including risk and vulnerability reduction strategies, early waming, and appropriate action plans. Most often, these problems are given attention during or immediately after a disaster. Disaster risk reduction measures require long term plans and early waming should be seen as a strategy to effectively reduce the growing vulnerability of communities and assets, 118|P ageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management The information provided by early waming systems enables authorities and institutions at various levels to immediately and effectively respond to a disaster. It is crucial that local government, local institutions, and communities be involved in the entire policy making process, so they are fully aware and prepared to respond with short and long-term action plans. Key elements for successful implementation of early warning: 1. Understand the most likely threats, likelihood of disasters and their potential consequences: Although natural disasters are not precisely predictable, they are most often generally foreseeable. In other words, there are many areas where the occurrence of floods is likely; one does not necessarily know exactly when, but one knows they will occur sooner or later. Many natural hazards can be foreseen, or anticipated, from past experience, the analysis of current pattems of land use, or population distribution. 2. Establish proper priorities: To allocate scarce resources most wisely, decision makers must rely on the type of analysis above, and make the disaster management choices which have the highest value, in terms of losses avoided. One common approach is to use the expected value criteria; that is, the likelihood of an event multiplied by the potential cost of this event if it occurred, Simply stated, it is a matter of giving priority to the worst-most likely over the most benign-least likely events. 3. Developing institutional networks with clear responsibilities: Understanding the nature of natural hazards and related vulnerabilities, for early waming purposes, requires a combination of actors from several areas, such as science and research (including social sciences and cultural aspects), land use planning, environment, finance, development, education, health, energy, communications, transportation, labour and social security as well as national defence. On the other hand, a prompt and effective response to a disaster, based on early warning, implies that concerted action managed by a higher authority be taken by specific types of institutions: civil defence or public safety personnel, power and other utility agencies or companies, public health authorities, etc. at levels ranging from the cabinet minister's to the community leaders. 4, Establish or strengthen the legislative/legal framework and mechanisms: ‘Just as for any other aspect of public policy, early waming systems, as well as other disaster reduction applications need to be motivated and based within 119|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management governmental responsibilities, especially since response to disasters may require exceptional executive powers for a specific period of time but its success cannot be accomplished without the benefits of widespread decision making and the participation of many others. 5. Developing effective communication strategies: The context of early waming system communications has two aspects; the hardware aspect relates to the maintenance of lifelines, i.e. the necessity to build or strengthen robust hazard-resistant communication systems; the software aspect relates to the maintenance of relationships, i.e, the need to establish and maintain effective links and working relationships among the actors involved in the early waming communication chain, 6. Securing resources: A substantial amount of resources is needed to ensure monitoring, adequate early warming, concerted disaster reduction, and a retum to normal life. To a great extent, the capacity to secure resources to do this versus undertaking a competing public program depends on the quality and credibility of the overall system: understanding threats, clear priority setting and institutional networks, and appropriate legislative dialogue. 4.10 — Post Disaster/After_a Disaster Environmental Response (Water, Sanitation, Food Safety, Waste Management, Disease Control, Security, Communications): Introduction: © Post disaster stage or third stage of disaster management cycle, @ It involves the initial actions taken as the event takes place. @ It involves efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. @ Examples: Evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief. 1, Water: Do not use water you suspect or have been told is contaminated to wash dishes, brush your teeth, wash and prepare food, wash your hands, make ice, or make baby formula. Safe water for drinking, cooking, and personal ‘hygiene includes bottled, boiled, or treated water. Y our state, local, or tribal health department can make specific recommendations for boiling or treating water in your area. 120|P ageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management Safe drinking water: © After an emergency, especially after flooding, drinking water may not be available or safe to drink. © Do not use water you suspect or have been told is unsafe to wash dishes, brush teeth, wash and prepare food, make ice, or make baby formula. © Alcohol dehydrates the body, which increases the need for drinking water. © Floods and other disasters can damage drinking water wells and lead to aquifer and well contamination. Flood waters can contaminate well water with livestock waste, human sewage, chemicals, and other contaminants which can lead to illness when used for drinking, bathing, and other hygiene activities, © If your water comes from a private well that has been flooded, consider the following guidance for making water safe and for emergency water sources until you are certain your water is free of contaminants and safe to drink. Make water safe: Water often can be made safe to drink by boiling, adding disinfectants, or filtering. (important: Water contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals will not be made safe by boiling or disinfection. Use a different source of water if you know or suspect that water might be contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals). Finding emergency water sources: Altemative sources of clean water can be found inside and outside the home. Do not drink water that has an unusual odor or color, or that you know or suspect might be contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals; use a different source of water. The following are possible sources of water: @ Water from your home’s water heater tank (part of your drinking water system, not your home heating system). @ Melted ice cubes made with water that was not contaminated, © Water from your home’s toilet tank (not from the bowl), if it is clear and has not been chemically treated with toilet cleaners such as those that change the color of the water. © Liquid from canned fruit and vegetables. 121|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management | © Water from swimming pools and spas that hasn't been contaminated with flood or storm water can be used for personal hygiene, cleaning, and Telated uses, but not for drinking. @ Possible sources of water that could be made safe by treatment include: i. Rainwater. ii, Streams, rivers, and other moving bodies of water. iii. Ponds and lakes. iv. Natural springs. Unsafe water sources: Never use water from the following sources: i. Radiators. ii. Hot water boilers (part of your home heating system). iii. Water beds (fungicides added to the water and/or chemicals in the vinyl may make water unsafe for use). 2. Sanitation: Good basic personal hygiene and handwashing are critical to help prevent the spread of illness and disease, Clean, safe running water is essential for proper hygiene and handwashing. Hygiene is especially important in an emergency such as a flood, hurricane, or earthquake, but finding clean, safe running water can sometimes be difficult. The following information will help to ensure good hygiene and handwashing in the event of an emergency. Handwashing: Keeping hands clean during an emergency helps prevent the spread of germs. If your tap water is not safe to use, wash your hands with soap and water that has been boiled or disinfected. Follow these steps to make sure you wash your hands properly: © Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold) and apply soap. ® Rub your hands together to make a lather and scrub them well; be sure to scrub the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails, © Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice. @ Rinse your hands well under running water. ® Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them. A temporary hand washing station can be created by using a large water jug that contains clean water (for example, boiled or disinfected). 122|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management Washing hands with soap and water is the best way to reduce the number of germs on them. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can quickly reduce the number of germs on hands in some situations, but sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs. Hand sanitizers are not effective when hands are visibly dirty. When to Wash Hands: Wash hands with soap and clean, running water (if available): i. Before, during, and after preparing food. ii, Before eating food. iii. After using the toilet. iv. After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet. v. Before and after caring for someone who is sick. vi. After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing. vii. After touching an animal or animal waste. viii. After touching garbage. ix. Before and after treating a cut or wound. Bathing: Bathing or showering after a water-related emergency should only be done with clean, safe water. Sometimes water that is not safe to drink can be used for bathing, but be careful not to swallow any water or get it in your eyes. If you have a drinking water well, listen to your local health authorities for advice on using your well water for showering and bathing. If extensive flooding has occurred or you suspect that your well may be contaminated, contact your local, state, or tribal health department for specific advice on well testing and disinfection. Dental Hygiene: Brushing your teeth after a water-related emergency should only be done with clean, safe water. Listen to local authorities to find out if tap water is safe to use. Wound Care: Keeping woundsclean and covered is crucial during an emergency. Open wounds and rashes exposed to flood waters can become infected. To protect yourself and your family: © Avoid contact with flood waters if you have an open wound. © Cover clean, open wounds with a waterproof bandage to reduce chance of infection. 123|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management | @ Keep open wounds as clean as possible by washing well with soap and clean water. @ If a wound develops redness, swelling, or oozing, seek immediate medical care. @ Vibrios are naturally occurring bacteria that live in certain coastal waters. They can cause a skin infection when an open wound is exposed to salt water or a mix of salt and fresh water, which can occur during floods. The risk for injury during and after a hurricane and other natural disasters is high. Prompt first aid can help heal small wounds and prevent infection. Wash your hands with soap and water before and after providing first aid for a wound to help prevent infection. Use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% if soap and water are not available. Tetanus, other bacterial infections, and fungal infections are potential health threats for persons who have open wounds, Seek medical attention as soon as possible if: © There is a foreign object (soil, wood, metal, or other objects) embedded in the wound. ® The wound is at special risk of infection (such as a dog bite or a puncture by a dirty object). @ An old wound shows signs of becoming infected (increased pain and soreness, swelling, redness, draining, or you develop a fever). 3. Food Safety: Throw away food that may have come in contact with flood or storm water; perishable foods that have not been refrigerated properly due to power outages; and those with an unusual odor, color, or texture. Unsafe food can make you sick even if it looks, smells, and tastes normal. When in doubt, throw it out. Identify and throw away food that may not be safe to eat: Do the following with food and containers that may have had contact with flood or storm water. Throw away the following foods: © Food that has an unusual odor, color, or texture. When in doubt, throw it out. @ Perishable foods (including meat, poultry, fish, eggs and leftovers) in your refrigerator when the power has been off for 4 hours or more. © Food not in packages or cans. 124|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management © Canned foods or food containers that are bulging, opened, or damaged. Throw away the food if the container spurts liquid or foam when you open it or the food inside is discolored, is moldy, or smells bad. @ Packaged food: Throw away food containers with screw-caps, snap-lids, crimped caps, twist caps, flip tops, and snap-open, and home-canned foods because they cannot be disinfected. Throw away food in cardboard containers, including juice/milk/baby formula boxes. How to reuse commercially prepared cans and retort pouches (like flexible, shelf-stable juice and seafood packages): © Remove labels if they are removable. © Brush or wipe away dirt or silt. © Wash cans and pouches with soap and water, using hot water if available. @ Rinse cans and pouches with water that is safe for drinking, if available. © Sanitize cans and pouches in one of two ways: i. Place them in a solution of 1 cup (8 02/240 mL) of unscented household bleach in 5 gallons of water for 15 minutes.), ii, Submerge in a pot of water, bring to a boil, and continue boiling for 2 minutes. @ Re-label cans or pouches with a marker. Include the expiration date. @ Use food in reconditioned cans or pouches as soon as possible. Store food safely: While the power is out, keep the refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible. Feeding infants and young children when your tap water is unsafe: © Breastfed infants should continue breast feeding. For formula-fed infants, use ready-to-feed formula if possible. If using ready-to-feed formula is not possible, it is best to use bottled water to prepare powdered or concentrated formula when your tap water is unsafe. If bottled water is not available, check with local authorities to leam the status of your drinking water to see if boiling it will make it safe to drink. Use treated water (see water treatment instructions below) to prepare formula only if you do not have bottled or boiled water. © If water is contaminated with a chemical, boiling it will not remove the chemical or make it safe to consume. 125|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management © If you prepare infant formula with boiled water, let the formula cool sufficiently before giving it to an infant. Put a couple drops of formula on the back of your hand to see if it is too hot. @ Clean feeding bottles with bottled, boiled, or treated water before each use. Throw away baby bottle nipples or pacifiers that have been in contact with flood waters; they cannot be sanitized. © Wash your hands before preparing formula and before feeding an infant. You can use alcohol-based hand sanitizer if water is limited or unsafe. Clean and sanitize food-contact surfaces that have been flooded: Throw out wooden cutting boards, baby bottle nipples, and pacifiers if they have come into contact with flood waters because they cannot be properly sanitized. Clean and sanitize food-contact surfaces in a four-step process: i. Wash with soap and hot, clean water. ii. Rinse with clean water. iii. Sanitize by immersing for 1 minute in a solution of 1 cup (8 02/240 mL) of unscented household chlorine bleach in 5 gallons of clean water. iv. Allow to airdry. 4, Waste Management: The debris generated by most severe disasters, overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities or force communities to use disposal options that otherwise would not be acceptable (EPA, 2008). This waste problem arising from disasters are grave and should attract much social attention due to adverse effects on water quality, air quality and noise, flora and fauna, visual impacts and socio economy (Petersen, 2004). European Commission has also identified waste management as a key issue to be addressed among several dimensions in rehabilitation of environment in post emergency relief (EC, 2006). According to Aung and Arias (2006) the problem of waste can be addressed in a number of ways at community and governmental levels. Therefore, proper planning is of utmost importance to reduce future vulnerabilities and to improve long-term sustainability (Shaw and Sinha, 2003). The measures aiming at controlling disaster waste generation such as building regulations and codes need to be introduced at mitigation phase of disaster management cycle, as illustrated at Figure. The management of debris is involved at the recovery stage as debris generated through damaged buildings need to be collected, transported, reused, recycled, land filled or disposed. Rafee 126|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management et al. (2008) indicated that disposal of debris is one of the main challenges of a disaster Tecovery operation. Therefore, a proper waste management plan should be established at the recovery stage. At the reconstruction phase, construction waste is produced by reconstruction work which is usually clean and relatively uncontaminated which creates specific opportunities for recycling. The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) in USA in their report (EPA, 2008) has identified several items which are generated as waste at most post disaster circumstances as soil and sediments, building rubble, vegetation, personal effects, hazardous material, mixed domestic and clinical wastes and, all too often, human and animal remains. These wastes represent a risk to human health from biological sources, chemical sources and physical sources (EPA, 2008). Further findings reveled that generation of waste is also varying according to the type of disasters. Among these, building waste is a common type of waste with almost all types of disasters other than automobiles, furniture, vegetative debris, mixed metals, ash and charred wood waste and other debris. Figure 3. Relationship of disaster mai (Source: DS velo with ddisnstor waste mangement 2005) Kobayashi (1995) classified the disaster waste as: rubble and other waste accumulated on roads, demolition and dismantling waste of buildings, bulky waste and raw materials, items in processes or other substances. 127|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management In 2004, Baycan refined the classification in a more comprehensive manner as: recyclable materials (concrete, masonry, wood, metal, soil and excavated material), non recyclable materials (household inventory, organic materials, and other inert materials) and hazardous waste (asbestos, chemicals) (Baycan, 2004). Kourmpanis et al. (2008) has pointed out that building waste is considered to be one of the priority waste streams and appropriate actions need to be taken with respect to its effective management. Post disaster waste management strategies: Waste management is a discipline associated with control of generation of waste, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, reuse and recovery and disposal of solid waste in accordance with best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation of nature, aesthetics and environmental, while considering the general public attitude. ‘Table 1. Building waste manngement strateyties in global context Tarkey Kube 6 + Minor proportion reycled += Separation of reeyeling: material time earthquake, million + Majority disposed or land consuming and costly Japan tons reclamation Peer Smillion +A stationary reveling plant + Problems arising with the “deanliness” Lebanon of the demolition waste Kimovo An reesei plant + Sprend of damage over a lurye rural area depots enlleetian Soure: Baycan and Petersen (2002); de Boer and Sanders (200), 5. Disease control: Natural disasters are tragic incidents originating from atmospheric, geologic and hydrologic changes. In recent decades, millions of people have been killed by natural disasters, resulting in economic damages. Natural and complex disasters dramatically increase the mortality and morbidity due to communicable diseases. The major causes of communicable disease in disasters are categorized into four sections: Infections due to contaminated food and water, respiratory infections, vector and insect-bome diseases, and infections due to wounds and injuries. With appropriate intervention, high 128|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management morbidity and mortality resulting from communicable diseases can be avoided to agreat deal. Communicable disease after disaster: The major causes of communicable disease in disasters can be categorized into four areas: Infections due to contaminated food and water, respiratory infections, vector and insect bome diseases, and infections due to wounds and injuries. The most common causes of morbidity and mortality in this situation are diartheal disease and acute respiratory infections. i. Waterborne diseases: a. Diarrheal disease: Diarrheal disease outbreaks can arise subsequent to drinking-water contamination, and have been reported after flooding and related movement. Vibrio cholera (01 Ogawa and O1 Inaba) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are the major causes of this type. b. Hepatitis A and E: Hepatitis A and E have also fecal-oral transmission, especially in poor water sanitation. c. Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis transmitted through contact of mucous membranes and skin with water, moist vegetation, or dirt contaminated with rodent urine. ii. Diseases associated with crowding: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) as the main cause of morbidity and mortality among unsettled people are seen predominantly in children less than 5 years old. Furthermore, meningitis and measles are transmitted from person to person, especially in crowded circumstances. iil, Vector-borne diseases: Malaria, cutaneous leishmaniasis and rabies are transmitted by vectors. In 1991, an earthquake in Costa Rica's Atlantic region was accompanied withla high increase in malaria cases. Furthermore, intermittent flooding associated with El Nifio-Southem Oscillation has been correlated with malaria epidemics in Peru. iv. Infections due to wounds and injuries: The potentially significant threats to persons suffering a wound are tetanus, staphylococci and streptococci. Strategies for prevention of communicable disease in Post disaster Phase: In this phase, the emergency response for controlling communicable disease 129|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management includes: Emergency medical care, provision of shelter and site planning, water and sanitation, safe food preparation, nutrition, case management, medical supplies and vector control. Moreover, health education and providing the health of humanitarian workers is a critical point. i. Select and plan sites: providing appropriate shelters and site planning at the start of an emergency can decrease the incidence of communicable disease especially diarmheal diseases, acute respiratory infections, meningitis, tuberculosis, measles and vector-bome diseases, Shelters should have sufficient space according to the needs of victims. Furthermore, access to the water, fuel, and transport, solid waste management, and safety of food stores are essential. The new methods of GIS (Geographic Information System) application is useful for finding the proper place for shelter settlement. ii, Ensure adequate water and sanitation facilities: As mentioned before, water bome diseases are a main cause of communicable disease after disaster. Ensuring constant delivery of safe drinking-water is the major preventive measure to be applied after a natural disaster. According to WHO guidelines, Chlorine is broadly obtainable, low-cost, easily used and effective against almost all waterbome pathogens. The sphere project proposes the following minimum standards for the water supply in disasters; © Sufficient access to safe water. @ Water quality should be maintained based on intemational guidelines. © Water consumption facilities and goods should be safe. iil. Ensure safety of food: Food safety is crucial for disease prevention in natural disasters, The World Health Organization recommends five keys for ensuring the safety of food supplements following a disaster event; Key 1: Preserve clean (prevents the growth and spread of hazardous microorganisms). Key 2: Separate cooked and raw food (microorganisms transfer prevention). Key 3: Cook thoroughly (kills dangerous microorganisms). Key 4: Preserve food at harmless temperatures (microorganisms growth prevention). Key 5: Consuming safe water and raw materials (contamination prevention) 130|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management iv, Control vectors: Natural disasters can influence transmission of vector- bome disease. The crowding of infected and vulnerable hosts, a debilitated public health infrastructure and disruptions of ongoing control processes are entirely risk factors for transmission of vector-bome disease. Major diseases frequently spread by vectors are malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, typhus, and typanosomiasis. For prevention, vector control interventions based on the local context and epidemiology of diseases are essential. Examples of some useful interventions are indoor residual spraying for malaria, insecticide-treated nets, and traps for tsetse flies as the vectors of trypanosomiasis. v. Implement vaccination campaigns (e.g. measles): Campaigns for measles immunization are one of the most cost-effective interventions in public health. Mass measles immunization, as well as vitamin A supplementation is an immediate health priority after natural disasters in regions with poor coverage levels, Mass immunization should be fulfilled as soon as possible in areas with baseline coverage rates below 90% among individuals under 15 years old. Furthermore, immediate provision of Tetanus Diphtheria (TD) vaccine and tetanus antitoxin to persons injured during the earthquake and those undergoing emergency surgeries, is essential. vi. Provide essential clinical services: Access to the primary care services is critical to prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of a variety of diseases, as well as providing secondary and tertiary care. Effective diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases, prevents excess mortality and morbidity, vil. Provide basic laboratory facilities: Establishing a clinical laboratory is not 4 priority during the initial phase of most disasters. The diagnosis of most common communicable diseases can usually be done by clinical diagnosis, Laboratory testing is remained useful for confirming during a supposed epidemic event for which mass immunization may be indicated (e.g. meningococcal meningitis) or where culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing is effective in clinical decisions (e.g. dysentery) 6. Security: “Environmental security” was identified as a core component of the definition of human security outlined in UNDP’s 1994 report. Nevertheless, human security debates and policies have tended to focus more on human-made disasters, such as armed conflicts and human Tights abuses. At the same time, 131|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management | strategies for disaster risk reduction (e.g. the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015) have largely avoided explicitly referring to human security. Even so, as recent catastrophes like the earthquakes in Haiti and Japan have clearly shown, the actual threats that people struggle with following a natural disaster are similar to those of a human-made crisis such as armed conflict: “fear” (such as aftershocks and deteriorating social order) and “want” (lack of food, water and shelter). Likewise, many of the same actors are involved in the response, notably the UN and humanitarian NGOs. Indeed, most of the organizations involved in natural disaster relief are working to protect human security, even if they don’t label their work as such. In post-conflict situations the practical value of the human security approach lies in its ability to focus and coordinate the efforts of many different actors on actual human needs, by providing a holistic and bottom-up perspective. Clearly, this approach would also be beneficial in the response to natural disasters—where coordination of relief efforts has been a recurring problem, as seen in the Indian Ocean tsunami and the earthquakes in Haiti and Japan. A human security approach would encourage systematic information sharing, common action plans, needs assessment, and better coordination of responses and offers of assistance. A human security perspective encourages us to consider the needs of the most vulnerable parts of the population, most notably protecting women, children, and the elderly. Human security also emphasizes empowerment strategies, enabling people — both individuals and communities — to act on their own behalf, and on the behalf of others. Particularly during rebuilding, it would suggest a bottom-up approach and incorporation of the voices of all those affected. In disaster preparedness, human security would assist in guiding policy development by ensuring resilience measures and scenarios include consideration of human and community needs. An important distinction when applying human security to natural disasters concems the role of the military and the nature of civil-military relations. In civil conflicts, the military can sometimes be a major threat to human security, but in the case of natural disasters, the military, with its significant operational capacity and field experience, may instead be a major provider of human security — as in the current efforts of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. 132|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 7. Communications: Management of any disaster or emergency event is a complicated and multi-faceted task. One of the most important, and oftentimes overlooked, parts of any highly efficient disaster response is effective information exchange between information sources, emergency managers and those impacted by the disaster or emergency event. As an HOA board member, you probably don't have to manage disaster events very frequently (hopefully!). This lack of experience, however, does have a downside; it can make responding to a disaster in a managerial capacity even more uncomfortable and stressful, The entire disaster management process is further complicated when hindered by ineffective information gathering and distribution. Assuming that your home owners association has adopted a comprehensive emergency plan and has conducted adequate preparation and training exercises, your response to a disaster or emergency should be coordinated and highly effective. Hopefully, effective communication and information systems are included in that plan. Manage the Information Exchange: In disaster management, reliable and timely information gathering and exchange from a variety of sources results in more effective decision making at the managerial level. Receiving Information: In the case of a disaster affecting your HOA, the information flowing to emergency managers could be from a variety of sources, such as residents, emergency responders, radio or television news broadcasts, specialized search and evaluation teams, and other emergency management agencies. This inflow of information needs to be reviewed, assimilated, evaluated and prioritized in order to make timely and effective managerial response and recovery decisions. Distributing Information: As important as the flow of information into the managers of any disaster situation is, the flow of information out to emergency responders, residents, search and evaluation teams, other emergency managers and management agencies is critical. Dissemination of timely and credible information can minimize the potential for loss of life and injury, help residents understand the extent of the emergency, simplify first responders’ tasks, accelerate the recovery phase and minimize the overall impact of the disaster event on the community. In order to ensure that effective information exchange occurs, planning and training need to occur. Information systems should be adopted that enhance 133|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management your board's ability to receive and disseminate critical event information. Redundancy should also be considered, as system failures always seem to occur when those systems are needed the most! 4.11 - Roles & Responsibilities of Government [Or] Government Initiatives on Disaster Management: @ The Government of India has set up a National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM) under the Chairmanship of the Prime Minister. © The recommendations of this National Committee would form the basis of national disaster risk management programme and strengthening the natural disaster management and response mechanisms. © United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) has also been supporting various initiatives of the government to strengthen disaster management capacities. © The programme components would include the following: © Development of state and district disaster management plans. ¢ Development of disaster risk management and response plans at Village/W ard, Gram Panchayat, Block/Urban Local Body levels. © Constitutions of Disaster Management Teams and Committees at all levels with adequate representation of women in all committees and team. (Village/Ward, Gram Panchayat, Block/Urban local body, District and State.). « Capacity Building of Disaster Management Teams at all levels. Special training for women in first aid, shelter management, water and sanitation, rescue and evacuation, etc. * Capacity Building in cyclone and earthquake resistant features for houses in disaster prone districts, training in retrofitting, and construction of technology demonstration units. Integration of disaster management plans with development plans of local self governments. @ Primary responsibility of the State Goverment. © Central Govemment supplements the efforts of State Government by providing financial and logistic support in case of a major calamity. @ Supplementary support by centre 1A|[PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management | 4.12 — Community [Or] Community L evel Disaster Management: At the time of disaster, various agencies such as govemment, NGOs and community plays an important role for disaster management. These are preparedness, response, recovery and prevention details are on follows: Disaster management has four basic components: 1. Preparedness: Measure to ensure that communities and services are capable of coping with the effect of disaster. It has the following main elements: i, Community awareness and education. ii, Preparation of disaster management plans for community, school, individual. iii, Mock drill, training and practice. iv. Inventory of resources both material resources and human skill resources. v. Proper waming systems. vi. Mutual aid arrangement. vii. Identifying the vulnerable groups. 2. Response: Measures taken in anticipation of, during and immediately after a disaster for minimizing its adverse impact. It has following main elements: i. Activate the emergency operation centres (control room). ii. Deployment of search and rescue teams. iii. Issuing updated waming. iv. Setting up community kitchens using local groups. v. Set up temporary living accomodation and toilet faciliites, vi. Set up medical camps. vii. Mobilising resources. 3. Recovery: Measures are initiated to undertake reconstruction of the physical infrastructure and restoration of economic and emotional well being. The main elements are as follows: i. Community awareness on health and safety measures. i. Counselling programme for those who have lost the near and dear ones. Restoring the essential services -roads, communication links, electricity etc. iv. Providing shelters. v. Collecting usable materials for construction from rubble. 135|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management vi. Providing financial support. vii. Finding employment opportunities. viii. Reconstructing new buildings. 4. Prevention: Measures to eliminate or reduce the incidence of severity. i. Land use planning. Preventing habitation in risk zones. Disaster resistant buildings. iv. Finding ways to reduce risk even before the disaster strikes. v. Community awareness and education. The first few hours before and after a disaster are critical and precious for saving lives and reducing further injury. Often extemal help may take time to reach the disaster site. In any disaster, often the neighbours are first to respond. The first responders are people who act first in a disaster situation, usually lack basic response skills to deal medical or other emergencies. The aim of community level management is to train the individuals and the members of local community to deal with emergency situation effectively. Trained community members are life saving assets in such situations. Thus community level management involves people's participation. 4.13 - Local Institutions [Or] Institutional Framework: 1. Disaster Management Structure: i. NDMA Apex Body with Prime Minister as Chairperson. ii, National Executive Committee - Secretaries of 14 Ministries. iii. Chief of Integrated Defence Staff. 2. Centre Level Central Ministries: i. National Disaster Management A uthority. ii. National Institute of Disaster Management. iii, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). 3. State Level: i. SDMA headed by Chief Minister. ii. State Executive Committee (SEC). 4, District Level: i. DDMA headed by District Magistrate. ii, Interface between Govt. and Public. 136|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management Other institutional arrangements: . Amed Forces. . Central Para Military Forces. . State Police Forces and Fire Services. . Civil Defence and Home Guards. State Disaster Response Force (SDRF). . National Cadet Corps (NCC). . National Service Scheme (NSS). 8. Nehm Y uva Kendra Sangathan (NY KS). 4.14 — Stakeholders: 1. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). 2. Public Private Partnership (PPP). 3. Media Partnership. 4, Training of Communities. 5. DM Education in Schools. 4.15 — Policies & Legislation for Disaster Risk Reduction: Policies for Disaster Risk Reduction: The general objectives of the Disaster Management Policy are: 1. To avoid loss of human life and destruction of property by natural disasters or by man. 2. To incorporate disaster prevention into the overall national development process. 3. To promote domestic and extemal. Legislation for Disaster Risk Reduction: Laws and regulations serve as a foundation for building community resilience. They are essential to reducing existing risks posed by natural hazards, preventing new risks from arising and making people safer. In 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action highlighted the importance of good legislation to support disaster risk reduction (DRR). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, adopted in March 2015, calls for a renewed focus on reviewing and strengthening legal frameworks. NOorONE In light of this intemational guidance, many countries have sought to strengthen their laws and regulations for DRR and have been asking: what should good legislation say about DRR? 137|[PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management Since 2012, The IFRC and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) have been working on a joint project to research, compare and consult on the efforts of various countries to strengthen how their laws support the reduction of disaster risks, particularly at the community level. In June 2014, they launched a major new study examining 31 countries and in December 2015, they launched a new tool, The Checklist on Law and Disaster Risk Reduction and its accompanying guide, The Handbook on Law and Disaster Risk Reduction, to provide practical guidance on this area of law. 4.16 — DRR Programmes in India: About 57% of India’s land is vulnerable to earthquake, 28% to drought, and 15% to floods. Millions of Indians are displaced and severely affected by natural disasters every year. These three innovations are ensuring are making sure better disaster risk reduction techniques that save lives during disasters, 1. Oxfam's Disaster Risk Reduction interventions. 2. Area Development Programmes of World Vision India. 3, Safe School Programme of Plan Intemational (India Chapter). 1, Oxfam’s Disaster Risk Reduction interventions: Oxfam India works with multiple stakeholders to design innovative disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience building programs for various communities. We mun a series of programs in collaboration with the local administrations, non-govemmental organizations and the private sector to prepare India to face disasters in a better manner, Two of our DRR programs received a special mention by UNICEF and Cansa. These programs areCommunity Managed Flood Proof Pond Water Filter ‘Systems and V olunteer Network Management Systems. The former intervention addresses the water contamination issues in flood prone geographies while the latter strengthens community based early waming system through effective coordination amongst local actors in the last mile. Through our DRR activities in 2017, we were able to reach out to 101544 people during India floods. With 750 existing water sources including hand pumps and open wells and supply water points tested and repaired. We were able to reach to 94603 men, women and children for public health promotion activities and support16924 families with shelter and livelihood opportunities. 138|P ageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 2. Area Development Programmes of World Vision India: ADPs (Area Development Programs) are integrated programs that help communities by assisting them to achieve a better standard of living and well-being. Each ADP ‘touches the lives of 20,000 to 1,00,000 people. When the 2017 floods hit the states of Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Mizoram, claiming 790 lives; World Vision India sent out emergency relief that reached more than 22,500 people. Their services provided basic amenities such as dry ration, cooking oil, soaps and tarpaulin sheets to 3,610 households. 3. Safe School Programme of Plan International (India Chapter): Plan India is on a mission to strengthen the resilience in education sector. The goal of this Program is to ensure safety, accessibility, sustainability and relevance of children’s education in the context of disasters and climate change. They also aim to build a culture of safety and contribute to the resilience of the children and community. Their program outline incorporates 200 schools through structural and non- structural mitigation and risk reduction measures. They reinforce building structures of schools to strengthen them. Non-structural measures include ensuring that casualties due to falling objects are avoided through anchoring of the architectural elements such as ensuring the outward opening of doors, filming of glass windows, anchoring of the cup boards, computers, etc. 4.17 — Activities of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA, is an apex Body of Government of India, with a mandate to lay down policies for disaster management. The phrase disaster management is to be understood as a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures, which are necessary or expedient for prevention of danger or threat of any disaster, mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or severity of its consequences, capacity building, preparedness to deal with any disaster, prompt response, assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster, evacuation, rescue, relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction. NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Goverment of Indiaon 23 December 2005. NDMA is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices for coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management. It is headed by the Prime 139|PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management | Minister of India and can have up to nine other members. Since 2020, there have been five other members. There is a provision to have a Vice Chair-person if needed. NDMA has a vision to “build a safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic, pro-active, technology driven and sustainable development strategy that involves all stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention, preparedness and mitigation." NDMA equips and trains other Govemment officials, institutions and the community in mitigation for and response during a crisis situation or a disaster. It works closely with the National Institute of Disaster Management for capacity building. It develops practices, delivers hands-on training and organizes drills for disaster management. It also equips and trains disaster management cells at the state and local levels. Functions and responsibilities: NDMA, as the apex body, is mandated to lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters. Towards this, it has the following responsibilities: 1. Lay down policies on disaster management. 2. Approves the National Plan. 3. Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Govemment of India in accordance with the National Plan. 4. Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan. 5. Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects. 6. Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management. M0|P ageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 7, Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation; 8. Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government. 9. Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary. 10.Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management. Programs: NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations. These include the National Cyclone Risk Management Project, School Safety Project, Decision Support System and others. India Disaster Response Summit held on 9 November 2017 held at New Delhi. This Summit was jointly organised by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and social networking site Facebook. India has become the first country to partner with Facebook on disaster response. NDMA Guidelines: 1. Guidelines for Preparation of Action Plan — Prevention and Management of Heat- Wave. 2. Guidelines on Management of School Safety. 3. Guidelines on Management of Hospital Safety. . Guidelines on Minimum Standards for Shelter, Food, Water, Sanitation, Medical Cover in Relief Camps, . Guidelines on Management of Earthquakes. }. Guidelines on Management of Tsunamis. . Guidelines on Management of Cyclones. . Guidelines on Management of Flood. 9. Guidelines on Management of Urban Flooding. 10.Guidelines on Drought Management. 11.Guidelines on Landslide and snow avalanches. 12.Guidelines for Nuclear attack disaster. 13.Guidelines on Chemical Disaster (Industrial). 14.Guidelines for Chemical (Terrorism) Disaster). 15.Guidelines on Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management. 16.Guidelines for Biological Disaster. 17.Guidelines for Psycho-Social Support. > eran 141 [PageDisaster Preparedness & Planning Management 18.Guidelines on Formulation of State DM Plans. 19.Guidelines for Incident Response System. 20.Guidelines for National Disaster Management Information and Communication System. 21.Guidelines for Scaling, Type of Equipment and Training of Fire Services. 22.Guidelines for Seismic Retrofitting of Deficient Buildings and Structures. 23.Guidelines on temporary shelters for disaster affected families. 24.Guidelines on disability inclusive disaster risk reduction EE M2|Page