D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb

cÖ_g cÎ

iPbvq
mRj Kzgvi mvnv
†gvnv¤§` Aveyj evkvi

K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡Kkb
cøU−2, ¸jkvb mv‡K©j−2, XvKv
KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ
 cwimsL¨vb
cÖ_g cÎ
GKv`k-Øv`k †kªwY

iPbvq
mRj Kzgvi mvnv
wefvMxq cÖavb
cwimsL¨vb wefvM
K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR, XvKv|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv: weGmwm (Abvm©), GgGm (cwimsL¨vb), XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
AwfÁZv: cÖv³b cÖfvlK, †gvnv¤§`cyi wcªcv‡iwUix K‡jR, XvKv|
NTRCA mb`cÖvß|
cixÿK: gva¨wgK I D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv‡evW©, XvKv|

|||
†gvnv¤§` Aveyj evkvi
wmwbqi cÖfvlK
cwimsL¨vb wefvM
K¨vgweªqvb K‡jR, XvKv|
wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv: weGmwm (m¤§vb),
GgGmwm (cwimsL¨vb)
AwfÁZv: cÖv³b cÖfvlK, MvRxcyi Mvj©m K‡jR|
NTRCA mb`cÖvß|

K¨vgweªqvb cvewj‡Kkb
c-U−2, ¸jkvb mv‡K©j−2, XvKv
KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ
†gvevBj: 9881355, 01720557170/80/90
 m~PxcÎ

Aa¨vq weeiY c„ôv bs

1. cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv
1−22
STATISTICS, VARIABLE & CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENT SYMBOLS

2. Z_¨ msMÖn, mswÿßKiY I Dc¯’vcb

23−50
DATA COLLECTION, SUMMARISATION & PRESENTATION
3. †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc
51−96
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
4. we¯Ívi cwigvc
97−132
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
5. cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv
133−166
MOMENTS, SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS
6. ms‡køl I wbf©iY
167−194
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION
7. Kvjxb mvwi
195−200
TIME SERIES
8. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb
201−204
PUBLISHED STATISTICS IN BANGLADESH
 e¨envwiK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkvœ ejx Ask 205−238
gvbeÈb
†gvU b¤^i-100
[ ZË¡xq-75, e¨envwiK-25 ]
ZË¡xq Ask-75
iPbvg~jK cÖk:œ
3wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e 3x15 =45
mswÿß cÖk:œ
6wU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z n‡e 5x6 =30
me©‡gvU = 75
e¨envwiK-25
e¨envwiK cixÿv : 20
†gŠwLK cixÿv : 05
me©‡gvU = 25
cÖkœcÎ cÖYq‡bi bxwZgvjv
mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqv eva¨Zvg~jK|
ZË¡xq cÖwZ cÖ‡kœi 1wU K‡i weKí (A_ev) cÖkœ †`Iqv _vK‡e|
ZË¡xq iPbvg~jK As‡k cÖwZwU cÖ‡kœ GKvwaK Ask _vK‡Z cv‡i|
cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g c‡Î e¨eüZ wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki cwiwPwZ
cÖZxK cwiwPwZ
∑ (Sigma Capital) or (Summation) †hvMKiY wPý
π cvB (Capital) ¸YKiY wPý
x ( x evi) bgybvi MvwYwZK Mo
µ (wgD) Z_¨ we‡k¦i MvwYwZK Mo
AM (Arithmetic Mean) MvwYwZK Mo
GM (Geometric Mean) R¨vwgwZK Mo
HM (Harmonic Mean) Dëb Mo
M e (Median) ga¨gv
M o (Mode) cÖPziK
st
Q1 (1 quartile) cÖ_g PZz_©K
Q2 (2nd quartile) wØZxq PZz_©K
Q3 (3rd quartile) Z…Zxq PZz_©K
D1 (1st decile) cÖ_g `kgK
Di (ith decile) i-Zg `kgK
fi (Frequency of the ith class) i-Zg †kªYxi MYmsL¨v
P1 (1st percentile) cÖ_g kZgK
Pi (ith percentile) i-Zg kZgK
R (Range) cwimi
QD (Quartile Deviation) PZz_©K e¨eavb
MD (Mean Deviation) Mo e¨eavb
σ 2 (Sigma Square) †f`vsK
σ (Sigma) cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Z_¨wek¦)
S cwiwgZ e¨eavb (bgybv)
CV (Co-efficient of variation) we‡f`vsK
µ r′ (Mu r prime) r -Zg A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ
µ r (Mu r) r -Zg †kvwaZ cwiNvZ
µ 2 (Mu two) wØZxq †kvwaZ cwiNvZ
β1 (Beta one) ew¼gZvsK
β 2 (Beta two) m&u~PjZvi mnM
SK (Coefficient of skewness) Kvj©wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK
r (Avi) ms‡klvsK
b (we) wbf©ivsK
cov (Covariane) mn‡f`vsK
ρ (Rho) µgms‡klvsK
 cÖ_g Aa¨vq
cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv
STATISTICS, VARIABLE & CONCEPTS OF DIFFERENT SYMBOLS

cwimsL¨vb kãwUi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Statistics| Gi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q †Kvb NUbv ev wel‡qi
mvswL¨K eY©bv| A_©vr, †Kvb msL¨v welqK Z_¨ msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb, we‡kølY Ges e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g H
welq m¤úwK©Z wm×všÍ MÖnYB n‡jv cwimsL¨vb|
fvi‡Zi weL¨vZ cwimsL¨vbwe` [Link]. gnjvbwek (P.C. Mohalanobis) me©cÖ_g Statistics Gi
e½vbyev` K‡ib cwimsL¨vb| evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vbwe` KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb ‘Statistics’ kãwUi
cwifvlv K‡ib ÔZ_¨ MwYZÕ| A‡b‡K G‡K ÔmsL¨vZË¡Õ e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l ÔcwimsL¨vbÕ
Statistics Gi mwVK cwifvlv wn‡m‡e me©Rb ¯^xK…Z nq|
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK W. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb n‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨vb wel‡qi
AMÖ`~Z| Z‡e cwimsL¨v‡bi weKvk, DbœwZ I DrKl© mva‡b Avi.G. wdkvi (R.A. Fisher) Gi Gi
g~j¨evb Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ A‡b‡K Zuv‡K AvaywbK cwimsL¨v‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• cwimsL¨v‡bi DrcwË e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwimsL¨vb Kx ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• KwZcq cwimsL¨vbwe‡`i bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwimsL¨v‡bi •ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I e¨envi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwimsL¨v‡bi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• PjK, aªæeK, mgMÖK I bgybvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• Pj‡Ki cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ¸YevPK I msL¨vevPK PjK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• wew”Qbœ I Awew”Qbœ PjK m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e?
• cwigvcb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwigvcb †¯‥‡ji cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv, e¨envi I KwZcq Dccv‡`¨i cÖgvY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡e|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
2 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

1.01 cwimsL¨v‡bi DrcwË

Origin of Statistics

cwimsL¨v‡bi DrcwË cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e Rvbv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e fviZxq cÖL¨vZ cwimsL¨vbwe` cÖkvšÍ P›`ª
gnvjvbwek cwimsL¨vb kãwU Bs‡iwR kã ÷vwUmwUKm (Statistics) Gi evsjv iƒcvšÍi K‡ib| wewfbœ
cwimsL¨vbwe`M‡Yi g‡Z, j¨vwUb kã Status (÷¨vUvm) A_ev BUvwjqb kã ‘Statista’ (÷¨vwU÷v)
A_ev Rvgv©b kã Statistik †_‡K Statistics k‡ãi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU k‡ãi A_©B nj
ivR‣bwZK Ae¯’v| cÖvPxbKv‡j ivRv ev`kvMY Zv‡`i ivRKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ivR‡¯^i cwigvY,
cÖRvi msL¨v, •mb¨ msL¨v, Rb¥-g„Zz¨i msL¨v, f~wgi cwigvY BZ¨vw`i wnmve ev cwimsL¨vb ivL‡Zb|
GRb¨ †m mgq cwimsL¨vb‡K ivRv‡`i weÁvb (Science of Kings) ejv nZ| eZ©gv‡b cwimsL¨vb
ïay ivóªxq Kvh©Kjv‡ci g‡a¨B mxgve× †bB| Bnv Ávb-weÁv‡bi Ggb GKwU kvLv, †hLv‡b †Kvb wel‡q
msL¨vZ¥K Z_¨ msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb, MvwYwZK we‡kølY K‡i e¨vL¨v mn wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
mg‡qi cwieZ©b Ges Ávb weÁv‡bi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I cwiwa w`b w`b
e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| GB mgq `yB D¾¡j bÿÎ Kvj wcqvimb Ges Avi. G. wdkvi cwimsL¨vb RM‡Z
Avwef©ve N‡U| weL¨vZ cwimsL¨vbwe` Avi. G. wdkvi GKKfv‡e cwimsL¨v‡bi bZzb bZzb A‡bK
c×wZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib| †hgb: †f`vsK we‡kølY, Mwiô m¤¢vebv c×wZ, mwVK bgybvR web¨vm,
cwimsL¨vb AbygwZ, cixÿY-cwiKíbv we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cwimsL¨v‡bi Dbœq‡b e¨vcK
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Avi. G. wdkvi‡K cwimsL¨v‡bi RbK ejv nq| GQvov cwimsL¨vb kv‡¯¿ hviv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb Zviv n‡jb, m¨vi M¨vjUb, KKivb, c¨vmKj, j¨vcjvm, MvDm, wW-
gqfvi, [Link]. ivI cÖgyL|

1.02 cwimsL¨v‡bi msÁv

Definition of Statistics
Aí K_vq cwimsL¨v‡bi mwVK msÁv Dc¯’vcb Kiv Am¤¢e cÖvq| wewkó cwimsL¨vbwe`MY wewfbœ
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K cwimsL¨vb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GB msÁv¸‡jv `yB A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
i. GKeP‡b cwimsL¨vb (Statistics in singular sense)
ii. eûeP‡b cwimsL¨vb (Statistics in plural sense)

GKeP‡b cwimsL¨vb:
GKePb A‡_© cwimsL¨v‡bi A_© nj Bnvi m~Î, bxwZ ev Kvh©cÖYvjx| A_©vr †Kvb msL¨vwfwËK Z_¨
msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb, we‡kølY Ges e¨vL¨v `v‡bi •eÁvwbK c×wZ nj cwimsL¨vb|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 3

eûeP‡b cwimsL¨vb:
eûePb A‡_© cwimsL¨v‡bi A_© nj †Kvb NUbv ev wel‡qi msL¨vZ¥K cÖKvk †hgb: KZK¸‡jv cwiev‡i
†Q‡j wkkyi msL¨v, K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡R GKv`k †kªYxi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i IR‡bi ivwkgvjv, wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
`ª‡e¨i wewfbœ mg‡q Drcv`b ev g~j¨ ev Avg`vwb-ißvwbi wnmve, cÖwZ eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥-g„Zz¨i
msL¨v, evsjv‡`‡k kªwgK‡`i gv_vwcQy Avq msµvšÍ DcvË BZ¨vw` cwimsL¨vb|
ZvQvov wewfbœ cwimsL¨vbwe` cwimsL¨vb‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| G‡`i gv‡S R.A.
Fisher; [Link], Bowley, Croxton & cowden, H. Secrist Gi msÁv D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

• R.A. Fisher Gi g‡Z, ÒcwimsL¨vb wbwðZiƒ‡cB dwjZ MwY‡Zi GKwU kvLv hv ch©‡eÿY Øviv
cÖvß MvwYwZK Dcv‡Ëi Dci cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|Ó (According to [Link]. æThe science
of statistics is essentially a branch of applied mathematics and may be
regarded as mathematics applied to observational data)
• [Link] Gi g‡Z, ÒcwimsL¨vb n‡jv AwbðqZvi welq m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ †bIqvi weÁvb|
([Link] says, æStatistics is the science decision making in the field
uncertainity”)
• Bowley Gi g‡Z-†Kvb AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ NUbvi
msL¨vZ¥K eY©bvB n‡”Q cwimsL¨vb| (æStatistics are numerical statement of facts
in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other.”)
• Croxton & cowden Gi g‡Z, cwimsL¨vb n‡”Q msL¨vZ¥K, Z_¨ msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb,
we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kivi weÁvb (æStatistics may be defined as the science of
collection, Presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data”)
• H. Secrist Gi g‡Z, ÒcwimsL¨vb weÁvb Øviv Avgiv †Kvb c~e© wba©vwiZ D‡Ï‡k¨
cÖYvjxe×fv‡e msM„nxZ Ges cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K© ms¯’vwcZ, wbf~©jZvi hyw³msMZ gvb Abymv‡i
msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ, MYbvK…Z ev wbiƒwcZ Ges eûwea KviY Øviv jÿYxq gvÎvq cÖfvweZ
Z_¨vewji mgwó‡K eySvB|Ó (æBy statistics we mean aggregate of facts affeted to a
marked extent by multiplicity of causes, numerically expressed, enumarated or
estimated according to reasonable standard of accuracy, collected in a systematic
manner of a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other”)
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cwimsL¨vb n‡jv- wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q msL¨vZ¥K Z_¨ msMÖn, msNe×KiY,
Dc¯’vcb, we‡kølY I e¨L¨v cÖ`vb Kivi weÁvb|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
4 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

1.03 KwZcq cwimsL¨vbwe‡`i bvg

Name of some Statistician
KwZcq cwimsL¨vbwe`:
• Rbve Avi. G. wdkvi
• Rbve Kvj© wcqvimb
• Mr. W. I. King
• Rbve wc. wm. gnvjvbwek (cÖkvšÍ P›`ª gnvjvbwek)
• Rbve KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb †P․ayix
• Rbve Gg. wR. †gv¯Ídv
• Rbve KvRx mv‡jn Avn‡g`

1.04 cwimsL¨v‡bi •ewkó¨

Characteristics of Statistics
wewfbœ cwimsL¨vbwe‡`i †`qv msÁv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j cwimsL¨v‡bi KZ¸wj D‡jøL‡hvM¨
•ewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| wb‡P •ewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiv nj -
(i) cwimsL¨v‡b msL¨vm~PK cÖKvk Avek¨K: cwimsL¨vb DcvˇK msL¨vq cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb ¸YevPK Z_¨‡K cwimsL¨vb ejv n‡e bv| †hgb- QvÎwU fvj, av‡bi djb †e‡o‡Q
BZ¨vw` ¸YevPK Z_¨‡K cwimsL¨vb ejv hv‡e bv|
(ii) cwimsL¨vb n‡”Q Z‡_¨i mgwó: eûePb A‡_© cwimsL¨vb‡K Z‡_¨i mgwó eySvq| GKwU wew”Qbœ
msL¨v‡K cwimsL¨vb ejv n‡e bv| Avevi mvaviY msL¨v‡KI cwimsL¨vb ejv n‡e bv| †hgb:
hw` ejv nq GKRb Qv‡Îi D”PZv 5 dzU Z‡e Zv cwimsL¨vb n‡e bv wKš‘ hw` ejv nq †h
K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri cÖ_g e‡l©i Qv·`i Mo D”PZv 5 dzU Z‡e Dnv cwimsL¨vb n‡e| KviY
GB msL¨vwU K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri cÖ_g e‡l©i Qv·`i D”PZv‡K (M‡o) cÖKvk K‡i|
(iii) Z‡_¨i m¤úK©hy³Zv: cwimsL¨vbxq DcvˇK Aek¨B †Kvb bv †Kvb welq ev wefv‡Mi mwnZ
m¤úK©hy³ n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb welq ev wefv‡Mi mwnZ m¤úK©hy³ bq Ggb †Kvb MvwYwZK
DcvˇK cwimsL¨vb ejv hv‡e bv| †hgb- 68″, 65″,63″, 67″,70″ ............. BZ¨vw`
cwimsL¨vb bq| hZÿY ch©šÍ bv cÖ`Ë msL¨v¸‡jv KZ¸‡jv †jv‡Ki D”PZv wb‡`©k K‡i|
(iv) cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ eûwea KviY Øviv cÖfvweZ nq: cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ GKvwaK KviY Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡e| av‡bi Drcv`b Rwgi De©iZv, mvi, cvwb mieivn, m~h©wKiY BZ¨vw`
Dcv`vb¸‡jv Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 5

(v) cwimsL¨vb Z_¨‡K myk„•Ljfv‡e msMÖn Ki‡Z nq: cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨vejx myk•Ljfv‡e msMÖn
Ki‡Z n‡e| D‡Ïk¨nxbfv‡e msM„nxZ Z_¨ mwVK wm×všÍ w`‡Z e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i Ges G ai‡Yi
Z_¨ †Kvb NUbvi cwic~Y© eY©bv w`‡Z e¨_© nq|
(vi) Z‡_¨i mgRvZxqZv: cwimsL¨vbxq DcvˇK Aek¨B mgRvZxq n‡Z n‡e| mgRvZxq nIqvi
Rb¨ Z_¨¸‡jv Aek¨B GKB wel‡qi Dci n‡Z n‡e| †hgb-KZK¸‡jv e¯‘i IRb I
KZK¸‡jv e¨w³ IRb wb‡q MwVZ DcvË cwimsL¨vb bq| KviY, Z_¨¸‡jv GKB wel‡qi
Dci bv nIqvq Zv mgRvZxq bq|
(vii) Z‡_¨i Zzjbv‡hvM¨Zv:cwimsL¨vbxq DcvˇK Aek¨B Zzjbv‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e| Zyjbv‡hvM¨ nIqvi
Rb¨ Z_¨¸‡jv GKB GK‡K cÖKvwkZ n‡Z n‡e| †hgb- UvKvq cwiwgZ wKQy †jv‡Ki Avq Ges
Wjv‡i cwiwgZ wKQy †jv‡Ki Avq wb‡q MwVZ DcvË cwimsL¨vb bq KviY, Z_¨¸‡jv GKB
wel‡qi Dci n‡jI GKB GK‡K cÖKvwkZ bv nIqvq Zv Zzjbv‡hvM¨ bq|
(viii) cwimsL¨vb wbiƒc‡b hyw³msMZ cwigv‡Y mwVKZv eRvq ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q: cwimsL¨vb
M‡elYvq cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwˇZ bZzb cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq| myZivs, djvdj wbiƒc‡Y
GKwU hyw³m½Z cwigv‡Y mwVKZvi gvÎv eRvq ivLv `iKvi|

1.05 cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I e¨envi

Importance and uses of statistics
†h‡Kvb msL¨vZ¥K M‡elYvi Kv‡R cwimsL¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq| wb‡P cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I
e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
(i) cwimsL¨vb gvbe Kj¨v‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i: cwimsL¨vb gvbe Kj¨vY welqK wewfbœ mvgvwRK
mgm¨vi Dci M‡elYv Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wewfbœ mvgvwRK mgm¨v †hgb:
†eKvi mgm¨v, `wi`ªZv, wkÿv mgm¨v, Lv`¨ mgm¨v BZ¨vw` mwVKfv‡e wbY©q I Zvi mgvav‡bi
c_ wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨ cwimsL¨vwbK AbymÜvb cwiPvjbv K‡i|
(ii) cwimsL¨vb iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i: cwimsL¨vb iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK bxwZ wbav©i‡Y
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K †`‡ki ev‡RU cÖYqb, KiYxwZ, kªgbxwZ, Avg`vbx-ißvbx
bxwZ BZ¨vw` bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| cÖkvmwbK bxwZ wbav©i‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK I
A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨vwbK M‡elYv Acwinvh©| RbmsL¨v, K…wl, wkÿv, evwYR¨, wkí
BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ msMÖn e¨vL¨v we‡kølY I chv©‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g bxwZ wbav©i‡Yi Rb¨
cwimsL¨vb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
6 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

(iii) cwimsL¨vb Ab¨vb¨ weÁvb‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i: Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK I cÖvK…wZK weÁvb †hgb: c`v_©,
imvqb, Rxewe`¨v, g‡bvweÁvb, mgvR weÁvb BZ¨vw` wel‡qi M‡elYvq I djvd‡ji mwVKZv
wbiƒc‡Y cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
(iv) cwimsL¨vb A_©‣bwZK we‡køl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i: A_©bxwZ‡Z Pvwn`vi we‡kølY, Kvjxb mvwii
we‡kølY, m~PK msL¨v I gy`vª msµvšÍ wnmve wbKv‡ki Kv‡R cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM n‡q
_v‡K| wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b, Pvwn`v, †hvMvb, wewb‡qvM, Avg`vbx-ißvbx, Avq-e¨q, µq-
weµq BZ¨vw` Ae¯’vi we‡køl‡Yi Kv‡R cwimsL¨vb e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Rbm¤ú`,
Kg©ms¯’vb, Ki, ivR¯^ BZ¨vw` wnmve wbKv‡ki Kv‡R cwimsL¨vb e¨envi Kiv nq|
(v) e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ cwimsL¨vb: gvby‡li Rxe‡b iæwP Ges cÖ‡qvRb cÖwZwbqZB cwieZ©bkxj| †mB
cwieZ©b A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB nq mg‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z| †hgb: elv©Kv‡j QvZvi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq,
kxZKv‡j Mig †cvkv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb ev‡o| cwimsL¨v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨emvqxiv mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b
µq-weµ‡qi cwigvc, jvf-ÿwZi wnmve cÖf„wZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z †Kvb mgq Kx
cwigvY gvj ÷K Ki‡Z n‡e, evRv‡ii Ae¯’v KZUv fvj ev g›` Zv Zviv Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges
mwVK mg‡q mwVK c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i|
(vi) wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ cwimsL¨vb: eZ©gv‡b wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wewfbœ
Jly‡ai Kvh©KvwiZv, †iv‡Mi mwVK jÿY Ges cÖKvk cÖf„wZ cwigvc Ki‡Z cwimsL¨vb
Avek¨K nvwZqvi (Tools) wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
(vii) AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm cÖ`v‡b cwimsL¨vb: AvenvIqvi AZxZ I eZ©gvb Z‡_¨i Dci wfwË K‡i
Avgiv AvMvgx w`‡bi AvenvIqvi c~ev©fvm †c‡Z cvwi| G‡ÿ‡Î cwimsL¨v‡bi ÒKvjxb mvwiÓ
e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| GQvov eb¨v, Liv, R‡jv”Q¡&vm ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi AvMgb m¤^‡Ü
Avgiv Av‡M †_‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z cvwi| d‡j cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †gvKv‡ejvq Avgiv Av‡M †_‡K
cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z cvwi Ges gvby‡li Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv A‡bKvs‡k wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvwi|
(viii) RbwgwZi cwimsL¨vb: RbwgwZ n‡jv †Kvb Rb‡Mvwôi ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvby‡li Rxeb m¤úwK©Z
NUbvejxi eY©bv| GB eY©bvq gvby‡li Rb¥-g„Zz, •eevwnK Ae¯’v, †eKviZ¡ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© Z_¨
msMÖn Ges nv‡ii cwigvc Kiv nq| GQvov †Kvb A‡ji Av`g ïgvwi‡Z cwimsL¨v‡bi
e¨envi me©Rbwew`Z|
(ix) Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡b cwimsL¨vb: m¤cÖ w Z cv‡mv© b vj Kw¤úDUvi Ges gvB‡µv-Kw¤úDUv‡ii
e¨envi e¨vcKfv‡e e„ w × †c‡q‡Q| Z_¨ msMÖ n , Dc¯’ v cb, we‡kø l Y BZ¨vw`
cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g A‡bK RwUj mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi c_ my M g n‡q‡Q|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 7

1.06 cwimsL¨v‡bi Kvh©vejx

Functions of Statistics
†Kvb NUbv ev wel‡q msL¨vZ¥K AbymÜvb KivB nj cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ_g KvR| wewfbœ cwimsL¨vwe`M‡Yi
†`Iqv msÁv we‡kølY K‡i cwimsL¨v‡bi Kvhv©ejxi avcmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
Z_¨ msMÖn (Data Collection): cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ_g KvR nj Z_¨ ev DcvË msMÖn| †m‡nZz
cwimsL¨vbwe`M‡Yi g‡Z, Z_¨ nj cwimsL¨v‡bi e¨eüZ KuvPvgvj ¯^iƒc| †h‡nZz msM„nxZ
Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi fyj-ÎæwU _vK‡j cieZx©‡Z †h‡Kvb ai‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z
cwimsL¨vb e¨_© nq| ZvB M‡elYvi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L we‡kl mZ©KZv, `ÿZv I
weÁZvi mv‡_ •eÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z weï× Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv evÃbxq|
Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY (Organisation of Data):msM„nxZ Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY KivB nj cwimsL¨vbxq
AbymÜv‡bi wØZxq avc| GB av‡c msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi fyj-ÎæwU Av‡Q wKbv Zv
hvPvB K‡iI †`Lv nq Ges fyj-ÎæwU _vK‡j Zv ms‡kvab Kiv nq| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Z_¨ m¤ú~Y©
mgRvZxq mvgÄm¨c~Y© mwVK I wbfy©j wKbv Gme wel‡qi Dci jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb (Data Presentation): Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci cwimsL¨vbxq AbymÜv‡bi
Z…Zxq avc nj Dc¯’vcb| G avc nj KZ¸‡jv mvaviY •ewkó¨ Abymv‡i Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki cÖwµqv|
G av‡c Z_¨ mg~‡ni Af¨šÍixY •ewkó¨ mg~‡ni †kªYxKiY, mviYxKiY, •jwLK wPÎ BZ¨vw`
c×wZi gva¨‡g mnR-mij AvKl©Yxq I cÖvYešÍ AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
Z_¨ we‡kølY (Data analysis): G av‡c Dc¯’vwcZ †_‡K wewfbœ cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ †hgb †K›`ªxq
cÖeYZv, we¯Ívi, ew¼gZv, m~uPvjZv, ms‡køl, wbf©iY BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g we‡kølY K‡i mij I
mswÿß AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq|
e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb (Interpretation): msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i Dci wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb nj
cwimsL¨vbxq AbymÜv‡bi me©‡kl avc| G av‡c we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß djvd‡ji Dci
e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges †mB e¨vL¨v Abymv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

1.07 PjK, aªæeK, mgMÖK I bgybv

Variable, Constant, Population & Sample

PjK: PjK n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi •ewkó¨ hv e¨w³, e¯‘ ev NUbv †f‡` wfbœ wfbœ gvb MÖnb K‡i
_v‡K| A_©vr †h mKj •ewkó¨ mgMÖK ev Z_¨we‡k¦i wewfbœ GKK mg~‡ni mv‡c‡ÿ cwigvY MZ
fv‡e cwiewZ©Z nq Zv‡K PjK e‡j| †hgb−gvby‡li eqm, IRb, D”PZv BZ¨vw` PjK|
PjK‡K mvaviYZ x, y, z Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
8 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

aªæeK: Z‡_¨i †h •ewkó¨ Z_¨we‡k¦i mKj GK‡K GKB _v‡K A_©vr AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K Zv‡K
aªæeK e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e mgMÖ‡Ki †h mg¯Í jÿY ev •ewkó¨ Dcv`vb‡f‡` wewfbœiƒc nq bv|
A_©vr Dcv`vb ev †g․j‡f‡` ZviZg¨ cwijwÿZ nq bv, GKB _v‡K, †m mg¯Í •ewkó¨‡K aªæeK
e‡j| †hgb- gvby‡li nvZ, cv I nvZ-cv‡qi Av½y‡ji msL¨v BZ¨vw` aªæeK| aªæeK‡K
mvaviYZ a, b, c Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
mgMÖK (Population): †Kvb GKwU cixÿ‡Y ev ch©‡eÿ‡Y mywbw`©ó wKQz •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix m¤¢ve¨
mKj Dcv`v‡bi mgwó‡K mgMÖK ev Z_¨wek¦ e‡j| mgMÖ‡Ki AšÍM©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K
mgMÖ‡Ki GKK ejv nq|
†hgb: †Kvb †kªYxK‡ÿi Qv·`i Mo eqm AbymÜv‡b D³ †kªYxK‡ÿi Qv·`i †mU n‡jv
GKwU mgMÖK| Avi †kªYxK‡ÿi cÖ‡Z¨K QvÎB n‡jv mgMÖ‡Ki GK GKwU m`m¨ ev GKK|
bgybv (Sample): †Kvb mgMÖ‡Ki GK ev GKvwaK •ewkó¨ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Bnv n‡Z cÖwbwaZ¡K vix Ask
wbe©vPb Kiv nq ZLb H wbe©vwPZ AskwU‡KB bgybv e‡j| A_©vr bgybv n‡jv mgMÖ‡Ki
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Ask hv mgMÖ‡Ki †Kvb •ewkó¨ cwigv‡c e¨eüZ nq| Avi bgybvi AšÍM©Z
cÖwZwU gvb‡K bgybvi GK GKwU GKK e‡j|
†hgb− †Kvb †kªwYK‡ÿi 100 Rb Qv‡Îi Mo D”PZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ D³ Qv‡Îi g‡a¨ †_‡K
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix 10 Rb QvÎ jUvixi gva¨‡g wbe©vPb Kiv n‡jv| GLv‡b 10 Rb QvÎ n‡jv bgybv|
1.08 Pj‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
Types of variable

PjK `yB cÖKvi| h_v-

1. ¸YevPK PjK| 2. msL¨vevPK PjK/cwigvYevPK PjK|
msL¨vevPK PjK/cwigvYevPK PjK `yB cÖKvi h_v-
(i) wew”Qbœ PjK| (ii) Awew”Qbœ PjK|
1.09 ¸YevPK I msL¨vevPK PjK
Qualitative & Quantitative Variable
¸YevPK PjK (Qualitative variable):
†h Pj‡Ki gvb¸‡jv cwigvc ev MYbv Kiv hvq bv A_©vr msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv hvq bv wKš‘ †Kvb
•ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ †kªYx wefvM Kiv hvq Zv‡K ¸YevPK PjK e‡j| †hgb- †ckv, Av‡eM, ag©,
`ÿZv, eY© BZ¨vw` •ewk‡ó¨i PjK n‡”Q ¸YevPK PjK| wewfbœ ¸‡Yi wfwˇZ Z_¨we‡k¦
KZ¸‡jv †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq GB †kªYx¸‡jv‡K ¸Y‡kªYx (category) ejv nq| GB
†kªYx¸‡jv cvi¯úvwiKfv‡e wew”Qbœ nq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 9

cwigvYevPK / msL¨vevPK PjK (Quantitative variable):

†h Pj‡Ki gvb¸wj cwigvc ev MYbv Kiv hvq A_©vr msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv hvq Zv‡K cwigvY
evPK PjK e‡j| cwigvY evPK PjK †hgb-eqm, IRb, D”PZv BZ¨vw`|
1.10 wew”Qbœ I Awew”Qbœ PjK
Discrete & Continous Variable
wew”Qbœ PjK: †h PjK †Kej gvÎ wew”Qbœ A_©vr c„_K c„_K gvb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K wew”Qbœ PjK
e‡j| wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki g~j •ewkó¨ n‡”Q Gi MYbkxjZv (countable) A_©vr wew”Qbœ PjK †h
gvb¸‡jv MÖnY K‡i †m ¸‡jv MYbv Kiv hvq| wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki gvb¸‡jv mvaviYZ c~Y©msL¨v
nq| †hgb-†Kvb eB‡qi cÖwZ c„ôvi fy‡ji msL¨v, cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v|
Awew”Qbœ PjK: †h mKj PjK †Kvb wbw`©ó cwim‡ii (Range) AšÍf~©³ †h †Kvb gvb MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡K Awew”Qbœ PjK e‡j| Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki gvb¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ Pj‡K gvb¸‡jvi gZ
MYbv Kiv hvq bv| †hgb- D”PZv, IRb BZ¨vw`|

1.11 cwigvcY
Measurement
cwigvcY: c~e© wba©vwiZ wbqg Abyhvqx †Kvb •ewkó¨, e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K msL¨v ev cÖZxK Øviv cÖKvk Kiv‡K
cwigvcb ejv nq|
•eÁvwbK K¨v¤ú‡e‡ji g‡Z, Òcwigvcb n‡jv †Kvb wbqgvbymv‡i e¯‘ ev NUbv‡Z msL¨v Av‡ivc KivÓ
æMeasurement is the assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules.”
†hgb-GKwU eB‡K Zvi c„ôvi msL¨v, D”PZv, we¯Ívi, IRb BZ¨vw` Øviv cwigvc Kiv hvq| GLv‡b
c„ôvi msL¨v, D”PZv, we¯Ívi, IRb BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GK GKwU cwigvcb|
1.12 cwigvcb †¯‹j I cwigvcb †¯‹‡ji cÖKvi‡f`
Scale of Measurement & Types of Scale of Measurement
cwigvcb †¯‹j:
†h •eÁvwbK wbq‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb •ewkó¨, e¯‘ ev NUbv‡K msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zv‡K
cwigvcb †¯‥j e‡j| Av‡iv mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, †h‡Kvb •ewkó¨ MYbv ev cwigvc Ki‡Z
Dnv‡K †Kvb GKwU Av`k© ivwki mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| cwigvc‡bi Kv‡R hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv
nq Zv‡K cwigvcb †¯‥j e‡j| †hgb- B‡Wb K‡j‡Ri Abvm© cÖ_g e‡l©i QvÎx‡`i Mo D”PZv
5 dzU| GLv‡b dzU, †¯‥j e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1968 mv‡j Stevens †¯‥‡ji Dci wfwË
K‡i cwigvcb‡K Pvifv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb−
1. bvgm~PK †¯‥j (Nominal scale) 2. µwgK m~PK †¯‥j (Ordinal scale)
3. e¨vwß m~PK †¯‥j (Interval scale) 4. AbycvZ m~PK †¯‥j (Ratio scale)

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
10 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

1) bvgm~PK †¯‹j: †h cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z GKwU e¯‘ ev †kªYx‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU msL¨v
e¨envi K‡i Z_¨‡K †kªYxKiY Kiv nq Zv‡K bvgm~PK †¯‥j (Nominal scale) e‡j| GB
†kªYxi Dcv`vb¸wji g‡a¨ †h †Kvb GKw`K †_‡K wgj _v‡K Ges †kªYx¸‡jv ci¯úi eR©bkxj
nq| GB cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ †Kvb MvwYwZK cÖwµqv (†hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM)
e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| †hgb-†Kvb QvÎvev‡mi Kÿ b¤^i, Mvoxi b¤^i, evoxi nwìs b¤^i,
†gvevBj †m‡Ui b¤^i, wj½, wkÿv BZ¨vw` n‡”Q bvgm~PK †¯‥‡ji D`vniY|
2) µwgK m~PK †¯‹j: †h cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z KZK¸wj e¯‘, e¨w³ ev NUbv‡K †QvU †_‡K eo ev
eo †_‡K †QvU µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv nq Zv‡K µwgK m~PK †¯‥j (Ordinal scale) e‡j| GB
cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z cÖvß Z_¨ †Kvb MvwYwZK cÖwµqv (†hvM, we‡qvM ¸Y, fvM) e¨envi Kiv
hvq bv| †hgb-cÖvß b¤^‡ii wfwˇZ Qv·`i †ivj b¤^i web¨¯Í Kiv n‡”Q µwgKm~PK cwigvc|
GLv‡b m‡e©v”P b¤^i cÖvß QvÎwU cÖ_g Ae¯’v‡b ev 1bs µwgK, 2q m‡e©v”P b¤^i cÖvß QvÎwU
2bs µwgK Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| Gfv‡e Zvi c‡ii Rb, Zvi c‡ii Rb, BZ¨vw`| A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’v
µwgK m~PK †¯‥‡ji D`vniY|
3) e¨wß m~PK / †kªYx m~PK †¯‹j: hw` †Kvb •ewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ GKK¸wji g‡a¨ mgnv‡i e„w×
cwijwÿZ nq Z‡e Dnv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h †¯‥j e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K e¨vwßm~PK ev †kªYx
m~PK †¯‥j e‡j| G‡Z cÖwZwU GKK Zvi Av‡Mi I c‡ii GKK †_‡K mgvb e¨eav‡b _v‡K|
_v‡g©vwgUvi GKwU †kªYx wfwËK †¯‥‡ji D`vniY| ZvQvov i³Pvc cwigvc, cixÿvi †MÖwWs
b¤^i, †kªYx wfwËK †¯‥‡ji D`vniY| GB cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i Dci †hvM, we‡qvM,
MvwYwZK cÖwµqv Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| wKš‘ ¸Y I fvM cÖwµqv Av‡ivc Kiv hvq bv|
4) AbycvZ m~PK †¯‹j: †h cwigvcb c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó †Mvwôi cwigvc‡K cÖgvY ev Av`k©
cwigvY wnmv‡e a‡i Zvi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ GKK cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K AbycvZ m~PK
†¯‥j e‡j| GB †¯‥‡j ïb¨‡K cig ïb¨ aiv nq| ïb¨ †_‡K mge¨eav‡b `~iZ¡‡K Avgiv
AvbycvwZK nv‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| IRb, D”PZv BZ¨vw` n‡”Q AbycvZ m~PK †¯‥‡ji
D`vniY| G‡Z GKK †_‡K GK‡Ki g‡a¨ `yiZ¡ ev e¨eavb mgvb _v‡K| GB cÖwµqv cÖvß
Z_¨vejxi Dci me ai‡Yi MvwYwZK cÖwµqv (†hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM) Av‡ivc Kiv hvq|
1.13 cÖZx‡Ki aviYv I e¨envi
Concepts and Uses of Symbols
Avgiv, GKwU PjK GKvwaK gvb MÖnY K‡i| wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq G
gvb¸‡jvi †hvMdj I ¸Ydj wbY©‡qi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| GLv‡b †hvMdj‡K GKwU we‡kl wPý
∑(Summation) Ges ¸Ydj‡K GKwU we‡kl wPý ∏ (Product) Gi mvnv‡h¨
mswÿßiƒ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ MÖxK eY©gvjv eo nv‡Zi Aÿi wmMgv (Sigma) ∑ I cvB
(Pie) ∏ Gi e¨envi KwZcq D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 11

g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g x1, x2, --------------------, xn.
n
(i) (K) PjK x Gi gvb¸‡jvi mgwó, x1 + x2 + x3 + ----------- + xn = ∑x i =1
i

n
GLv‡b, ∑x
i =1
i †K cov nq mv‡gmb (Summatioin) xi †hLv‡b i = 1 n‡Z n ch©šÍ| i
n
†K ejv nq mvwd· (Suffix)| A‡bK mgq ∑x i Gi cwie‡Z© ∑x i ev ∑x †jLv nq|
i =1
n
(L) PjK x Gi gvb¸‡jvi e‡M©i mgwó, x12 + x22 + x32 + − − − − − − + xn2 = ∑ xi2
i =1

(M) Abyiƒcfv‡e, PjK x Gi gvb¸‡jvi k Zg Nv‡Zi mgwó,

n
x1k + x2k + x3k + − − − − − − + xnk = ∑ xik
i =1
n
(ii) PjK x Gi gvb¸‡jvi ¸Ydj, x1.x2.x3 ----------- xn = ∏x
i =1
i

n
GLv‡b ∏x
i =1
i †K cov nq cÖWv± (Product) xi †hLv‡b i = 1 n‡Z n ch©šÍ| ∏ †K cov

nq cvB (Capital Pi).

KwZcq Dccv`¨ I cÖgvY

n n
i) ∑ axi = a ∑ xi
i =1 i =1

n n
ii) ∑ (axi + b) = a ∑ xi + nb
i =1 i =1

n n
iii) ∑ (ax
i =1
i − b) = a ∑ xi − nb
i =1

n n
iv) ∑ (axi + b + c) = a ∑ xi + nb + nc
i =1 i =1

n n
v) ∑ (axi − b − c) = a ∑ xi − n(b + c)
i =1 i =1

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
12 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

n n
vi) ∑ abxi = ab∑ xi
i =1 i =1

n n n

∑ (axi + bxi + c) = a ∑ xi + b∑ xi + nc
2 2
vii)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n

∑ (axi − bxi − c) = a ∑ xi − b∑ xi − nc
2 2
viii)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n
ix) ∑ ( xi + yi ) = ∑ xi + ∑ yi
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n
x) ∑ (axi + byi + c) = a ∑ xi + b∑ yi + nc
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n
xi) ∑ (ax
i =1
i + byi ) = a ∑ xi + b ∑ yi
i =1 i =1

m n m n
xii) ∑ ∑ ( xi + y j ) = n∑ xi + m∑ y j
i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1

m n m n
xiii) ∑∑ x y
i =1 j =1
i j = ( ∑ xi )( ∑ y j )
i =1 j =1

n n
xiv) ∑ (x
i =1
i − c) = ∑x
i =1
i − nc

k k k

∑ (axi − b)2 = a 2 ∑ xi − 2ab∑ xi + kb2

2
xv)
i =1 i =1 i =1

k k k k

∑ ∑ f i xi − 2c∑ f i xi + Nc 2 ; †hLv‡b c aªæeK Ges ∑f

2
xvi) f i ( xi − c ) 2 = i =N
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

2
 n  n
xvii)  ∑ xi  = ∑ xi 2 + ∑∑ xi xi
 i =1  i =1 i ≠j

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 13

n n
i) ∑ axi = a∑ xi
i =1 i =1

• cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, PjK-x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2------- xn Ges a GKwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L. H. S = ∑ ax
i =1
i

= ax1 + ax2 + − − − − − − +axn

= a( x1 + x2 + − − − − − − + xn )
n
= a ∑ xi
i =1

= R.H.S
n n
∴ ∑ axi = a ∑ xi
i =1 i =1
(cÖgvwYZ)

n n
(ii) ∑ (axi + b) = a∑ xi + nb
i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi , PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2.............xn Ges a I b `yBwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax +b)
i =1
i

= (ax1 + b) + (ax2 + b) + .............. + (axn + b)

= (ax1 + ax2 + ............. + axn ) + (b + b + .............. + b)
= a( x1 + x2 + ................... + xn ) + nb
n
= a ∑ xi + nb
i =1

= R.H.S
n n
∴ ∑ (axi + b) = a ∑ xi + nb (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
14 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

n n
(iii) ∑ (axi − b) = a∑ xi − nb
i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: gwb Kwi, x GKwU PjK hvi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ---------xn Ges a I b `yBwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax − b)
i =1
i

= (ax1 − b) + (ax2 − b) + .............. + (axn − b)

= (ax1 + ax2 + ............. + axn ) − (b + b + .............. + b)
= a( x1 + x2 + ................... + xn ) − nb
n
= a ∑ xi − nb
i =1

= R.H.S
n n
∴ ∑ (axi − b) = a ∑ xi − nb (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1

n n
(iv) ∑ (axi + b + c) = a ∑ xi + nb + nc
i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges a,b I c wZbwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax + b + c)
i =1
i

= (ax1 + b + c) + (ax2 + b + c) + .............. + (axn + b + c)

= (ax1 + ax2 + ............. + axn ) + (b + b + .............. + b) + (c + c + ..........+ c)
= a( x1 + x2 + ................... + xn ) + nb + nc
n
= a ∑ xi + nb + nc
i =1

= R.H.S
n n
∴ ∑ (axi + b + c) = a ∑ xi + nb + nc (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 15
n n
(v) ∑ (ax − b − c) = a∑ x
i =1
i
i =1
i − n(b + c)

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges a,b I c wZbwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax − b − c)
i =1
i

= (ax1 − b − c) + (ax2 − b − c) + .............. + (axn − b − c)

= (ax1 + ax2 + ............. + axn ) − (b + b + .............. + b) − (c + c + ..........+ c)
= a( x1 + x2 + ................... + xn ) − nb − nc
n
= a ∑ xi − n(b + c)
i =1

= R.H.S
n n

∑ (axi − b − c) = a∑ xi − n(b + c)
i =1 i =1
(cÖgvwYZ)

n n
(vi) ∑ abxi = ab∑ xi
i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges a I b `yBwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ abx
i =1
i

= abx1 + abx2 + .............. + abxn

= ab( x1 + x2 + ....................... + xn )
n
= ab∑ xi = R.H.S
i =1

n n
∴ ∑ abx = ab∑ x
i =1
i
i =1
i (cÖgvwYZ)

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
16 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

n n n

∑ (axi + bxi + c) = a ∑ xi + b∑ xi + nc
2 2
(vii)
i =1 i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g x1, x2 ...................xn Ges a,b I
c wZbwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
∴ x1 + x 2 + .......................... + x n = ∑ xi
2 2 2 2

i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (axi 2 + bxi + c)
i =1

= (ax 2 + bx1 + c) + (ax2 2 + bx2 + c) + ........................ + (ax 2 n + bxn + c)

1

= (ax 2 + ax2 2 + ........... + axn 2 ) + (bx1 + bx2 + .............. + bxn ) + (c + c + ............ + c)

1

= a ( x1 2 + x2 2 + ............ + xn 2 ) + b( x1 + x2 + ............ + xn ) + nc
n n
= a ∑ xi 2 + b∑ xi + nc = R.H.S
i =1 i =1
n n n
∴ ∑ ( axi + bxi + c ) = a ∑ xi + b∑ xi + nc
2 2
(cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n

∑ (axi − bxi − c) = a ∑ xi − b∑ xi − nc
2 2
(viii)
i =1 i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, ‡Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g x1, x2 ...................xn Ges a,b I c
wZbwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
∴ x1 + x 2 + .......................... + x n = ∑ xi
2 2 2 2

i =1
n

∑ (ax
2
L.H.S = i − bxi − c )
i =1

= (ax 2 − bx1 − c) + (ax2 2 − bx2 − c) + ...................... + (axn 2 − bxn − c)

1

= (ax1 2 + ax2 2 + ........... + axn 2 ) − (bx1 + bx2 + .............. + bxn ) − (c + c + ............ + c)

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 17

= a ( x1 2 + x2 2 + ............ + xn 2 ) − b( x1 + x2 + ...... + xn ) − nc
n n
= a ∑ xi 2 − b∑ xi − nc
i =1 i =1

= R.H.S
n n n
∴ ∑ ( axi − bxi − c ) = a ∑ xi − b∑ xi − nc
2 2
(cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n
(ix) ∑ ( xi + yi ) =
i =1
∑ xi + ∑ yi
i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges Aci PjK y-Gi
n msL¨K gvbmg~n y1, y2 ...................yn
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1

n
∴ y1 + y 2 + .......................... + y n = ∑ y i
i =1

n
L.H.S = ∑ (x
i =1
i + yi )

= ( x1 + y1 ) + ( x2 + y2 ) + ...................... + ( xn + yn )

= ( x1 + x2 + ........... + xn ) + ( y1 + y2 + .............. + yn )
n n
= ∑x +∑y
i =1
i
i =1
i

= R.H.S
n n n
∴ ∑ ( xi + yi ) = ∑ xi + ∑ yi (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
18 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

n n n
(x) ∑ (axi + byi + c) = a∑ xi + b∑ yi + nc
i =1 i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~ n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges Aci PjK
y-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n y1, y2 ...................yn Ges a, b, I c wZbwU aª æ eK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1

n
∴ y1 + y2 + .......................... + yn = ∑ yi
i =1

n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax
i =1
i + byi + c)

= (ax1 +by1 + c) + (ax2 + by2 + c) + ...................... + (axn + byn + c)

= (ax1 +ax2 + ........... + axn ) + (by1 + by2 + .............. + byn ) + (c + c + ..........+ c)
= a( x1 + x2 + .......... . + xn ) + b( y1 + y2 + .......... .... + yn ) + nc
n n
= a ∑ xi + b∑ yi + nc
i =1 i =1

= R.H.S
n n n
∴ ∑ (axi + byi + c) = a ∑ xi + b∑ yi + nc (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

n n n
(xi) ∑ (axi + byi ) = a∑ xi + b∑ yi
i =1 i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Aci PjK y-Gi n
msL¨K gvbmg~n y1, y2 ...................yn Ges a I b `ywU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1

n
∴ y1 + y 2 + .......................... + y n = ∑ y i
i =1

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 19
n
L.H.S = ∑ (ax + by )
i =1
i i

= (ax1 +by1 ) + (ax2 + by2 ) + ...................... + (axn + byn )

= (ax1 +ax2 + ........... + axn ) + (by1 + by2 + .............. + byn )
= a( x1 + x2 + ........... + xn ) + b( y1 + y2 + .............. + yn )
n n
= a∑ xi + b∑ yi
i =1 i =1

= R.H.S
n n n
∴ ∑ ( axi + byi ) = a∑ xi + b∑ yi (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

m n m n
(xii) ∑∑ ( xi + y j ) = n∑ xi + m∑ y j
i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi m msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ...............xm Ges Aci PjK y
Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n y1 , y2 ..................... yn
m
∴ x1 + x2 + ............................ + xm = ∑ xi
i =1
n
∴ y1 + y 2 + ............................ + y n = ∑ y j
j =1
m n
L.H .S. = ∑ ∑ (x
i =1 j =1
i + yj)
m
= ∑ {( x
i =1
i + y1 ) + ( xi + y2 ) + ................ + ( xi + yn )}
m
= ∑ {( x
i =1
i + xi + ............... + xi ) + ( y1 + y2 + .............. + yn )}

m  n 
= ∑ 

i =1 
nxi + ∑ y j


j =1 
 n   n   n 
=  nx1 + ∑ y j  +  nx2 + ∑ y j  + ................... +  nxm + ∑ y j 
 j =1   j =1   j =1 
 n n n 
= (nx1 + nx2 + ...................... + nxm ) +  ∑ y j + ∑ y j + .......... + ∑ y j 
 j =1 j =1 j =1 

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
20 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

n
= n( x1 + x2 + ...................... + xm ) + m∑ y j
j =1
m n
= n ∑ xi + m ∑ y j
i =1 j =1

= R.H .S
m n m n
∴ ∑∑ ( x
i =1 j =1
i + y j ) =n∑ xi + m∑ y j
i =1 j =1
(cÖgvwYZ)

m n
 m  n 
(xiii) ∑∑ x y
i =1 j =1
i j =  ∑ xi  ∑ y j 
 i =1  j =1 
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi m msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ................xm Ges Aci PjK
y Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n
y1 , y2 ...............yn
m
∴ x1 + x2 + ................... + xm = ∑ xi
i =1
n
∴ y1 + y2 + ................... + yn = ∑ y j
j =1
m n
L.H .S. = ∑ ∑ xi y j
i =1 j =1

∑ {( x y ) + ( x y ) + ............... + ( x y )}
m
= i 1 i 2 i n
i =1

= ∑ {xi ( y1 + y2 + ................. + yn )}
m

i =1

m  n 
= ∑ x ∑ y i j 
i =1  j =1 
=  n   n   n 
 x1 ∑ y j  +  x2 ∑ y j  + ................. +  x m ∑ y j 
     
 j =1   j =1   j =1 
= ( x1 + x2 + .................. + xm )∑
n
yj
j =1

=  m
 n
 ∑ xi 

∑ yj 

 i =1  j =1 
= R.H .S
m n
 m  n 
∴ ∑ ∑
i =1 j =1
x y
i j =  ∑ xi  ∑ y j 
 i =1  j =1 
(cÖgvwYZ)

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

 cwimsL¨vb, PjK I wewfbœ cÖZx‡Ki aviYv 21

n n
(xiv) ∑ ( xi − c) =
i =1
∑x
i =1
i − nc

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2 ...................xn Ges c GKwU aªæeK|
n
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xn = ∑ xi
i =1
n
L.H.S = ∑ (x
i =1
i − c)

= ( x1 −c) + ( x2 − c) + ...................... + ( xn − c)
= ( x1 + x2 + ........... + xn ) − (c + c + .............. + c)
n
= a ∑ xi − nc
i =1

= R.H.S
n n
∴ ∑ ( xi − c ) = a ∑ xi − nc (cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1
k k k

∑ (axi − b) 2 = a 2 ∑ xi − 2ab∑ xi + kb2

2
(xv)
i =1 i =1 i =1

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi k msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ...................xk Ges a I b `ywU aªæeK|
k
∴ x1 + x2 + .......................... + xk = ∑ xi
i =1
k
∴ x1 + x2 2 + .......................... + xk = ∑ xi
2 2 2

i =1

L.H.S = ∑ (axi − b) 2
k

i =1
k

∑ (a
2
= 2
xi − 2abxi + b 2 )
i =1
2 2 2
= ( a 2 x1 − 2abx1 + b 2 ) + (a 2 x2 − 2abx2 + b 2 ) + ..................... + (a 2 xk − 2abxk + b 2 )
= (a 2 x1 2 + a 2 x2 2 + ............... + a 2 xk 2 ) − 2ab( x1 + x2 + .......... + xk ) + (b 2 + b 2 + ............... + b 2 )
k
= a 2 ( x1 2 + x2 2 + ............. + xk 2 ) − 2ab∑ xi + kb2
i =1

=
k k
a 2 ∑ xi − 2ab∑ xi + kb2
2

i =1 i =1
k k k
∴ ∑ (axi − b) 2 = a 2 ∑ xi − 2ab∑ xi + kb2
2
(cÖgvwYZ)
i =1 i =1 i =1

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
22 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

= ∑ f i xi 2 − 2c ∑ f i xi + Nc 2 ;
k k k
(xvi) cÖgvY Ki †h, ∑ f i ( xi − c ) 2
i =1 i =1 i =1
k
†hLv‡b c aªæeK Ges ∑f
i =1
i =N
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi k msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ...................xk hv‡`i MYmsL¨v
k
h_vµ‡g f1 , f 2 , ......................... f k †hLv‡b, ∑f
i =1
i = N Ges c GKwU aªæeK|
k
L.H.S = ∑ f (x
i =1
i i − c) 2
k
= ∑ f i ( xi − 2cxi + c 2 )
2

i =1
k
= ∑ ( f i xi − 2cf i xi + c 2 f i )
2

i =1
2 2 2
= ( f1 x1 − 2cf1 x1 + c 2 f1 ) + ( f 2 x2 − 2cf 2 x2 + c 2 f 2 ) + ........ + ( f k xk − 2cf k xk + c 2 f k )
2 2 2
= ( f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + .................. + f k xk ) − 2c( f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ........ + f k xk ) + c 2 ( f1 + f 2 + ........ + f k )
k k k
= ∑ f i x i − 2c ∑ f i x i + c 2 ∑ f i
2

i =1 i =1 i =1
k k
= ∑ f i xi − 2c ∑ f i xi + Nc 2
2

i =1 i =1
= R.H.S. (cÖgvwYZ)
2
 n
 n
(xvii) cÖgvY Ki †h,  ∑ xi  = ∑ xi 2 + ∑∑ xi xi
 i =1  i =1 i ≠j
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ...................xn
2
GLb,  ∑ xi 
n
= ( x1 + x2 + ............... + xn ) 2
 i =1 
= ( x1 + x2 + .............. + xn )( x1 + x2 + ............. + xn )
2
= x1 + x1 x2 + .............. + x1 xn
2
+ x2 x1 + x2 + .............. + x2 xn
+ ............................................
2
+ xn x1 + xn x2 + ............ + xn
2 2 2
= ( x1 + x2 + ................. + xn ) + ( x1 x2 + ........ + x1 xn + x2 x1
+ .............. + x2 xn + ........... + xn x1 + xn x2 + ........ + xn xn −1 )
n
= ∑ xi + ∑ ∑ xi xi
2

i =1 i ≠j
 n  n
∴ ∑ xi  = ∑ xi + ∑ ∑ xi xi
2
2
(cÖgvwYZ)
 i =1  i =1 i ≠ j

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

 wØZxq Aa¨vq
Z_¨ msMÖn, mswÿßKiY I Dc¯’vcb
DATA COLLECTION, SUMMARISATION & PRESENTATION

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G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• Z_¨ I Z‡_¨i cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i Drm¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡ I mxgve×Zv ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK Z_¨ GKB Z_¨ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• gva¨wgK Z‡_¨ msMÖ‡n mZK©Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• †kªwYe×KiY I †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ZvwjKve×KiY I wewfbœ Ask e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb I cÖKvi‡f` ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwii avc eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b †jL I wP‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb wewfbœ c×wZi bvg I eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• KvÛ I cÎ ev kvLv I cÎK mgv‡ek e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• kvLv I cÎK mgv‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡e|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
24 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2.01 Z_¨ I Z‡_¨i cÖKvi‡f`

Data and Types of Data
Z_¨ (Data):
Z_¨ n‡”Q cwimvswL¨K M‡elYvi KvuPvgvj| †h‡Kvb M‡elYvi Kv‡R AbymÜvb †ÿÎ n‡Z †Kvb •ewkó¨
MYbv K‡i ev cwigvc K‡i †h msL¨vZ¥K cwigvc ev KvuPvgvj msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K Z_¨ e‡j| cÖK…Z
c‡ÿ Z_¨ n‡jv Z_¨ we‡k¦i cÖwZwU GK‡Ki cwieZ©bkxj •ewkó¨ m¤úwK©Z msL¨vm~PK aviYv| G‡K
DcvËI ejv nq|
D`vniY:
†Kvb †Rjvi GKi cÖwZ avb Drcv`‡bi nvi wbY©‡qi Rb¨ D³ †Rjvi K…l‡Ki KvQ †_‡K D³ avb
Drcv`‡bi Dci †h msL¨vevPK wnmve ev cwigvc msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K Z_¨ e‡j|
Z‡_¨i cÖKvi‡f` (Classification of Data):
Z_¨‡K g~jZ: `yBwU Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv hvq| ZvB Dr‡mi wfwˇZ Z_¨‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| h_v−
K. cÖv_wgK Z_¨ (Primary Data)
L. gva¨wgK Z_¨ (Secondary Data)
wb‡gœ G‡`i eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jv-
K. cÖv_wgK Z_¨ (Primary Data):
†h Z_¨ †g․wjK AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g ev mivmwi ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K
cÖv_wgK Z_¨ e‡j| Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi ci hw` Zv‡Z †Kvb cwimvswL¨K c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv bv nq Z‡e
Zv‡K cÖv_wgK Z_¨ e‡j|
D`vniY:
1| K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri nj¸‡jv‡Z Ae¯’vbKvix Qv·`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z mivmwi n‡j
emevmiZ Qv·`i wbKU n‡Z Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡j cÖvß
Z_¨‡K cÖv_wgK Z_¨ ejv n‡e|
2| †Kvb M‡elK wi·vPvjK‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z Pvq| GLb hw` M‡elK wb‡R wKsev
Zvi wba©vwiZ e¨w³i gva¨‡g mivmwi wi·vPvjK‡`i wbKU n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Z‡e Giƒc Z_¨
cÖv_wgK Z_¨|
L. gva¨wgK Z_¨ (Secondary Data):
†h Z_¨ c‡ivÿ Drm n‡Z A_©vr c~‡e© cÖKvwkZ ev msM„nxZ Z_¨ n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq A_ev †Kvb
cÖKvkbv n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ ev c‡ivÿ Z_¨ ejv nq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 25

D`vniY:
1| evsjv‡`‡ki Wvqv‡ewUK mwgwZ cÖwZeQi Zv‡`i msM„nxZ cÖv_wgK Z_¨ w`‡q evwl©K cÖKvkbv
cÖKvk K‡i| †Kvb ms¯’v ev e¨w³ hw` GB Z_¨ M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvR‡b D³ cÖKvkbv n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn
K‡i Z‡e Zv n‡e gva¨wgK Z_¨|
2| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vi ey¨‡iv K…wl ïgvixi gva¨‡g K…wl msµvšÍ wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| hw`
†Kvb M‡elK ev ms¯’v wbR cÖ‡qvR‡b D³ Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i Z‡e H M‡elK ev ms¯’vi Kv‡Q Bnv
GKwU gva¨wgK Z_¨|

2.02 cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ

The Methods of Primary Data Collection
cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jv:
(i) mivmwi e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY
(ii) c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb
(iii) MYbvKvixi gva¨‡g AbymÜvb
(iv) ¯’vbxq Drm
(v) WvK gvidZ cÖkœcÎ msMÖn c×wZ
(vi) †Uwj‡dv‡b mvÿvZKvi c×wZ|
wb‡gœ cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
(i) mivmwi e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY: G c×wZ‡Z M‡elK ev AbymÜvbKvix e¨w³MZfv‡e Z_¨
msMÖn K‡ib| AbymÜvbKvix wb‡R Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wM‡q DËi`vZvi mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡i ev
ch©‡eÿY K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| G‡Z K‡i wZwb M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨ eywS‡q w`‡q mwVK
Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
(ii) c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb: †h me RwUj †ÿ‡Î DËi`vZv MYbvKvixi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z Pvb ev
DËi`vZv mwVK DËi w`‡eb bv ev w`‡”Qb bv e‡j g‡b nq, †m me †ÿ‡Î c‡ivÿ
AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| NUbvi mwnZ RwoZ ev Z_¨ m¤^‡Ü mwVKfv‡e
AeMZ Av‡Qb Ggb ev mswkøó e¨w³i Nwbô cwiwPZ †Kvb e¨w³i wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv nq| †Kvb †Kvb DËi`vZv e¨w³MZ `ye©jZv ev †ilv‡iwli `iæY A‡bK mgq fyj
Z_¨ w`‡Z cv‡ib e‡j Zvi Rev‡ei mwVKZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ c‡ivÿ cÖgvb `iKvi nq|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, G c×wZ‡Z AbymÜvbKvix DËi`vZvi wbKU n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn bv K‡i
Zvi Pvicv‡ki cÖZ¨ÿ`k©xi eY©bv †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib Zv‡K c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb e‡j|
(iii) MYbvKvixi gva¨‡g AbymÜvb: G c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_¨i GKwU cÖkœgvjv
wb‡q DËi`vZvi mv‡_ mvÿvr K‡ib Ges wRÁvmvev‡`i gva¨‡g DËi wjwce× K‡ib| e¨vcK
AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î (†hgb-Av`gïgvix) GB c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z
cÖkœcÎ †ek mnR, mvejxj, ev¯Íeg~Lx Ges MYbvKvix cÖwkÿYcÖvß nIqv DwPZ|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
26 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

(iv) ¯’vbxq Drm: GB c×wZ‡Z ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa ev msev``vZvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
we‡kl K‡i AÂjwfwËK Z_¨ †hgb-k‡m¨i Drcv`b, eb¨v cwiw¯’wZ, AwMœ I N~wY©S‡o
ÿqÿwZi weeiY BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î ¯’vbxq Dr‡mi gvid‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(v) WvK gvidZ cÖkœcÎ msMÖn c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z M‡elYvi welqe¯‘i Dci GB my›`i I
mnR cÖkœcÎ •Zwi K‡i WvK‡hv‡M DËi`vZvi wbKU cvVv‡bv nq| DËi`vZv cÖkœcÎwU
c~iY K‡i †diZ cvVvb| G‡Z mgq I LiP Kg nq| mvaviYZ gZvgZ hvPvB RvZxq
AbymÜv‡b G c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
(vi) †Uwj‡dvb mvÿvrKvi c×wZ: A‡bK mgq Riæix wfwˇZ ¯^í cwim‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi
Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb mvÿvrKvi c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| G‡Z mgq I LiP Kg jv‡M| Z‡e
Z_¨ msMÖnKvixi K_vevZ©v gvwR©Z nIqv evÃbxq|

2.03 cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c×wZ¸‡jv myweav I Amyweav

Merits and Demerits of Primary Data Collection.
cÖv_wgK Z_¨ g~j AbymÜvb †ÿÎ A_©vr Z‡_¨i DrcwË ¯’j n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
Rb¨ wKQy c×wZ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv−
K. mivmwi e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY;
L. c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb;
M. MYbvKvixi gva¨‡g AbymÜvb;
N. ¯’vbxq Drm;
O. WvK gvidZ cÖkœcÎ msMÖn c×wZ;
P. †Uwj‡dv‡b mvÿvZKvi c×wZ|
K. mivmwi e¨w³MZ ch©‡eÿY:
myweav: (i) Z_¨ †ek mwVK I wbf©i‡hvM¨ nq;
(ii) e¨w³MZfv‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `iæY AwaK msL¨K DËi `vZvi wbKU n‡Z Z_¨ cvIqv hvq;
(iii) cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZwi³ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq;
(iv) Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv hvq;
(v) †QvU AbymÜvb †ÿ‡Î GwU †ewk Dc‡hvMx|
Amyweav: (i) GwU mgq I e¨q mv‡cÿ;
(ii) e¨vcK AbymÜvb †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv;
(iii) Z_¨ e¨w³MZ cÿcvZ`yó n‡Z cv‡i;
(iv) GwU SzuwKc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 27

L. c‡ivÿ AbymÜvb:
myweav: (i) GwU mnR I my¯úó;
(ii) GB c×wZ‡Z mgq, kªg I A_© wKQyUv Kg jv‡M;
(iii) GB c×wZwU SuywKnxb;
(iv) e„nr Z_¨we‡k¦i †ÿ‡Î GwU Dc‡hvMx;
(v) ¸YevPK Z_¨ msMÖ‡n G c×wZwU AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨|
Amyweav: (i) cÖvß Z_¨ memgq wbf©ikxj bvI n‡Z cv‡i;
(ii) e¨w³ ¯^v‡_© Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix A‡bK mgq fyj Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
(iii) Abychy³ Kg©x G AbymÜvb‡K wed‡j wb‡Z cv‡i|
M. MYbvKvixi gva¨‡g AbymÜvb:
myweav: (i) GB c×wZ‡Z mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq;
(ii) e¨vcK AbymÜv‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ Lye myweavRbK;
(iii) G Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z mgq Kg jv‡M;
(iv) Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖ‡kœi RwUjZv I AbymÜv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges
DËi`vZv‡K eySv‡Z cv‡ib|
Amyweav: (i) GwU AZ¨šÍ e¨qeûj c×wZ;
(ii) MYbvKvix `ÿ bv n‡j fyj Z_¨ msM„nxZ n‡Z cv‡i;
(iii) Rbkw³ A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk jv‡M|
N. ¯’vbxq Drm:
myweav: (i) mgq I A_© †ewk jv‡M bv;
(ii) mve©ÿwYK I ZvrÿwYK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq;
(iii) †Zgb Rbkw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
Amyweav: (i) cwi‡ewkZ Z_¨ cÿcvZ`yó n‡Z cv‡i;
(ii) GB c×wZ‡Z A‡bK mgq Abygv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq e‡j NUbvi
cy‡ivcywi wnmve cvIqv hvq bv|
O. WvK gvidZ cÖkœcÎ msMÖn c×wZ:
myweav: (i) GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb MYbvKvix wb‡qvM Kiv nq bv;
(ii) G‡Z A_© I mgq Kg jv‡M;
(iii) Z_¨ mwVK I wbf©yj nq;
(iv) Z‡_¨i †MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv hvq|
Amyweav: (i) AwkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôx‡Z G c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv;
(ii) A‡b‡K fyj Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
(iii) A‡b‡K cÖkc œ Î Am¤ú~Y©fv‡e cvVvq;
(iv) cwi‡ewkZ Z_¨ cÿcvZ`yó n‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
28 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

P. †Uwj‡dv‡b mvÿvZKvi c×wZ:

myweav: (i) G‡Z mgq I LiP Kg jv‡M;
(ii) Aí mgq I ms‡ÿ‡c Aí Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z GB c×wZ †ewk myweavRbK;
(iii) †QvU AvKv‡ii AbymÜvb‡ÿ‡Î GB c×wZ LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
Amyweav: (i) DËi`vZvi †Uwj‡dvb bv _vK‡j wKsev †m Dcw¯’Z bv _vK‡j G c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv hvq bv;
(ii) G c×wZ‡Z msM„nxZ Z_¨ Lye †QvU I mswÿß nq|

2.04 gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i Drm

Source of Secondary Data
gva¨wgK Z_¨ cÖavbZ: `ywU Drm n‡Z msMÖn Kiv nq| h_v−
K. cÖKvwkZ Drm;
L. AcÖKvwkZ Drm|
K) cÖKvwkZ Drm: cÖwZôv‡bi e¨e¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq †g․wjK `wjj cÎ ev
cÖwZ‡e`b cieZ©x mg‡q gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i Drm wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| gva¨wgK Z_¨ wbæwjwLZ
wZb ai‡Yi cÖKvwkZ cÖwZ‡e`b n‡Z cvIqv hvq|
* Avw_©K cÖwZ‡e`b;
* cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ cÖwZ‡e`b;
* we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`b|
wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`b I gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i Drm wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
(i) AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb: wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZôvb †hgb: RvwZmsN, AvšÍR©vwZK A_©
Znwej (IMF), wek¦ e¨vsK, AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’v (ILO), Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v
(FAO), wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K wi‡cvU© I cÖvwZôvwbK
cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
(ii) miKvix cÖwZôvb: evsjv‡`k †c-Kwgkb, cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgkb, A_© `dZi,
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv, wkÿv, evwYR¨, K…wl, kªg, A_© BZ¨vw` gš¿Yvj‡qi evwl©K wi‡cvU© †_‡K
gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(iii) AvavmiKvix cÖwZôvb: AvavmiKvix Awdm †hgb: †Rjv cwil`, evsjv‡`k wegvb,
wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikb, mvaviY exgv, e¨vsK, Pv †evW©, grm¨ Dbœqb †evW©, RyU wgj&m
K‡c©v‡ikb BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(iv) M‡elYv cÖwZôvb: wewfbœ M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †hgb: we AvB wW Gm (BIDS), AvB Gm
Avi wU (ISRT), we G Avi AvB (BARI), wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgkb BZ¨vw`
cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b †_‡KI gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 29

(v) A_©jwMœ cÖwZôvb: wewfbœ A_©jwMœ cÖwZôvb †hgb e¨vsK, exgv, óK GK‡PÄ, †P¤^vi Ae
Kgvm© GÛ BÛvwóªR, wewfbœ e¨emvwqK mwgwZ cÖf„wZ cÖwZôv‡bi Rvb©vj †_‡K mswkøó
wel‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(vi) wewfbœ cÎ cwÎKv: cÎ cwÎKvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖKvi Z_¨ †hgb PvKwii Pvwn`v,
•e‡`wkK gy`vª wewbgq nvi, †kqvi evRvi Z_¨, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw` cÖKvwkZ nq hv †_‡K
gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
(L) AcÖKvwkZ Drm:
cÖwZwU Awdm ev cÖwZôvb Zv‡`i ‣`bw›`b Kv‡R wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn I msiÿY K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘
G‡`i me Z_¨B cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i bv| †m¸wj‡K AcÖKvwkZ Z_¨ wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
A‡bK e¨emvqx cÖwZôv‡biB •`bw›`b Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve ivLv nq A_P Zv cÖKvk Kiv nq bv|
A‡b‡Ki e¨w³MZ M‡elYv, cwÐZ e¨w³‡`i iPbv I msMªn BZ¨vw` A‡bK Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq bv|
Gme Z_¨‡K AcÖKvwkZ Z_¨ ejv nq Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Gme Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq|
2.05 gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡ I mxgve×Zv
The Importance and Limitations of Secondary Data.
gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i ¸iæZ¡: wKQy wKQy mxgve×Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I cwimvswL¨K M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| KviY G Z_¨ A‡bK myk„•Lj I myweb¨¯Í AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq| cÖv_wgK Z_¨‡K
msNe×KiY, †kªYxKiY I m¤úv`bvi gva¨‡g wbfy©j AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq Ges †mB msiwÿZ Z_¨
†_‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq e‡j G Z_¨ †ek wbf©i‡hvM¨ nq| AwaKvsk gva¨wgK Z_¨ Ggb †h
G‡Z B‡Zvc~‡e© †Kvb bv †Kvb cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K d‡j G Z_¨ †ek wbf©i‡hvM¨
I MÖnY‡hvM¨ nq| gva¨wgK Z_¨ m¤úv`bv I we‡køl‡Y A‡bK myweav|
gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i mxgve×Zv:
gva¨wgK Z_¨ A‡bKUv mn‡R msMÖn Kiv ‡M‡jI Gi wKQy wKQy mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| †hgb:
(i) mv`„k¨Zv: A‡bK mgq wfbœ wfbœ Drm †_‡K cªvß GKB Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ †ek Miwgj cvIqv hvq|
(ii) wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi Afve: †ÿÎwe‡k‡l A‡bK cÖwZôvb `vqmviv †Mv‡Qi Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i
_v‡K| Gme Z‡_¨i wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv A‡bK Kg|
(iii) ch©vßZvi Afve: A‡bK mgq gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡n B”QyK e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mwVK
Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq bv| KviY Dfq cÖKvi Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡`i
D‡Ï‡k¨i g‡a¨ wgj _vK‡jI †Kvb †Kvb As‡k Awgj _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
(iv) cÿcvZ`yó: G Z_¨ A‡bK mgq cÿcvZ`yó n‡Z cv‡i|
(v) c×wZ: A‡bK mgq Dchy³ c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq bv |
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
30 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2.06 cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK Z_¨ GKB Z_¨

Primary and Secondary Data are Basically Same
†Kvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ mivmwi Z‡_¨i Drcw˯’j †_‡K †h Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖv_wgK Z_¨ ejv
nq| M‡elK ev M‡elYvKvix cÖwZôvb G Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i cÖvß djvd‡ji Dci wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib|
AZ:ci GB we‡køwlZ Z_¨ dvBje›`x K‡i iv‡Lb ev cy¯ÍK ev cÖKvkbv AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡ib| Avevi
KLbI Z_¨ g~j Ae¯’vq †i‡L †`qv nq| Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb wbR¯^ M‡elYvi Kv‡R H Z_¨
e¨envi Ki‡j †m Z_¨‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ ejv nq| ZvB cÖv_wgK Z_¨ I gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i g‡a¨
•ewkó¨MZ †Kvb cv_©K¨ bvB| †Kej G‡`i e¨enviMZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
†hgb: aiv hvK f~wg Ki Av`vqKvix Znkxj Awdm f~wg ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ Rwgi cwigvY I gvwjK
m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ †iKW© K‡i‡Qb| G Z_¨ cÖv_wgK Z_¨| cuvP GK‡Ki AwaK Rwgi gvwjK‡`i kZKiv
nvi KZ Zv f~wg gš¿Yvjq Rvb‡Z Pvq| G j‡ÿ¨ hw` f~wg gš¿Yvjq Znwkj Awdm n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn
K‡ib, Z‡e †m Z_¨ n‡e f~wg gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Q gva¨wgK Z_¨| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, gva¨wgK Z_¨
I cÖv_wgK Z_¨ Kvh©Z GKB Z_¨|

2.07 Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡

Necessity and Importance of Collecting Data
Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I ¸iæZ¡:
†h‡Kvb wel‡q M‡elYvi c~e©kZ© n‡jv Z_¨| ZvB Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| cwimvswL¨K
M‡elYvi Kv‡R cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ_g Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc n‡”Q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| ZvB †h
†Kvb cwimsL¨vwbK AbymÜv‡b wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix‡K AbymÜvb wel‡qi Dci Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i AbymÜv‡bi wel‡qi Dci e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| msM„nxZ
Z‡_¨i wbf©yjZv I DrKl©Zvi DciB wm×v‡šÍi mwVKZv wbf©i K‡i|
AZGe cwimsL¨vb bxwZ AbymiY K‡iB Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv DwPZ| mwVK djvdj I g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
mgmvgwqK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv DwPZ|
2.08 gva¨wgK Z‡_¨ msMÖ‡n mZK©Zv
Precautions of Secondary Data
†Kvb ms¯’v ev cÖwZôv‡bi msM„nxZ Z_¨ n‡Z †h Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv nq, Zv‡K gva¨wgK Z_¨ e‡j|
gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i A‡bK myweav _vKv m‡Ë¡I Gi wKQz mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| GB Z_¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z wbgœiƒc
welq¸‡jvi Dci mRvM `„wó ivLv DwPZ|
(i) AbymÜv‡bi D‡Ïk¨: D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
AbymÜvbKvix‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖnKvixi D‡Ïk¨ I Zvi D‡Ïk¨ GKB wKbv|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 31

(ii) AbymÜvb †ÿÎ: gva¨wgK Z_¨ e¨enviKvixi AbymÜvb †ÿÎ Ges cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖnKvixi
AbymÜvb †ÿÎ GK n‡j ïaygvÎ H Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
(iii) Z‡_¨I Kvh©KvwiZv: cÖv_wgK Z_¨ I gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ mg‡qi e¨eavb Lye †ewk n‡j
Z_¨gv‡b e¨vcK cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G ai‡Yi cÖv_wgK Z_¨ n‡Z gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn
Kiv DwPZ bq|
(iv) Z‡_¨i GKK: cÖv_wgK Z_¨ †h GK‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i †mB GKK e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzev Z‡_¨i e¨envi wVK n‡e bv|
(v) Z‡_¨i wek¦¯ÍZv: gva¨wgK Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi c~‡e© Z‡_¨i wek¦¯ÍZv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e †h, Z_¨
mwVK c×wZ‡Z, Dchy³, `ÿ I cÖwkÿYcÖvß Kg©x Øviv msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv| Zv bv Rvb‡j
gva¨wgK Z_¨ e¨env‡i wm×všÍ fyj n‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z ¯úó eySv hvq †h, gva¨wgK Z_¨ wbwe©Pv‡i e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq| gva¨wgK
Z_¨ e¨env‡ii c~‡e© D‡jøwLZ welq¸‡jvi Dci mZK© `„wó ivLv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|

2.09 Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb I Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Dcvq¸‡jv

Presentation of Data and Different Methods of Presentation of Data

Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb:
†Kvb AbymÜv‡b msM„nxZ A‡kvwaZ Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡bi gva¨‡g mswÿß, AvKl©Yxq, mnR‡eva¨ I
we‡køl‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i cÖKvk Kiv‡K Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb e‡j|
cÖavbZ: `ywU Dcv‡q Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq †hgb:
K. cwimsL¨vwbK mviYx;
L. cwimsL¨vwbK †jL|

K) cwimsL¨vwbK mviYx:
†Kvb wbw`©ó •ewk‡ó¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z mgRvZxq GKK¸wj‡K GKwU †kªYx‡Z wj‡L Ges Gfv‡e cy‡iv Z_¨‡K
KZK¸wj †kªYx‡Z mvwR‡q wj‡L †h mviYx cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwimsL¨vwbK mviYx e‡j| wZb ai‡bi
mviYxi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hgb:
i. †kªYxe×KiY;
ii. ZvwjKve×KiY;
iii. MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
32 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

L) cwimsL¨vwbK †jL:
cwimsL¨vwbK DcvˇK ¯’vb, Kvj, cwigvY BZ¨vw` •ewk‡ó¨ Abymvv‡i wewfbœ ai‡Yi wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| GB me wPθwj‡K cwimsL¨vwbK †jL e‡j| cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vc‡bi
Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ †jL¸wj e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
i) AvqZ‡jL ii) MYmsL¨v eûfyR
iii) MYmsL¨v †iLv iv) AwRf †iLv|

2.10 †kªwYe×KiY I †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

Difine Classification and Types of Classification
†kªYxeÜKiY: †h c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb AbymÜv‡bi Z_¨mg~n ‣ewkó¨ Abyhvqx KZK¸‡jv †kªYx ev `‡j
mvRv‡bv nq Zv‡K †kªYxe×KiY e‡j|
D`vniY: GKRb Qv·K [Link] cixÿvq cÖvß b¤^i Abyhvqx cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq A_ev AK…ZKvh©
wnmv‡e †kªYxe×KiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†kªYxe×KiY Pvi cÖKvi| †hgb:
K. †f․MwjK †kªwYe×KiY
L. mgqwfwËK †kªwYe×KiY
M. ¸YevPK †kªwYe×KiY
N. cwigvYevPK †kªwYe×KiY|
K. †fŠMwjK †kªYxe×KiY: hw` †Kvb Z_¨mvwii, GKK¸‡jv‡K †f․MwjK Ae¯’vb ev GjvKvwfwËK
cv_©K¨ Abymv‡i †kªYxe×KiY Kiv nq Z‡e †mB †kªYxe×KiY‡K †f․MwjK †kªYxe×KiY e‡j| GB
c×wZ‡Z Z_¨mvwi‡K wefvM, †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb, MÖvg BZ¨vw` GK‡K wef³ K‡i †kªYxe×KiY
Kiv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki wefvMwfwËK RbmsL¨vi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
wefv‡Mi bvg RbmsL¨v (nvRv‡i)
XvKv 33940
ivRkvnx 27500
Lyjbv 13243
PUªMÖvg 21869
ewikvj 7757
wm‡jU 7147
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 33

(L) mgqwfwËK †kªYxe×KiY:

mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kvb NUbv ev wel‡q KZUzKz cwieZ©b nq Zvi wfwˇZ Z_¨gvjv‡K
†kªYxe×KiY Kivi c×wZ‡K mgqwfwËK †kªYxe×KiY e‡j| mg‡qi wewfbœ cwim‡i †hgb: †m‡KÛ,
wgwbU, N›Uv, gvm BZ¨vw` cwim‡i Pj‡Ki cwigvc cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ †m‡KÛ, wgwbU, N›Uv, gvm, w`b I
ermi BZ¨vw` mgqKvj Abymv‡i †kªYxe×KiY Kiv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ 1992 mb n‡Z 1996 mb ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k avb Pv‡l e¨eüZ Rwgi cwigvY (GK‡i)
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
mb avb Pv‡l e¨eüZ Rwg (GKi)
1992 7978
1993 8038
1994 8126
1995 8472
1996 8788

(M) ¸YevPK †kªYxe×KiY:

mvaviYZ ¸YevPK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î GB ai‡bi †kªYxKiY Kiv nq| †Kvb Z_¨ mvwii GKK¸‡jv‡K
¸YevPK •ewkó¨ †hgb-wkÿv, ag©, Kg©, •eevwnK Ae¯’v BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ †kªYxe×KiY‡K ¸YevPK
†kªYxe×KiY ejv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ K¨vgweªqvb K‡j‡Ri GKwU †kªYxK‡ÿi cwimsL¨vb wefv‡Mi 30Rb wkÿv_©xi a‡g©i
†kªYxweb¨vm †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
ag© wkÿv_©xi msL¨v
Bmjvg 25
wn›`y 3
wLªóvb 2
†e․× 1
†gvU 30

(N) cwigvYevPK †kªYxe×KiY: †Kvb wbw`©ó •ewk‡ó¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z Z_¨mvwii GKK¸‡jv‡K msL¨vq cÖKvk
Ki‡j GKK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| GB ai‡Yi cv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ Z_¨gvjv‡K
†kªYxe×KiY Kiv‡K cwigvYevPK †kªYxe×KiY e‡j| Avq e¨q, Avg`vwb-ißvbx, •`N©¨, IRb, D”PZv
BZ¨vw` •ewk‡ó¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z Z_¨mvwii GKK¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cwigvYevPK cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
34 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY: wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki eqmwfwËK RbmsL¨vi kZKiv nvi †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

eqm MÖæc RbmsL¨v (kZKiv nvi)
10 Gi Kg 27
10-20 22
20-30 17
30-40 14
40-50 9
50-60 6
60 Gi D‡a© 5

2.11 ZvwjKve×KiY I Zvi wewfbœ Ask

Tabulation And Different Parts Of Table.
ZvwjKve×KiY: msM„nxZ Z_¨vejx‡K wewfbœ •ewkó¨ Abyhvqx wbqgµ‡g mvwi I Kjv‡g mvwR‡q
Dc¯’vcb Kivi cÖYvjx‡K mviYxe×KiY ev ZvwjKve×KiY e‡j|
GKwU ZvwjKvq wbgœwjwLZ Ask¸wj _vKv Avek¨K:
1. ZvwjKv b¤^i 2. wk‡ivbvg 3. mvwi wk‡ivbvg 4. mvwi eY©bv
5. Kjvg wk‡ivbvg 6. ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘y 7. cv`UxKv 8. Drm UxKv
wb‡P GKwU mviwYi bgybv †`Iqv n‡jv:
1| ZvwjKv b¤^i
2| wk‡ivbvg
3| mvwi wk‡ivbvg 5| Kjvg wk‡ivbvg
4| mvwi eY©bv 6| ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘
7| cv`UxKv ----------------------------------------
8| Drm UxKv ---------------------------------------
wb‡P Ask¸wji weeiY †`Iqv n‡jv:
1) ZvwjKv b¤^i: cÖ‡Z¨KwU ZvwjKvi GKwU b¤^i _vKv Avek¨K| hw` †Kvb ZvwjKvq GKvwaK
mvwi ev Kjvg _v‡K ZLb cÖwZwU mvwi ev Kjv‡gi c„_K b¤^i _vKv DwPZ †hb Zzjbv I
we‡køl‡Yi Kv‡R myweav nq Ges mn‡R ZË¡ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq|
2) wk‡ivbvg: cÖwZwU ZvwjKv ev mviYxi GKwU my¯úó I h‡_vwPZ wk‡ivbvg _vKv DwPZ †hb
wk‡ivbvg †`‡LB ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘ m¤^‡Ü wKQyUv AeMZ nIqv hvq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 35

3) mvwi wk‡ivbvg: ZvwjKvq cÖwZwU mvwii GKwU wbw`©ó wk‡ivbvg _vKv Avek¨K| Bnv‡Z mvwii
AšÍf©y³ welqe¯‘i mswÿß weeiY w`‡q _v‡K| mvwi wk‡ivbvg ZvwjKvi evgcv‡k¦©i cÖ_g
Kjv‡g †jLv nq|
4) mvwi eY©bv: Z_¨mvwii wewfbœ As‡k weivRgvb Z‡_¨i ¸iæ‡Z¡i wfwˇZ †h KqwU As‡k ev
†kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K mvwi eY©bv e‡j| G AskwU mviYxi G‡Kev‡i evgw`‡K Ges
wk‡ivbv‡gi wb‡Pi w`‡K _v‡K|
5) Kjvg wk‡ivbvg: ZvwjKvi wewfbœ Kjv‡gi Aš‘fy©³ Z_¨vejxi welqe¯‘i cwiwPwZ I eY©bv
†`qvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU Kjv‡gi GKwU mwVK wk‡ivbvg _vKv Avek¨K| †Kvb Kjv‡g †Kvb ai‡bi
Z_¨ Av‡Q Zv †mB Kjv‡gi wk‡ivbvg †`‡LB eySv hv‡e| ZvwjKvq Dc-Kjvg e¨envi Kiv
n‡j ZviI wk‡ivbvg w`‡Z n‡e|
6) ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘: msM„nxZ Z_¨ejx‡K ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘ As‡k wjwce× Kiv nq| Z_¨‡K
mwVK hyw³ mnKv‡i my›`i I my¯úófv‡e GB As‡k Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
7) cv`UxKv: ZvwjKvi welqe¯‘ ev Z‡_¨i †Kvb As‡ki my¯úó e¨vL¨v †`evi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j
ZvwjKvi wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c we‡kl `ªóe¨ ev Footnote AvKv‡i †jLv nq|
8) Drm UxKv: G As‡k Z‡_¨i Drm m¤^‡Ü AewnZ Kiv nq| Bnv Lye cÖ‡qvRbxh Ask| Bnv
cvVK-cvwVKv‡`i g~j Z_¨ AbymÜv‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
2.12 MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb I Zvi cÖKvi‡f`
Frequencey Distribution and Types of Freequency Distribution.
DËi: MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb: †Kvb Z_¨ mvwi‡K KZ¸wj ÿz`ª ÿz`ª As‡k wef³ K‡i Ask¸wj‡K Z_¨
mg~‡ni Ae¯’vb wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_g U¨vwj wPý I c‡i MYmsL¨vi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb K‡i †h
mviYx cvIqv hvq Zv‡K MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb e‡j| GKwU cÖv_wgK MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡b †kªYxe¨vwß,
U¨vwj I MYmsL¨v wk‡ivbv‡g wZbwU Kjvg _v‡K| Z‡e GKwU c~Y©v½ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb
†kªYxe¨vwß, †kªYx ga¨we›`y, U¨vjx, MYmsL¨v I †hvwRZ MYmsL¨v wk‡ivbv‡g cvuPwU Kjvg _v‡K|
MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v-
i) wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb (Discrete Frequency Distribution)
ii) Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb (Continuous Frequency Distribution)
i. wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb: †Kvb Z_¨ mvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU msL¨v I Zvi MYmsL¨v cvkvcvwk
mvwR‡q wj‡L †h mviYx cvIqv hvq Zv‡K wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb e‡j| †Kej wew”Qbœ
PjK‡K wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi mvnvh¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z_¨ mvwi‡Z Z‡_¨i
msL¨v Kg n‡j weiZ wb‡ekb †ek Dc‡hvMx|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
36 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

wb‡P GKwU wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi D`vniY †`Iqv nj:

msL¨v MYmsL¨v
3 15
4 23
6 36
7 25
ii. Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb:
†Kvb Z_¨mvwii cwimi‡K KZK¸wj wfbœ wfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i Ges Zvi MYmsL¨v cvkvcvwk
mvwR‡q wj‡L †h mviYx cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb e‡j| wew”Qbœ I Awew”Qbœ
Dfq ai‡bi PjK‡KB Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi mvnvh¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡P GKwU Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi D`vniY †`Iqv nj:
†kªwYmxgv MYmsL¨v
20-30 5
30-40 13
40-50 26
50-60 15

2.13 MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxZv

Importance and Necessity of Frequency Distribution
cwimsL¨vb kv‡¯¿ wewfbœ ai‡Yi ZË¡xq we‡køl‡Y Ges e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î †h mKj Kv‡R MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Zv wb‡gœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
i) Z_¨‡K mswÿß, mnR‡eva¨ I weÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q Dc¯’vcb K‡i MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb|
ii) Z_¨‡K †j‡L Dc¯’v cb Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B Z_¨‡K MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡b Dc¯’ v cb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
iii) MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb AvKv‡i Dc¯’vwcZ Z_¨ n‡Z wewfbœ cwimvswL¨K cwigvc| †hgb-†K›`ªxq
gvb, we¯Ívi, cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv, m~uPvjZv BZ¨vw` wbY©q Kiv mnR|
iv) wewfbœ m¤¢vebv web¨vm‡K MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡Yi gva¨‡gB Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
v) MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi gva¨‡g AswKZ MYmsL¨v †iLvi mvnvh¨ Z‡_¨i AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
aviYv cvIqv hvq|
vi) MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb Z‡_¨i AšÍwbwn©Z †SuvK ev cÖeYZv eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 37

2.14 MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwii avc

Construction of Frequency Distribution

wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡elY •Zwii avc:

Z‡_¨i µgweb¨vm: msM„nxZ Z_¨mg~n‡K gv‡bi wfwˇZ cybive„wË Qvov DaŸ©µg Abymv‡i cÖ_g Kjv‡g
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
U¨vwj wPý: AZtci wØZxq Kjv‡g Z_¨mvwii †h gvbwU hZevi Av‡Q ev N‡U‡Q, †m Z_¨ eivei U¨vwj
wP‡ýi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv nq|
MYmsL¨v: GLb cÖwZwU Z_¨gv‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó U¨vwj wPý MYbv K‡i Z‡_¨i MYmsL¨v wn‡m‡e Z…Zxq
Kjv‡g wbR wbR Z_¨gv‡bi wecix‡Z †jLv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ RvZxq wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b †Kvb K‡j‡Ri 20 Rb wkÿ‡Ki cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨vi
Z_¨ †`qv Av‡Q| GKwU wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v mviYx •Zwi Ki|
7, 4, 8, 5, 4, 6, 2, 8, 7, 3, 10, 6, 11, 8, 6, 5, 2, 3, 5, 4.
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨ me©wbgœ gvb = 2 Ges m‡e©v”P gvb = 11.
GKwU wew”Qbœ MYmsL¨vi wb‡ek‡bi mviYx

Z_¨ U¨vwj MYmsL¨v

2 || 2
3 || 2
4 ||| 3
5 ||| 3
6 ||| 3
7 || 2
8 ||| 3
10 | 1
11 | 1
†gvU 20

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

38 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwii avc:

MYmsL¨v web¨vm •Zixi mywbw`©ó †Kvb wbqg †bB| cwimsL¨vb M‡elKMY Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ mg‡q
wewfbœfv‡e GB MYmsL¨v web¨vm •Zwi K‡i _v‡Kb| MYmsL¨v web¨vm •Zixi mPivPi e¨eüZ avc¸‡jv
wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1) cwimi;
2) †kªYx msL¨v wbY©q;
3) †kªYx e¨vwß wbY©q;
4) wewfbœ †kªYxi mxgv wbY©q;
5) MYmsL¨v I U¨vwj gvK©|
cwimi wbY©q: †Kvb Dcv‡Ëi (Data) m‡e©v”P I me©wbgœ gv‡bi cv_©K¨‡K cwimi e‡j| cwim‡ii mv‡_
†kªYx e¨vwßi AvKvi wbY©q Kiv nq| †Kvb Z_¨ mvwii m‡ev©”Pgvb xH Ges me©wbgœ gvb xL nq Z‡e
cwimi R= xH − xL

†kªYx msL¨v wbY©q:

MYmsL¨v web¨v‡m †h KqwU †kªYx _v‡K Zv‡K †kªYx msL¨v e‡j| Bnv mvaviYZ Z‡_¨i AvKvi I
Dcv‡Ëi cwim‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i| cwimsL¨vbwe`M‡Yi g‡Z †kªYx msL¨v 5wU Kg ev 25wUi †ekx
nIqv DwPZ bq|
Avevi, H. A. Sturges †kªYx msL¨v wbY©‡qi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ myÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
K = 1 + 3.322 log10 N
GLv‡b, N = mgMÖ‡Ki GKK msL¨v
K = †kªYx msL¨v
Log10 = 10 wfwËK jMvwi`g |

†kªYx e¨vwß wbY©q:

†kªYx e¨vwß ej‡Z †Kvb †kªYxi AšÍf©y³ me©wbgœ gvb I m‡ev©”P gv‡bi cv_©K¨‡K eySvq| †kªYxi D”P mxgv
n‡Z wbgœmxgv gv‡bi g‡a¨ W¨vm wPý w`‡q GKwU †kªYx cÖKvk Kiv nq| †kªYx e¨vwß hZ`~i m¤¢e mgvb
ivLv DwPZ| hw` †Kvb Z_¨ mvwii cwimi R nq Ges Zv‡K K msL¨K †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv nq, Z‡e
†kªYx e¨vwß C.I n‡e|
R cwimi
C.I = =
K †kªYxi msL¨v

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 39

wewfbœ †kªYxi mxgv wbY©q:

†kªYxmxgv Ggbfv‡e wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hb †kªYx¸‡jv cvi¯úwiKfv‡e GKwU n‡Z Ab¨wU wfbœ nq|
†kªYxmxgv wbY©q Kivi mgq †kªYx ga¨gvb Gi e¨vcviwU g‡b ivLv evÃbxq| MYmsL¨v web¨vm cÖ¯‘Z
Kivi mgq †kªYxmxgv wba©vi‡Y mvaviYZ `ywU c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq| h_v:
K) ewnfy©³ c×wZ ;
L) AšÍfy©³ c×wZ|
K) ewnf©y³ c×wZ: GB cØwZ‡Z †Kvb †kªYxi Da©Ÿmxgv cieZ©x †kªYxi wbgœmxgv wnmv‡e wba©viY Kiv nq|
G‡Z cÖ_g †kªYxi DaŸ©mxgv‡K H †kªYxi ewnfy©³ a‡i cieZ©x †kªYxi AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq|
†hgb:
wbgœmxgv D”Pmxgv
20 30

30 40

40 50

50 60

GLv‡b 30 wØZxq †kªYxi AšÍf©y³ Ges 40 Z…Zxq †kªYxi AšÍf©y³|

L) Aš‘f©y³ c×wZ: G cØwZ‡Z †Kvb †kªYxi D”Pmxgv wb‡`©kK msL¨vwU‡K H †kªYxfy³ Kiv nq
Ges D³ D”P mxgvi cieZ©x msL¨v †kªYxi wbgœmxgv wb‡`©k K‡i|
D`vniY:
wbgœmxgv D”Pmxgv
20 29
30 39
40 49
GLv‡b 20 Ges 29 msL¨v `yBwU cÖ_g †kªYxi 30 Ges 39 msL¨v `yBwU wØZxq †kªYx‡Z c‡o‡Q|
5) MYmsL¨v I U¨vjxgvK©:
Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb †h †kªYxi Aš‘©fy³ †m †kªYx eivei cieZ©x Kjv‡g H gv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
U¨vwj (I) wPý †`Iqv nq| †Kvb †kªYxi wecix‡Z PviwU U¨vwj (I I I I) wP‡ýi ci cÂg U¨vwj wPýwU
(I I I I) w`‡Z nq| Zvici cÖwZwU †kªYxi mv‡_ mswkøó U¨vwj wPý MYbv K‡i †kªYx MYmsL¨v wnmv‡e
cieZx© Kjv‡g wbR wbR †kªYxi wecix‡Z †jLv nq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
40 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2.15 cÖ‡qvRbxq msÁv

Some Necessary Definitions

†kªYx e¨vwß: †Kvb †kª Y xi D”Pmxgv I wbgœ m xgvi e¨eavb ev cv_© K ¨ nj H †kª Y xi †kª Y x
e¨eavb| A_© v r †kª Y x e¨eavb = †kª Y xi D”Pmxgv-†kª Y xi wbgœ m xgv| 24−26 †kª Y xi
†kª Y x e¨eavb = 26 − 24 = 2|
†kªYx ga¨we›`y: †Kvb †kªYxi wbgœmxgv I D”Pmxgvi `yBwUi †hvMdj‡K 2 Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq
Zv‡K H †kªYxi ga¨we›`y e‡j| wb‡Pi Q‡K †kªYx e¨vwß I †kªYx ga¨we›`y †`Lv‡bv nj:
†kªYx mxgv †kªYx ga¨we›`y
20 − 30 (20+30)/2=25
30 − 40 (30+40)/2=35
40 − 50 (40+50)/2=45
†kªYx e¨eavb: †Kvb †kªYxi •`N©¨ A_©vr `yB mxgvi we¯Ívi‡K †kªYx e¨eavb e‡j| Z‡e ci ci `yBwU †kªYxi
wbgœmxgvi cv_©K¨‡K †kªYx e¨eavb wnmv‡e aiv nq|
wb‡gœ wb‡ekb `ywU jÿ¨ Kiv hvq:
wb‡ekb ÒKÓ wb‡ekb ÒLÓ
†kªYx MYmsL¨v †kªYx MYmsL¨v
20-29 5 20-30 5
30-39 7 30-40 7
40-49 10 40-50 10
†kªYx mxgv: cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYxi mxgv wba©viYx †QvU I eo gvb `yÕwU‡K H †kªYxi mxgv e‡j| †kªYxi mxgv
wba©viYx †QvU msL¨vwU‡K †kªYx wbgœmxgv Ges eo msL¨vwU‡K †kªbxi D”Pmxgv e‡j| †hgb: 20-30
†kªYxi wbgœmxgv 20 Ges D”P mxgv 30|
†kªYxi mxgvbv: AšÍ©fy³ †kªYx e¨vw߇Z GKwU †kªYxi wbgœmxgv Ges Zvic‡ii †kªYxi D”Pmxgv `ywU
µwgK msL¨v _v‡K| wbgœmxgv I D”Pmxgv `ywU hw` c~Y© msL¨v nq Z‡e wbgœmxgv †_‡K 0.5 we‡qvM I
D”Pmxgvi mv‡_ 0.5 †hvM Ki‡j ewnf©y³ †kªYx e¨vwß cvIqv hvq| Gfv‡e †kªYxi mxgv wba©viYx †h `ywU
bZzb msL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡`i‡K †kªYx mxgvbv e‡j| †kªYxmxgv `ywU c~Y © msL¨v bv n‡j 0.05 ev 0.005
†hvM ev we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡P D`vniY †`qv nj:
†kªYx mxgv †kªYx mxgvbv
20-29 19.5-29.5
30-39 29.5-39.5
40-49 39.5-49.5
--------- --------
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 41

MYmsL¨v: †Kvb †kªYx‡Z †h KqwU msL¨v _v‡K Zv‡K H †kªYxi MYmsL¨v ev NUbmsL¨v e‡j| †hgb
Dc‡iv³ ÔKÕ wb‡ek‡b 20-29 †kªYxi MYmsL¨v 5|
†hvwRZ MYmsL¨v: †Kvb msL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †kªYx MYmsL¨v mg~‡ni ch©vqµwgK †hvMdj‡K †hvwRZ
MYmsL¨v e‡j| MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †Kvb wbw`©ó †kªYxi MYmsL¨vi mv‡_ Dnvi c~e©eZ©x
mKj †kªYxi MYmsL¨v †hvMdj‡K H †kªYxi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v cvIqv hvq| wb‡gœ
mviwYi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
†kªYx MYmsL¨v DaŸ©gyLx µg‡hvwRZ wbgœgyLx µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
MYmsL¨v
10−20 7 7 10 + 8 + 7 = 25
20−30 8 7 + 8 = 15 10 + 8 = 18
30−40 10 7 + 8 + 10 = 25 10

MYmsL¨v NbZ¡: †Kvb †kªYx MYmsL¨v‡K H †kªYxi †kªYx e¨eavb Øviv fvM K‡i †h ivwk cvIqv hvq
†kªwYi MYmsL¨v
Zv‡K H †kªYxi MYmsL¨v NbZ¡ e‡j| A_©vr MYmsL¨v NbZ¡ = †kªwY e¨eavb
D`vniY:
†kªwYmxgv MYmsL¨v †kªwY e¨eavb MYmsL¨v NbZ¡
20−30 12 10 12/10
30−45 25 15 25/15
45−65 20 20 20/20
Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v:
†Kvb GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †h †Kvb †kªwY‡Z weivRgvb MYmsL¨v †gvU MYmsL¨vi hZ Ask Zv‡K
H †kªwYi Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v e‡j|
GKwU wbw`©ó †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
Av‡cwÿK MYmsL¨v = †gvU MYmsL¨v
kZKiv MYmsL¨v:
†Kvb GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †h †Kvb †kªwYi MYmsL¨v‡K †gvU MYmsL¨vi mv‡c‡ÿ kZKivq cÖKvk
Kiv n‡j Zv‡K kZKiv MYmsL¨v e‡j|
H wbw`©ó †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
kZKiv MYmsL¨v = †gvU MYmsL¨v × 100
Amg †kªwYmxgv: †Kvb Z_¨ web¨v‡mi ZvwjKvwfwËK Dc¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î me †kªwYi mxgv hw` mgvb bv
nq, Z‡e †mB †kªwY e¨vw߇K Amg †kªwYmxgv e‡j|
†hgb: 15 − 20, 20 − 20, 40 − 100, 100 − 200 BZ¨vw` Amg †kªwY mxgvi D`vniY|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
42 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

†Lvjv †kªwYmxgv: hw` †Kvb †kªwYi D”Pmxgv ev wbgœmxgvi †Kvb GKwU ev DfqwU my¯úófv‡e wb‡`©wkZ
bv _v‡K Z‡e cÖvšÍ †Lvjv †kªwY e¨vwß e‡j| †kªwYK…Z MYmsL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖvšÍ †Lvjv †kªwY _vK‡j Zv
mvaviYZ me©cÖ_g ev me©‡kl bv Dfq †kªwY‡Z n‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY: †Kvb GjvKvi 500 Rb †jv‡Ki •`wbK Av‡qi MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †`qv nj:
•`wbK Avq (UvKvq) †jvKmsL¨v
100 Gi Kg 50
100 − 150 100
150 − 200 200
200 − 250 100
250 Gi †ewk 50
†gvU 500
cÖK…Z †kªwYmxgv (Class Boundary):
mvaviYZ wew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb AšÍfy©³ c×wZ‡Z †kªwYKiY K‡i •Zwi Kiv nq| ev¯Í‡e
Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki Z_¨‡KI AšÍfy©³ c×wZ‡Z †kªYxKiY K‡i MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwi Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î
†kªwY¸‡jv c„_K c„_K ev ci¯úi eR©bkxj _v‡K| hvi d‡j †Kvb †kªwYi D”Pmxgv I Zvi cieZ©x
†kªwYi wbgœmxgv mgvb nq bv| A_©vr GKwU †kªwYi D”Pmxgvi mv‡_ Zvi cieZ©x †kªwYi wbgœmxgvi GKwU
wbw`©ó cwigvY e¨eavb _v‡K| GB e¨eav‡bi A‡a©K cÖ‡Z¨K †kªwYi wbgœmxgv n‡Z we‡qvM Ges D”P
mxgvi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i cÖK…Z †kªwYi wbgœmxgv I D”Pmxgv cvIqv hvq|
A_©vr †h †Kvb GKwU †kªwYi,
1
cÖK…Z wbgœmxgv = D³ †kªYxi wbgœmxgv − d
2
1
cÖK…Z D”Pmxgv = D³ †kªwYi D”Pmxgv + d
2
GLv‡b, d = †Kvb †kªwYi D”P mxgv I Zvi cieZ©x †kªwYi wbgœmxgvi cv_©K¨|
D`vniY: wb‡gœi mviYx‡Z †kªwYmxgv¸‡jvi cÖK…Z †kªwYmxgv wbY©q K‡i †`Lv‡bv nj:
†kªwYmxgv cÖK…Z †kªwYmxgv
10 − 19 9.5 − 19.5
20 − 29 19.5 − 29.5
30 − 39 29.5−39.5
40 − 49 39.5 − 49.5
50 − 59 49.5 − 59.5
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 43

2.16 Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b †jL I wP‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Importance and necessity of Graphical and Diagramatical Presentation of Data.

Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b †jL I wP‡Îi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv:

i) †jL I wPÎ g‡b `vM Kv‡U I ¯^í wkwÿZ †jvK‡K avibv †`Iqv hvq|
ii) e¨emvqx I cÖkvmKM‡Yi wbKU †jL I wPÎ LyeB RbwcÖq c×wZ| AvRKvj wewfbœ cÖ`©kbx
I cÖKvkbvq Gi cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
iii) †jL I wPÎ RwUj Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
iv) †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i wewfbœ •ewkó¨ †hgb-ga¨gv, cÖPziK, PZy_©K cÖf„wZ wbY©q
Kiv hvq|
v) A‡bK mgq †jL I wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© Zzjbv Kiv hvq|
vi) †jL I wP‡Îi g‡a¨ Aí mg‡q Z_¨ m¤^‡Ü fvj aviYv Kiv hvq| d‡j mgq I A‡_©i
AcPq Kg nq|
vii) †jL I wPÎ msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i fyj ÎæwU D`NvU‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
viii) †jL I wPÎ n‡Z wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv mnR nq|

2.17 †j‡Li gva¨‡g Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi wewfbœ c×wZi bvg I eY©bv

Description of Different Methods of Graphical Presentation.
DËi: cwimsL¨v‡b Z‡_¨i cÖK…wZ I D‡Ï‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b mvaviYZ wbgœwjwLZ
†jL¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K:
K. AvqZ‡jL L. MYmsL¨v eûfyR M. MYmsL¨v †iLv N. AwRf †iLv|
K. wb‡gœ AvqZ‡j‡Li eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jv:
AvqZ‡jL: †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU †kªYxi MYmsL¨v‡K †h †j‡Li gva¨‡g GK GKwU Dj¤^
AvqZ‡ÿÎ Øviv cÖ`k©b Kiv nq Zv‡K AvqZ‡jL e‡j| GB c×wZ‡Z MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †kªYxK…Z Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| G‡Z Avbyf~wgK Aÿ (x Aÿ) eivei †kªYxe¨vwß (Class interval) Ges Dj¤^ Aÿ
(y Aÿ) eivei Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK MYmsL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡i cvkvcvwk †h AvqZ‡ÿÎ ¸‡jvi †mU cvIqv
hvq Zv‡`i AvqZ‡jL e‡j| †kªYx¸‡jv ci¯úi Awew”Qbœ _vKvi Kvi‡Y AvqZ‡ÿÎ ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb
dvuK _v‡K bv| ZvB ewnfy©³ c×wZi MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K mivmwi †j‡Li gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq
wKš‘ AšÍfy©³ c×wZi MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g cÖK…Z †kªYxmxgv wbY©q K‡i AvqZ‡jL AsKb
Kiv nq| †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †kªYx e¨eavb mgvb n‡j cÖwZwU AvqZ‡ÿ‡Îi D”PZv mswkøó †kªYxi
MYmsL¨vi mgvbycvwZK nq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
44 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

e¨envi: K. AvqZ‡j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ Awew”Qbœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

L. AvqZ‡jL n‡Z MYmsL¨v eûfyR, MYmsL¨v †iLv BZ¨vw` AsKb Kiv hvq|
M. AvqZ‡j‡Li gva¨‡g cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœi MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K AvqZ‡j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki -
†kªYx e¨vwß 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
MYmsL¨v 6 18 30 14 12

L) MYmsL¨v eûf~R:
MYmsL¨v eûfyR AsK‡bi †ÿ‡Î GUv a‡i †bqv nq †h cÖwZwU †kªYxi MYmsL¨v †kªYx e¨vwßi
gvSvgvwS Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges †kªYx ga¨we›`y †kªYxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| AvqZ‡j‡Li `и‡jvi
kxl©‡`‡ki ga¨we›`y¸‡jv mij‡iLv Øviv †hvM K‡iI MYmsL¨v eûf~R cvIqv hvq| Aek¨
AvqZ‡j‡Li mvnvh¨ QvovB Avgiv MYmsL¨v eûfyR A¼b Ki‡Z cvwi| GRb¨ †kªYxe¨vwß mn
†kªYx¸‡jv‡K x Aÿ eivei Ges Zv‡`i MYmsL¨v cÖwZwU †kªYxi ga¨we›`yi Dc‡i y Aÿ
eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici GB we›`y¸‡jv †hvM Ki‡j MYmsL¨v eûfyR cvIqv hv‡e|
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ GwU GKwU DrK…ó c×wZ|
e¨envi:
K) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K GKB mv‡_ MYmsL¨v eûfy‡Ri gva¨‡g Zzjbv
Kiv hvq|
L) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi AvKvi I wewfbœ •ewkó¨ m¤^‡Ü aviYv cvIqv hvq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ †Kvb †kªYxi Qv·`i D”PZvi MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †`qv n‡jv:
D”PZv
44−46 47−49 50−52 53−55 56−58 59−61 62−64 65−67
(Bw‡Z)
Qv·`i msL¨v 4 6 18 30 24 15 12 7

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 45

G MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb n‡Z MYmsL¨v eûfyR AsKb Ki|

mgvavb: MYmsL¨v eûfyR AsKb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ZvwjKv:
†kªYx †kªYxi ga¨we›`y MYmsL¨v
44−46 45 4
47−49 48 6
50−52 51 18
53−55 54 30
56−58 57 24
59−61 60 15
62−64 63 12
65-67 66 7

wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K MYmsL¨v eûfy‡Ri gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

M) MYmsL¨v †iLv (Frequency Curve):

MYmsL¨v †iLv nj MYmsL¨v eûfy‡Ri GKwU cwiewZ©Z iƒc| †h gm„b eµ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨
MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K MYmsL¨v †iLv e‡j| MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †kªYxi
ga¨we›`y¸wj‡K x Aÿ eivei Ges Zv‡`i MYmsL¨v cÖwZwU †kªYxi ga¨we›`yi Dci y Aÿ
eivei ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci GB we›`y¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i †h †iLv
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K MYmsL¨v †iLv e‡j|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
46 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

e¨envi:
K) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K Zzjbv Ki‡Z MYmsL¨v †iLv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv
cvjb K‡i|
L) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K
†gvUvgywU aviYv cvIqv hvq|
M) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ MYmsL¨v web¨vm‡K ZvwË¡K m¤¢vebv web¨v‡mi mv‡_ wgjKiY Kiv nq|
D`vniY: wbgœwjwLZ MYmsL¨v mviYx n‡Z GKwU MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwi Ki:

†kªYx 50−70 70−90 90−110 110−130 130−150 150−170

MYmsL¨v 26 35 42 50 38 19
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë MYmsL¨v mviYx wbgœiƒc:
†kªYx †kªYxi ga¨we›`y MYmsL¨v
50−70 60 26
70−90 80 35
90−110 100 42
110−130 120 50
130−150 140 38
150−170 160 19

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 47

N) AwRf †iLv: µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb †h eµ‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K AwRf †iLv
e‡j| AwRf‡iLv AsKb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb n‡Z µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB mKj µg‡hvwRZ Dnv‡`i wbR wbR †kªYx e¨vwßi D”Pmxgvi wecix‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Giƒ‡c cÖvß
we›`ymg~n ch©vqµ‡g GKwU †iLv Øviv gy³n‡¯Í †hvM Kiv nq| GB AswKZ †iLv‡K AwRf †iLv e‡j|
e¨envi:
K) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ ga¨gv, PZz_©K, `kgK I kZgK BZ¨vw` wbY©q Kiv hvq|
L) `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb Zzjbv Ki‡Z AwRf †iLv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|
M) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb‡K AwRf †iLvi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki|
†kªYx e¨vwß 50−60 60−70 70−80 80−90 90−100
MYmsL¨v 6 18 30 14 12
mgvavb: AwRf †iLv wbY©‡qi MYbv ZvwjKv:
†kªYx e¨wß MYmsL¨v µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
50−60 6 6
60−70 18 24
70−80 30 54
80−90 14 68
90−100 12 80
†gvU N=80

†kªYxi D”Pmxgv

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

48 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2.18 wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb wewfbœ c×wZi bvg I eY©bv

Description of Different Methods of Diagrams.
Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi wPÎ wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ n‡q Zv‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ K‡qKwU cÖavb:
K) `ÐwPÎ (Bar Diagram)
L) e„ËvKvi wPÎ (Pie Diagram)
K) `ÐwPÎ (Bar Diagram): mgqwfwËK ev ¯’ v bwfwËK Z_¨‡K `ÐwP‡Îi gva¨‡g
Dc¯’ v cb Kiv hvq| G‡Z Pj‡Ki gvb¸wj‡K KZK¸wj mgvb cÖ ‡ ¯’ i gva¨‡g cÖ K vk
Kiv nq| `иwji •`N¨© Pj‡Ki gv‡bi mgvby c vwZK nq| we¯Í v ‡ii †Kvb ¸iæZ¡ †bB
e‡j Gi we¯Í v i B”Qvg~ j Kfv‡e †bqv nq| `y B ev Z‡ZvwaK •ewk‡ó¨i Zz j bv Ki‡Z
`ÐwPÎ my w eavRbK dj †`q|
`ÐwPÎ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi:
K) mij `ÐwPÎ
L) †h․wMK `ÐwPÎ
D`vniY: wb‡Pi Q‡K Pv idZvwbi wnmve †`qv n‡jv| Z_¨‡K `ÐwP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki-
mvj Pv idZvwb
1972 50
1973 60
1974 71
1975 75
1976 80
mgvavb: x A‡ÿ mvj I y A‡ÿ Drcv`b ewm‡q `ÐwPÎ AvuKv nj:

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z_¨ msMÖn msw¶ßKiY I Dc¯’vcb 49

L) e„ËvKvi wPÎ (Pie Diagram): †Kvb Z_¨mvwii wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi AvbycvwZK nv‡i GKwU e„ˇK
K‡qKwU As‡k wef³ K‡i Z_¨‡K Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ †h wPÎ e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K e„ËvKvi wPÎ
e‡j| G‡Z wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbv Kiv myweav nq| e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ª †gv‡Ui †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 3600|
Z‡_¨i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi †gvU cwigv‡ci mv‡_ †Kvb wbw`©ó Dcv`v‡bi cwigv‡Yi Abycv‡Z e„‡Ë
KZK¸wj As‡k cvIqv hvq| GB As‡k bx‡P cÖ`Ë m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ wba©viY Kiv nq|
†Kvb wbw`©ó Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY ƒ Ges †gvU Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY N n‡j D³ Dcv`v‡bi cwigv‡Yi Rb¨
f
e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi wba©vwiZ †Kv‡Yi cwigvY n‡e− θ = × 360 0
N
myweav:
K) Aí msL¨K Dcv`vb‡K ev Z_¨‡K e„ËvKvi wP‡Îi gva¨‡g mwVKfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq;
L) †Kvb Z_¨ mgwói wewfbœ Ask‡K AwZ my›`i I wbLyuZfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq|
Amyweav:
K) Z_¨ msL¨v ev Dcv`vb msL¨v †ewk n‡j e„ËvKvi wPÎ †`Lv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
L) Bnv AsKb c×wZ †ek RwUj|
D`vniY: wb‡Pi Z_¨‡K e„ËvKvi wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki:
Li‡Pi LvZ Li‡Pi cwigvY
Lv`¨ 40
e¯¿ 10
evoxfvov 9
R¡vjvbx 7
wewea 6
f
mgvavb: e„ËvKvi wPÎ AsK‡bi ZvwjKv wb‡gœ •Zwi Kiv n‡jv| e„‡Ëi †K‡›`ªi †Kv‡Yi cwigvY θ = ( × 360 ) 
N
Li‡Pi LvZ Li‡Pi cwigvY ƒ Ө
Lv`¨ 40 200ْْ
e¯¿ 10 50ْ
evoxfvov 9 45ْ
R¡vjvbx 7 35ْ
wewea 6 30ْ
N=72 360ْ

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

50 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2.19 KvÛ I cÎ ev kvLv I cÎK mgv‡ek

Stem and Leaf Display
kvLv I cÎK mgv‡ek MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Av‡iKwU ZvwjKv wfwËK c×wZ| GB c×wZ‡Z Avgiv Z_¨
wb‡ekb‡K mn‡R Ges Aí Avqv‡m cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi| c×wZwU e„‡ ÿi kvLv Ges kvLvwš^Z c·Ki
m`„k| GwU cÖ_g D™¢veb K‡ib UzwK (Tukey) 1977 mv‡j|
cÎK (Leaf): kvLv I cÎK mgv‡e‡k cÎK (ev cvZv) n‡jv Z_¨mvwii †h †Kvb msL¨vgv‡bi †kl
AsK| †hgb-27 hw` Z_¨mvwii GKwU gvb nq Z‡e 7 n‡e cÎK|
kvLv (Stem): kvLv I cÎK mgv‡e‡k kvLv n‡jv Z_¨mvwii †h †Kvb msL¨vgv‡bi cÖ_g GK ev
GKvwaK AsK| †hgb-27 Z_¨mvwii GKwU gvb n‡j 2 kvLv n‡e|
kvLv I cÎK mgv‡e‡k kvLvi gvb¸‡jv Dj¤^fv‡e (Vertically) GKwU Av‡iKwUi wb‡P e‡m| Avi
cÖ‡Z¨K kvLvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cÎK¸‡jv H kvLvi cv‡k G‡Ki ci GK Avbyf~wgKfv‡e GKwU
mvwi‡Z em‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î c·Ki gvb¸‡jv †QvU †_‡K eo µ‡g mvRv‡bv nq|
2.20 kvLv I cÎK mgv‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡
Importance of Stem and Leaf Display
(i) MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi MVb Rvb‡Z kvLv I cÎK web¨vm Avek¨K|
(ii) Z_¨mvwii cwimi wbY©q Ki‡Z GwU Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L|
(iii) Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jvi †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ kvLv I cÎK web¨vm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
(iv) •jwLK Dc¯’vc‡b kvLv I cÎK web¨vm AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ 20 Rb Qv‡Îi †Kvb GKwU cixÿvi cÖvß b¤^i †`Iqv nj:
65, 70, 85, 45, 50, 72, 60, 52, 60, 32, 80, 42, 55, 60, 65, 20, 45, 55, 68, 72
D³ Z_¨‡K kvLv I cÎK wP‡Î Dc¯’vcb Ki|
mgvavb:
GLv‡b, e„nËg Z_¨ msL¨v = 85 Ges ÿz`Z ª g Z_¨ msL¨v = 20
kvLv I cÎK wPÎ
kvLv cÎK MYmsL¨v
2 0 1
3 2 1
4 2 5 5 3
5 0 2 5 5 4
6 0 0 05 5 8 6
7 0 1 2 3
8 0 5 2
†gvU = 20
mnvqK (Key): 4|5 Øviv eySvq 45
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb, MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb •Zwi Ges †jL I bKkvi gva¨‡g Z_¨‡K mswÿß K‡i •ewkó¨ dzwU‡q
†Zvjv hvq| wKšÍy Z‡_¨i MvwYwZK •ewkó¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq gvb, †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
cwigvc Rvbv `iKvi| Z‡_¨i GKwU msL¨vMZ gv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ •ewkó¨ Ges Zzjbvg~jK
•ewkó¨ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc bvgK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hvq|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc¸‡jvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• GKwU Av`©k M‡oi cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigvc¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigvc¸‡jvi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• MvwYwZK M‡oi •ewkó¨ ev ag©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo I G‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wefvRK gvbmg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

3.01 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc

Central Tendency & Measures of Central Tendency
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv: †Kvb GKwU wb‡ekb ev Z_¨mvwi‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv gvb _v‡K| Avi GKwU gvb †K‡›`ª
_v‡K| †K‡›`ªi gvbwU‡K †K›`ªxq gvb e‡j| †K›`ªxq gv‡bi PZzw`©‡K wb‡ek‡bi evKx gvb¸‡jv
GKwÎZ ev Nbxf~Zfv‡e _vK‡Z Pvq| †K›`ªxq gv‡bi w`‡K wb‡ek‡bi evwK gvb¸‡jv GKwÎZ ev
Nbxf~Zfv‡e _vKvi B”Qv ev cÖeYZv‡K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv e‡j|
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc:
†Kvb GKwU wb‡ekb ev Z_¨mvwi‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv gvb _v‡K| Avi GKwU gvb †K‡›`ª _v‡K|
†K‡›`ªi gvbwU‡K †K›`ªxq gvb e‡j| †K›`ªxq gv‡bi PZzw`©‡K wb‡ek‡bi evKx gvb¸‡jv GKwÎZ ev
Nbxf~Zfv‡e _vK‡Z Pvq| †K›`ªxq gv‡bi w`‡K wb‡ek‡bi evwK gvb¸‡jv GKwÎZ ev Nbxf~Zfv‡e
_vKvi B”Qv ev cÖeYZv‡K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv e‡j| †h mKj MvwYwZK cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb
Z‡_¨i †K›`ªxq gvb wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc e‡j|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
52 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

3.02 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc¸‡jvi eY©bv

Discuss Measures of Central Tendency

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc 5 cÖKvi| h_v−

K. MvwYwZK Mo (Arithmetic Mean)
L. R¨vwgwZK Mo (Geometric Mean)
M. Zi½ Mo (Harmonic Mean)
N. ga¨gv (Median)
O. cÖPziK (Mode)
MvwYwZK Mo/†hvwRZ Mo (Arithmetic Mean): †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z hZ¸wj gvb _v‡K Zv‡`i
mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K H Z_¨mvwii MvwYwZK Mo
e‡j| Bnv‡K AM Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq| Z‡e Pj‡Ki wfwˇZ G‡K x, y, z BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 .................xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j,
x1 + x2 + ................ + xn
x=
n
n

∑x i
= i =1

n
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2---------- xn Ges
n
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1, f2 ...... fn ; †hLv‡b ∑f
i =1
i = N Ges MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j,

f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + ................... + f n xn
x=
N

=
∑ f i xi
N
D`vniY: 1, 2, 3 msL¨v¸‡jvi MvwYwZK Mo,
1+ 2 + 3 6
x= = =2
3 3
ii) R¨vwgwZK/¸wYZK Mo (Geometric Mean): †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z hZ¸‡jv Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gvb
_v‡K Zv‡`i ¸Yd‡ji ZZ Zg g~j‡K D³ Z_¨mvwii R¨vwgwZK Mo e‡j| ïb¨ wKsev FYvZ¡K
gvb n‡j R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Bnv‡K GM Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 53

A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gvbmg~n x1, x2--- xn
Ges Dnv‡`i R¨vwgwZK Mo GM n‡j,
1

GM = n x1 .x2 ...............xn = ( x1 .x2 ..............xn ) n

†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gvbmg~n x1, x2---- xn
n

Ges Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1, f2 ........................ fn †hLv‡b ∑f

i =1
i
= N , R¨vwgwZK Mo
GM n‡j,
GM = ( x1 1 x 2 2 ................x n n )
N f f f

1
= ( x1 f x2 f ................xn f ) N
1 2 n

D`vniY: 1,2 I 3 Gi R¨vwgwZK Mo, GM = (1× 2 × 3) 3

=1.82
iii) Zi½ Mo (Harmonic mean): †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z hZ¸‡jv Aïb¨ gvb _v‡K Zv‡`i
Dëvgv‡bi MvwYwZK M‡oi Dëvgvb‡K Zi½ Mo e‡j| Bnv‡K HM Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K Aïb¨ gvbmg~n x1, x2---------- xn
Ges Dnv‡`i Zi½ Mo HM n‡j,
n
HM =
1 1 1
+ + ................. +
x1 x 2 xn
n
= n
1
∑i =1 xi

†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K Aïb¨ gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ........xn Ges
n
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1, f2---fn †hLv‡b ∑ f i = N Ges Zi½ Mo HM n‡j,
i =1

N
HM =
f1 f 2 f
+ + .................... + n
x1 x 2 xn
N
= n
fi
∑
i =1 xi

3
D`vniY: 1, 2 Ges 3 Gi Zi½ Mo, HM = = 1.64
1 1 1
+ +
1 2 3
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
54 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

ga¨gv (Median): †Kvb wb‡ekb ev Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv‡K DaŸ© ev wbgœµ‡g mvRv‡bvi ci †h gvbwU
Z_¨mvwi‡K `yBwU mgvb As‡k wef³ K‡i H gvbwU‡K D³ Z_¨mvwii ga¨gv e‡j| Bnv‡K M e Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq|
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z n msL¨K gvb Av‡Q| GLb ga¨gv wbY©q Ki‡Z wbgœwjwLZ wbqg AbymiY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. Z_¨mvwii n msL¨K gvb‡K DaŸ© ev wbgœµ‡g mvRv‡Z n‡e|
n +1
2. hw` Z_¨msL¨v n we‡Rvo nq, Z‡e Zg ivwk n‡e ga¨gv|
2
n n
Zg ivwk + ( + 1) Zg ivwk
3. hw` Z_¨msL¨v n †Rvo nq, Z‡e 2 2 n‡e ga¨gv|
2
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î ga¨gv:
N
− Fc
Me = L + 2 ×c
fm

GLv‡b, L = ga¨gv †kªwYi wbgœmxgv

Fc = ga¨gv †kªwYi c~e©eZ©x †kªwYi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
Fm = ga¨gv †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
C = ga¨gv †kªwYi †kªwY e¨eavb
N = †gvU MYmsL¨v|
D`vniY-1| −2, − 3, 0, −1, 7 Z_¨mvwiwUi ga¨gv wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwi‡K gv‡bi EaŸ©µg wnmv‡e mvRv‡j Avgiv cvB, −3, −2, −1, 0, 7
GLv‡b, Z_¨msL¨v, n = 5 (we‡Rvo)
n+1 5+1
myZivs, wb‡Y©q ga¨gv = Zg c` = Zg c` = 3 Zg c` = −1
2 2
∴ wb‡Y©q ga¨gv, −1
D`vniY−2| 10, 9, 20, 12, 5, 16 Z_¨mvwiwUi ga¨gv wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwi‡K gv‡bi EaŸ©µg Abymv‡I mvwR‡q cvB−
5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 20
GLv‡b, n = 6 (†Rvov)

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 55

n n
Zg c` + ( +1) Zg c`
2 2
myZivs, wb‡Y©q ga¨gv, Me =
2
6 6
Zg c` + ( +1) Zg c`
2 2
=
2
3 Zg c` + 4 Zg c` 10 + 12
= = = 11
2 2

cÖPziK (Mode): †Kvb Z_¨mvwi‡Z †h gvbwU AwaK msL¨K evi _v‡K H gvbwU‡K D³ Z_¨mvwii
cÖPziK e‡j| Bnv‡K Mo Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
D`vniY: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3 GB msL¨v ¸‡jvi cÖPziK, Mo = 3 KviY 3 msL¨vwU †ewk evi Av‡Q|
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î cÖPziK: †kªwYK…Z MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡b †h †kªwY‡Z †ekx MYmsL¨v _v‡K †mB
†kªwYB cÖPziK †kªªYx| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖPziK,
∆1
Mo = L + ×C
∆1 + ∆ 2
GLv‡b, L = cÖPziK †kªwYi wbgœmxgv
∆1 = cÖPziK †kªwY I Zvi c~e©eZ©x †kªwYi MYmsL¨vi cv_©K¨
∆ 2 = cÖPziK †kªwY I Zvi cieZ©x †kªwYi MYmsL¨vi cv_©K¨
C = cÖPziK †kªwYi †kªwY e¨eavb|
3.03 GKwU Av`©k M‡oi cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Yvejx
The properties of an Ideal Average

cwimsL¨vbwe` Yule Gi g‡Z GKwU Av`k© ga¨Kgvb / M‡oi wbgœwjwLZ •ewkó¨ _vKv DwPZ:
i. Bnvi mwVK I my¯úó msÁv _vKv DwPZ;
ii. Bnv Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj nIqv DwPZ;
iii. Bnv mnR‡eva¨ I mn‡R MYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ;
iv. Bnv mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ;
v. Bnv bgybv ZviZg¨ ev bgybv wePz¨wZ Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ;
vi. Bnvi Pig gvb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ |
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
56 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

3.04 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigvc¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv

Compare of the Difference Measures of Central Tendency
cwimsL¨vbwe` Yule Gi g‡Z, GKwU Av`k© ga¨K gvb / M‡oi wbgœwjwLZ •ewkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K:
(i) Bnvi mwVK I my¯úó msÁv _vKv DwPZ;
(ii) Bnv Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj nIqv DwPZ;
(iii) Bnv mnR‡eva¨ I mn‡R MYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ;
(iv) Bnv mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ;
(v) Bnv bgybv ZviZg¨ ev bgybv wePz¨wZ Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ;
(vi) Bnvi Pig gvb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ|
DcwiD³ •ewkó¨mg~n GKwU Av`k© ga¨K gv‡bi gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| wb‡gœ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
wewfbœ cwigvc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj−
MvwYwZK Mo Av`k© ga¨K gv‡bi cÖvq me¸‡jv •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| Gi mwVK I my®úó msÁv i‡q‡Q|
Bnv Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| Bnv mn‡R eySv hvq I mn‡R MYbv Kiv hvq| G‡Z
mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq I mn‡R MYbv Kiv hvq Ges Bnv bgybv
ZviZg¨ Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq wKš‘ MvwYwZK M‡oi cÖavb Amyweav nj GwU Pig gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
R¨vwgwZK Mo Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡Z mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Bnv Pig gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv| GwU bgybv ZviZg¨ Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq|
R¨vwgwZK M‡oi cÖavb Amyweav nj Bnv mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Bnv wbY©q Ki‡Z jMvwi`‡gi fvj
Ávb _vKv Avek¨K|
Zi½ Mo Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| G‡Z mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖw µqv
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Bnv Pig gvb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq wKš‘ Zi½ Mo mnR‡eva¨ bq Ges Bnv
mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
ga¨gv I cÖPziK DfqB mnR‡eva¨ I mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq| Bnviv Pig gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv wKš‘
Giv Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| Bnviv MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx
bq| bgybv ZviZg¨ Øviv Giv †ekx cÖfvweZ nq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, MvwYwZK Mo Av`k© ga¨K gv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewk󨸇jvi
AwaKvix Ges Gi Amyweav¸‡jv myweav¸‡jvi Zzjbvq AwZ bMb¨| ZvB MvwYwZK Mo‡K †K›`ªxq
cÖeYZvi cwigvcmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m‡e©vrK…ó cwigvc ejv hvq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 57

3.05 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv cwigvc¸‡jvi myweav I Amyweav

The Merits and Demerits Measures of Central Tendency
†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc¸‡jvi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
MvwYwZK M‡oi myweav:
K) MvwYwZK Mo mn‡R eySv hvq Ges mwVK I my¯úó msÁv Øviv eySv‡bv hvq;
L) GwU Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj;
M) G‡Z mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq;
N) GwU bgybv ZviZg¨ Øviv Kg cÖevwfZ nq;
O) avivfy³ †Kvb msL¨v ïb¨ ev FYvZ¥K n‡jI MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq|
MvwYwZK M‡oi Amyweav:
K) MvwYwZK Mo cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv †ewk cÖfvweZ nq;
L) ¸YevPK Z‡_¨i MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv;
M) wb‡ek‡bi †jL n‡Z MvwYwZK Mo wbY©‡qi c×wZ †bB;
N) GK ev GKvwaK gvb ARvbv _vK‡j Bnv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
R¨vwgwZK M‡oi myweav:
K) G‡K mwVK I my¯úó msÁv Øviv eySv‡bv hvq;
L) GwU mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj;
M) GwU cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq;
N) GwU bgybv ZviZg¨ Øviv Lye GKUv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
R¨vwgwZK M‡oi Amyweav:
K) GwU mn‡R eySv hvq bv;
L) GwU wbY©q Ki‡Z jMvwi`‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq e‡j mK‡ji c‡ÿ wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq;
M) avivfy³ GKwU gvb k~b¨ ev we‡Rvo msL¨K gvb FYvZ¥K n‡j R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
Zi½ M‡oi myweav:
K) GwU mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj;
L) nvi, †eM I Mo wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î Bnv fvj dj †`q;
M) Bnv cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv Kg cÖfvweZ nq;
N) G‡Z mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq|
Zi½ M‡oi Amyweav:
K) Bnv m‡nR eySv hvq bv|
L) Z_¨mvwii mKj gvb Rvbv bv _vK‡j GB Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
M) wmwi‡Ri †Kvb ivwki gvb ïb¨ n‡j Zi½ Mo GB wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
ga¨gvi myweav:
K) ga¨gv mn‡R eySv hvq Ges mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq;
L) Bnv cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv;
M) Bnv †j‡Li mvnvh¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq;
N) ¸YevPK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î ga¨gv Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc A‡cÿv fvj dj †`q|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
58 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

ga¨gvi Amyweav:
K) Bnv mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv;
L) ga¨gv cieZ©x‡Z †Kvb MvwYwZK cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx bq;
M) Z‡_¨i Dcv`vb mw¾Z bv Ki‡j ga¨gv wbY©q Kiv hvq bv|
cÖPzi‡Ki myweav:
K) cÖPziK mn‡R eySv hvq Ges mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq;
L) Bnv Pig gvb Øviv cÖevweZ nq bv;
M) ¸YevPK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡ÎI cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv hvq;
N) Bnv †jLwPÎ mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv qvq|
cÖPzi‡Ki Amyweav:
K) Bnv mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv;
L) G‡Z AwaK exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv;
M) Z‡_¨i †Kvb gvb cyYive„wË bv NU‡j cÖPziK wbY©q Kiv KwVb;
N) Bnvi bgybv wePz¨wZ AwaK nq|

3.06 MvwYwZK M‡oi •ewkó¨ ev ag©vejx

Properties of Arithmetic Mean
wb‡gœ MvwYwZK M‡oi •ewkó¨ ev ag©vejx †`Iqv n‡jv:
K. †Kvb Z_¨mvwii msL¨v¸‡jvi mgwó = c`msL¨v x MvwYwZK Mo;
L. Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi mgwó ïb¨;
M. Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó ÿz`Z
ª g;
N. MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj;
O. MvwYwZK Mo Z_¨mvwii cÖ‡Z¨KwU gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj;
P. `ywU Pj‡Ki ‡hvMdj ev we‡qvMd‡ji MvwYwZK Mo Dnv‡`i wbR wbR MvwYwZK M‡oi
†hvMdj ev we‡qvMd‡ji mgvb;
Q. k msL¨K Z_¨mvwii mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK Mo
n1 x1 + n2 x2 + − − − − + nk xk
xc =
n1 + n2 + − − + nk

3.07 fvi Av‡ivwcZ ev ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`Ë Mo I G‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Weighted Arithmetic Mean & Importance of Weighted Arithmetic Mean
fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo:
Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv e¨env‡ii cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i fvi ev ¸iæZ¡‡K e¨envi K‡i †h Mo gvb †ei
Kiv nq Zv‡K fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo e‡j| fvi Av‡ivwcZ Mo †gvU wZb cÖKvi| h_v−
1. fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo|
2. fvi Av‡ivwcZ R¨vwgwZK Mo|
3. fvi Av‡ivwcZ Zi½ Mo|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 59

wb‡gœ G‡`i we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo:
†Kvb Pj‡Ki cÖwZwU gvb‡K Zv‡`i wbR wbR fvi Øviv ¸Y K‡i Zv‡`i mgwó‡K †gvU fvi Øviv
fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`Ë Mo ev fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo e‡j|
†Kvb PjK x Gi x1 , x2 ............, xn gvb¸‡jvi fvi h_vµ‡g w1 , w2 ..............wn n‡j fvi
Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo x w n‡j,
w1 x1 + w2 x 2 + .............. + wn x n
xw =
w1 + w2 + .............. + wn
n

∑w x i i n
xw = i =1
n
†hLv‡b ∑w > 0 i

∑ wi
i =1
i =1

cÖ‡qvRbxqZv: fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK M‡oi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv
i. Z‡_¨i fv‡ii ZviZg¨ n‡j MvwYwZK M‡oi cwie‡Z© fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo e¨eüZ nq|
ii. GKvwaK web¨v‡mi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbvq GUv e¨eüZ nq|
iii. m~PK msL¨v I RxebhvÎvi e¨qm~PK msL¨v cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z GUv e¨envi Kiv nq|
iv. Rxe cwimsL¨v‡b Av`k© Rb¥nvi Ges Av`k© g„Zz¨nvi wbY©q Ki‡Z GUv e¨envi Kiv nq|
3.08 wefvRK gvbmg~n
Partition Values
PZz_©K (Quartile): †Kvb Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv‡K gv‡bi DaŸ©µg ev wbgœµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bvi c‡i
†h gvb¸‡jv H Z_¨mvwi‡K mgvb PviwU fv‡M wef³ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K D³ Z_¨mvwii PZz_©K
e‡j| GKwU Z_¨mvwi‡K PZz_©K _v‡K wZbwU| KviY wZbwU gv‡bi mvnv‡h¨B GKwU Z_¨mvwi‡K
mgvb PviwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq|
PZz_©K‡K Qi (i = 1, 2, 3) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| GLv‡b Q1 nj cÖ_g PZz_©K, Q2 nj wØZxq
PZz_©K (ga¨gv) Ges Q3 nj Z…Zxq PZz_©K| GKwU Z_¨mvwi‡K wb‡gœ GKwU †iLvq Kíbv K‡i
PZz_©Kmg~n †`Lv‡bv nj|

¶z`ªZg gvb Q1 Q3 = (Me) Q3 e„nËg gvb

 A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: Z_¨mvwii †gvU Z_¨msL¨v n n‡j|

(n + 1)
i – Zg PZz_©K, Qi = × i Zg c`; i = 1, 2, 3
4
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
60 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

 †kªwYK„Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:

n
× i − Fc
PZz_©K, Qi = L + 4 ×c
fq
†hLv‡b, L = i Zg PZz_©K †kªwYi wbgœmxgv
Fc = i Zg PZz_©K †kªwYi c~e©eZ©x †kªwYi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
fq = i Zg PZz_©K †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
c = i Zg PZz_©K †kªwYi †kªwY e¨eavb|
 `kgK (Decile)
†Kvb Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv‡K EaŸ©µg ev wbgœµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bvi ci †h gvb¸‡jv H
Z_¨mvwi‡K mgvb `k fv‡M wef³ K‡i, †mB gvb¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB nj GK GKwU `kgK|
`kgK‡K Di(i = 1, 2, 3, -----------, 9) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: †Kvb Z_¨mvwii †gvU Z_¨msL¨v n n‡j,
(n+1)i
i -Zg `kgK, Di = Zg Z‡_¨i gvb; i = 1, 2, ---------, 9
10
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: †Kvb †kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î−
n
× i − Fc
`kgK, Di = L + 10 ×c
fd
†hLv‡b,
L = i Zg `kgK †kªwYi wbgœmxgv
Fc = i Zg `kgK †kªwYi c~e©eZ©x †kªwYi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
fd = i Zg `kgK †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
c = i Zg `kgK †kªwYi †kªwY e¨eavb|
 kZgK (Percentile)
†Kvb Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv‡K EaŸ©µg ev wbgœµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bvi c‡i gvb¸‡jv H Z_¨mvwi‡K mgvb
GKkZfv‡M wef³ K‡i, †mB gvb¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUB GK GKwU kZgK|
kZgK‡K, Pi(i = 1, 2, 3, ----------, 99) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: †Kvb A‡kªwYK…Z Z_¨mvwii †gvU Z_¨msL¨v n n‡j,
(n+1)i
i –Zg kZgK, Pi = Zg Z‡_¨I gvb; i = 1, 2, 3, -------, 99
100
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: †Kvb web¨¯Í ev †kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î,
n
× i − Fc
kZgK, Pi = L + 100 ×c
fp
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 61

†hLv‡b,
L = i Zg kZgK †kªwYi wbgœmxgv
Fc = i Zg kZgK †kªwYi c~e©eZ©x †kªwYi µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
fp = i Zg kZgK †kªwYi MYmsL¨v
c = i Zg kZgK †kªwYi †kªwY e¨eavb|

KwZcq Dccv`¨ I Zvi cÖgvY

Some Theorem and its Proof
1| cÖgvY Ki †h, Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi mgwó ïb¨|
n
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, ∑ ( xi − x ) = 0
i =1
cÖgvY : A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î : g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x2----------- xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j,
x=
∑x i

n
∴∑ xi = nx
GLb, Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi mgwó,
n
∑ ( xi − x )
i =1

= ∑ xi − ∑ x
= n x − nx
∴∑ ( xi − x ) = 0
... Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi mgwó ïY¨| (cÖgvwYZ)
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:
cÖgvY Ki †h, MvwYwZK Mo †_‡K msL¨v¸wji e¨eav‡bi mgwó ïY¨|
n
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, ∑ f (x
i =1
i i − x) = 0

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x 1, x 2------------- x n G‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g
f1, f2 ------fn †hLv‡b, ∑ f i = N , MvwYwZK Mo, x n‡j,

x=
∑fx i i

N
∴∑ f i xi = Nx
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
62 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

GLb, Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi mgwó,

n

∑ f (x
i =1
i i − x)

= ∑ f i xi − ∑ f i x
= Nx−Nx
∴∑ f i ( xi − x ) = 0
.
. . MvwYwZK Mo n‡Z msL¨v¸wji e¨eav‡bi mgwó k~b¨ | (cÖgvwYZ)
2| cÖgvY Ki †h, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, x = a + cd
cÖgvY: A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2............ xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j,

x= ∑ xi
n
xi − a
awi, d i = GLv‡b,
c
ev, xi-a = cdi a = g~j
ev, xi = a + cdi c = gvcwb
d i = bZzb PjK|
ev,
∑ xi =
na
+c∑ i
d
n n n
.
. . x = a + cd
MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj | (cÖgvwYZ)
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:
cÖgvY Ki †h, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|

A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, x = a + ∑

fi di
×c
N
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2............ xn Ges Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g
f1,f2............fn ‡hLv‡b ∑ f = N I MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j,
i

x=
∑fx i i GLv‡b,
N a=g~j
x −a c=gvcwb
awi, di = i
c d i = bZzb PjK|
ev, xi-a = cdi
ev, xi = a + cdi
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 63

ev, fixi = afi + cfidi [Dfq c‡¶ fi Øviv ¸Y K‡i]

ev ∑ f i xi
=a
∑ fi
+c
∑ fi di [Dfq c‡¶ ∑ Øviv ¸Y K‡i I N Øviv fvM K‡i]
N N N
N ∑ i i f d
ev x =a + ×c
N N

.. . x =a+
∑ fi di × c (cÖgvwYZ)|
N
ev x = a + dc
.
.. x = a + cd
myZivs MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj| (cÖgvwYZ)|

3| cÖgvY Ki †h, Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó ÿy`Z
ª g|
A_ev,
cÖgvY Ki †h, ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 < ∑ ( xi − a) 2 [ A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î ]
cÖgvY Ki †h, ∑ f (x i i − x ) 2 < ∑ f i ( xi − a ) 2 [†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î ]

A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2------------- xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo
x I a †h‡Kvb GKwU ev¯Íe msL¨v †hLv‡b x ≠ a |
GLb, ∑ ( x − a ) =∑ ( x − x + x − a )
i
2
i
2

= ∑ {( x − x ) + 2( x − x )( x − a ) + ( x − a ) }
i
2
i
2

= ∑ ( x − x ) + 2( x − a ) ∑ ( x − x ) + ∑ ( x − a )
i
2
i
2

= ∑ ( x − x ) + 2( x − a ).0 + ( x − a ) .n
i
2
[∑ ( x 2
i − x) = 0 ]
= ∑ ( x − x ) + n ( x − a)
i
2 2

†h‡nZz x ≠ a , n >0 Ges ( x -a)2>0 .. . n ( x − a ) 2 > 0

⇒ ∑ ( x − a) = ∑ ( x − x )
i
2
i
2
+ GKwU abvZ¥K msL¨v|
⇒ ∑ ( x − a) > ∑ ( x − x )
i
2
i
2

... ∑ ( x − x ) < ∑ ( x − a)
i
2
i
2

A_©vr Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó ÿy`Z
ª g| (cÖgvwYZ)|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
64 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2------- xn Ges Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g
f1, f2------------------fn †hLv‡b ∑ f i = N Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x I a †h †Kvb GKwU
ev¯Íe msL¨v| †hLv‡b x ≠ a |
GLb, ∑ f ( x − a ) =∑ f ( x − x + x − a )
i i
2
i i
2

= ∑ f {( x − x ) + 2( x − x )( x − a) + ( x − a) }
i i
2
i
2

= ∑ f ( x − x ) + 2( x − a ) ∑ f ( x − x ) + ∑ f ( x − a )
i i
2
i i i
2

= ∑ f ( x − x ) + 2( x − a).0 + ( x − a) .N [∑ f ( x − x ) = 0]
i i
2 2
i i

= ∑ f ( x − x ) + N ( x − a)
i i
2 2

†h‡nZz x ≠ a , N >0 Ges ( x -a)2>0 .. . N ( x − a ) 2 > 0

⇒ ∑ f (x i i − a) 2 = ∑ f i ( xi − x ) 2 + GKwU abvZ¥K msL¨v
⇒ ∑ f (x i i − a ) 2 > ∑ f i ( xi − x ) 2
.. . ∑ f ( x i i − x ) 2 < ∑ f i ( xi − a ) 2
... Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó ÿy`Z
ª g| (cÖgvwYZ)
4| cÖgvY Ki †h, n1 msL¨K msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo x1 , n2 msL¨K msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo x2 n‡j,
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2
(n1 + n2 ) msL¨K msL¨vi mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK Mo, xc =
n1 + n 2
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x1 Pj‡Ki n1 msL¨K gvbmg~n x11, x12 ------------- x1n1 Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK
x11 + x12 + − − − − − + x1n1
Mo x1 n‡j, x1 =
n1
∴ x11 + x12 + − − − − − + x1n1 = n1 x1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (i)
Avevi, x2 Pj‡Ki n2 msL¨K gvbmg~n x 21 , x 22 , ------, x 2 n 2 Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x2 n‡j,
x21 + x22 + − − − − − − + x2 n2
x2 =
n2
∴ x21 + x22 + − − − − + x2 n 2 = n2 x2 − − − − − − − − − −(ii )

myZivs (n1+n2 ) msL¨K msL¨vi mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK Mo x c n‡j,

( x11 + x12 + − − − + x1n1 ) + ( x21 + x22 + − − − − + x2 n2 )
xc =
n1 + n2
n1 x1 + n2 x 2
xc = [ (i) I (ii) bs n‡Z] (cÖgvwYZ)
n1 + n2
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 65

5| 1g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo wbY©q|

g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki gvb n ¯^vfvweK msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i|
A_©vr x1 = 1, x2 = 2,---------, xn = n
MvwYwZK Mo,
x1 + x2 + − − − − − − − − − − + xn
x=
n
1 + 2 + − − − − − − − − − − +n
=
n
= 1  n( n + 1) 
(1 + 2 + − − − − + n) 1 + 2 + − − − + n = 
n 2
=1 n( n + 1)
n 2
n +1
x=
2
6| n1 msL¨K msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo G1 , n2 msL¨K msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo G2 Ges
(n1 + n2 ) msL¨K msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo G n‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, G = G1 .G 2
[ †hLv‡b n1 = n2 = n ]
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, PjK x Gi n1 msL¨K Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gvbmg~n x1, x2 , .......xn Ges Dnv‡`i 1

R¨vwgwZK Mo G1 n‡j,
G1 = ( x1 .x 2 .............x n1 )1 / n1
= ( x1 .x2 .............xn )1 / n .......................... (i) [ n1 = n ]
Aci PjK y Gi n2 msL¨K Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gvbmg~n y1 , y 2 ,......., y n Ges Dnv‡`i R¨vwgwZK Mo2

G2 n‡j,
(
G2 = y1 . y2 ...............yn2 )1 / n2

= ( y1 . y 2 ............... y n ) ........................ (ii) [ n2 = n ]

1/ n

myZivs ( n1 + n2 ) = (n+n) = 2n msL¨K msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo G n‡j,

1

G = {( x1 .x2 − − − − − xn ).( y1 . y 2 − − − y n )} 2 n
2
2
 1
 [Dfq c‡ÿ eM© K‡i]
G = {( x1 .x 2 − − − − − x n ).( y1 . y 2 − − − y n )} 2 n 
 
1

= {( x1 .x2 − − − − − xn ).( y1 . y 2 − − − y n )} n

1 1

= ( x1 .x2 − − − − − xn ) n .( y1 . y 2 − − − y n ) n
G 2 = G1 .G2 [mgxKiY (i) I (ii) Gi mvnv‡h¨ ]
∴G = G1 .G 2 (cÖgvwYZ)
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
66 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

7| `ywU Aïb¨ abvZ¥K msLvi †ÿ‡Î cÖgvY Ki †h, AM≥GM≥HM

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x1 I x2 `yBwU Aïb¨ abvZ¥K msL¨v|
x1 + x 2
msÁvbymv‡i, AM =
2
GM = x1 .x 2
2
Ges HM =
1 1
+
x1 x 2
Avgiv Rvwb, eM©msL¨v FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs
( x1 − x2 ) 2 ≥ 0
⇒ (x1 + x 2 ) − 4 x1 x2 ≥ 0
2

⇒ (x1 + x2 ) ≥ 4 x1 x2
2

⇒ x1 + x 2 ≥ 2 x1 x 2
x1 + x2
⇒ ≥ x1 x2
2
... AM ≥ GM--------------(i)
2
Avevi,  1 1 
 −  ≥ 0
 x1 x 2 
2
⇒  1 + 1  − 4. 1 . 1 ≥ 0
 
 x1 x2  x1 x 2
2
⇒  1 + 1  ≥ 4
 
 x1 x2  x1 x 2

⇒  1 + 1  ≥ 4
 
 x1 x2  x1 x2

⇒  1 + 1  ≥ 2
 
 x1 x2  x1 x 2
⇒ 2
x1 x2 ≥
1 1
+
x1 x2
⇒ GM≥HM--------------(i i)

(i) I (ii) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

AM ≥ GM ≥ HM (cÖgvwYZ)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 67

8| `yBwU Aïb¨ abvZ¥K msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖgvY Ki †h, [Link] = (GM)2

A_ev, AM . HM = GM
cÖgvY:g‡b Kwi, Aïb¨ abvZ¥K msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2|
msÁvbymv‡i,
x1 + x 2
AM=
2
1

GM= ( x1 x 2 ) 2

2
Ges HM =
1 1
+
x1 x 2
x1 + x2 2
GLb, AM. HM= .
2 1 1
+
x1 x2
x1 + x 2
= .
x2 + x1
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
= ( x1 + x 2 ) = x1 x2
( x1 + x 2 )

= ( x1 x 2 )
2

[Link] = (GM)2
∴ AM . HM = GM (cÖgvwYZ)

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvejx:
x1 + x 2 + ............ + xn
1| MvwYwZK Mo, AM A_ev x = (A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n

=
∑x i

n
f x + f 2 x2 + ............... + f n xn
= 1 1 (†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N

=
∑ f i xi
N
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
68 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

1
2| R¨vwgwZK Mo, GM = x1 .x2 ......xn / ( x1. x2 ...........xn )
n n
(A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
1

= N x1 1 .x2 2 ......xn / ( x1 1 . x2 2 ...........xn n )

f f fn f f f N
(†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
3| Zi½ Mo, HM = (A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
1 1 1
+ + ...... +
x1 x 2 xn
n
= n
1
∑x
i =1 i

N
= (†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
f1 f 2 f
+ + ...... + n
x1 x 2 xn
N
= n
fi
∑i =1 xi

n +1
4| ga¨gv, M e = Zg c` ; hLb n we‡Rvo msL¨v
2
n n 
Zg c` +  + 1 Zg c`
2 2 
; hLb ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
†RvonmsL¨v
; hLb †Rvo msL¨v
2

5| cÖPziK = 3 × ga¨gv − 2 × MvwYwZK Mo

= 3M e − 2 x
6| `ywU msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î, AM × HM = (GM )2
7| x = a + cu ; †hLv‡b a g~j I c = gvcwb
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2
8| mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK Mo, xc =
n1 + n 2
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 + n3 x3
xc =
n1 + n 2 + n3
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 + .................... + n k x k
xc =
n1 + n 2 + .................... + n k

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 69

n +1
9| cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo I ga¨gv mgvb A_©vr x = M e =
2
w1 x1 + w2 x 2 + .................... + wn x n
10| fvi Av‡ivwcZ MvwYwZK Mo, x w =
w1 + w2 + ................... + wn
n

∑w x i i
= i =1
n

∑w
i =1
i

n( n + 1)
11| 1 + 2 + 3 + .......................... + n =
2
n( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
12| 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + .......................... + n 2 =
6
2
n(n + 1) 
13| 1 + 2 + 3 + ....................... + n = 
3 3 3 3

 2 
2 r n +1 − 1
14| 1 + r + r + .......................... + r =
n
; r >1
r −1

1 − r n +1
15| 1 + r + r 2 + .......................... + r n = ; r <1
1− r
xi − (cÖ_g c` − mvaviY Aš—i)
16| bZyb PjK, d i =
mvaviY Aš—i

17| †kl c` = cÖ_g c` + (n-1) x mvaviY AšÍi

18| ( x1 − x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 4 x1 x2
19| ( x1 + x2 ) 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + 4 x1 x2
20| x1 2 + x2 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + 2 x1 x2
= ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 2 x1 x2
20| fyjekZt Z‡_¨i mgwó, ∑ xi = nx
21| mwVK Z‡_¨i mgwó, ∑ x′ = ∑ x i i − fyj Z_¨ + mwVK Z_¨

22| mwVK Mo, x ′ =

∑ x′ i

n
1
23| a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc = (a + b + c) {( a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a ) 2 }
2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
70 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

MvwYwZK mgm¨v I mgvavb

1| `ywU Aïb¨ abvZ¥K gv‡bi MvwYwZK Mo I R¨vwgwZK Mo h_vµ‡g 50 I 40 n‡j Zi½ Mo I

gvb `ywU wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 50
GM = 40

Avgiv Rvwb, AM × HM = (GM ) 2

(GM ) 2
HM =
AM
(40 ) 2
=
50
1600
=
50
= 32

g‡b Kwi, Aïb¨ abvZ¥K msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2

GLb,
AM = 50
x1 + x 2
⇒ = 50
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 100 − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
Avevi,
GM = 40
⇒ x1 x 2 = 40
∴ x1 x2 = 1600 − − − − − − − − − − − (2)

Avgiv Rvwb,
( x1 − x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 4 x1 x2
= (100 ) 2 − 4 ×1600
= 10000-6400
= 3600
∴ x1 − x 2 = 3600 = 60 − − − − − − − − − −(3)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 71

mgxKiY (1) I (3) †hvM Kwiqv cvB,

x1 + x2 + x1 − x2 = 100 + 60
ev, 2 x1 = 160
160
.. . x1 =
2
= 80
mgxKiY (1) †_‡K (3) we‡qvM Kwiqv cvB,
x1 + x2 − x1 + x2 = 100 − 60
ev, 2 x2 = 40
40
.. . x2 =
2
= 20
wb‡Y©q, HM=32 Ges msL¨v `yBwU 80 I 20|
2| 2wU ivwki MvwYwZK Mo 5 Ges R¨vwgwZK Mo 3 n‡j ivwkØq wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 5
GM = 3

awi, ivwk `yBwU x1 I x2

GLb, AM = 5
x1 + x2
⇒ =5
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 10 − − − − − − − − − − − (i)
Avevi, GM = 3
⇒ x1.x2 = 3
∴ x1 x2 = 9.....................................(ii ) [eM© K‡i]

Avgiv Rvwb,
( x1 − x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 4.x1 .x2
= (10)2 – 4 x 9
= 100−36
= 64
∴ x1 − x 2 = 64 = 8 − − − − − − − − − (iii )
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
72 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

mgxKiY (i ) I (iii ) †hvM Kwiqv cvB,

x1 + x2 − x1 − x2 = 10 + 8
⇒ 2 x1 = 18
∴ x1 =9
(i) bs mgxKi‡Y x1 Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB,
9 + x2 = 10
x2 = 10 − 9
=1
∴wb‡Y©q ivwk `yBwU 9 I 1|
3| `yBwU msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo 25, R¨vwgwZK Mo 15 n‡j Zi½ Mo I msL¨v `yBwU wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 25
GM = 15
HM = ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
AM × HM = (GM ) 2
25 × HM = (15 )
2
⇒
225
⇒ HM =
25
∴ HM = 9
awi,
msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2
∴ msÁvbymv‡i,
x1 + x2
AM =
2
x + x2
⇒ 25 = 1
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 50.............................(i)
Ges GM = x1 x 2
⇒ 15 = x1 x 2
⇒ (15 )2 = x1 x2
∴ x1 x2 = 225................................(ii )
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 73

Avgiv Rvwb,
( x1 − x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 4 x1 x2
= (50) 2 − 4 × 225
= 2500 – 900
= 1600
∴ x1 − x2 = 40................................(iii )
mgxKiY (i) I (iii) †hvM Kwiqv cvB,
x1 + x2 + x1 − x2 = 50 + 40
⇒ 2 x1 = 90
∴ x1 = 45
mgxKiY (i) I (iii) we‡qvM Kwiqv cvB,
x1 + x2 − x1 + x2 = 50 − 40
⇒ 2 x2 = 10
∴ x2 = 5
∴Zi½ Mo 9, msL¨v `yBwU 45, 5|
4| `yBwU ivwki MvwYwZK Mo 5 I Zi½ Mo 1.8 n‡j R¨vwgwZK Mo I ivwkØq wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 5
HM = 1.8
GM = ?

Avgiv Rvwb,
AM × HM = (GM ) 2
⇒ GM = AM × HM
= 5×1.8
= 9.0
=3

awi, msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2

AM = 5
x1 + x2
⇒ =5
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 10.................................(i)
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
74 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

Avevi, HM = 1.8
2 x .x
⇒ 1 2 = 1 .8
x1 + x 2
2 × x1 x2
⇒ = 1.8
10
∴ x1 x2 = 9.................................(ii )

Avgiv Rvwb,
( x1 − x2 ) 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) 2 − 4 x1 x2
= (10) 2 − 4 × 9
= 100 – 36
= 64
∴ x1 − x2 = 8.............................(iii )

mgxKiY (i ) I (iii ) †hvM Kwiqv cvB,

x1 + x2 + x1 − x2 = 10 + 8
⇒ 2 x1 = 18
∴ x1 = 9
mgxKiY (i ) †_‡K (iii ) we‡qvM Kwiqv cvB,
x1 + x2 − x1 + x2 = 10 − 8
⇒ 2 x2 = 2
∴ x2 = 1
wb‡Y©q, R¨vwgwZK Mo 3 Ges msL¨v `yBwU 9 I 1.
5| 2wU abvZ¥K ivwki MvwYwZK Mo I Zi½ Mo h_vµ‡g 9 I 4 n‡j R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 9
HM = 4
GM = ?
Avgiv Rvwb,
AM .HM = (GM ) 2
9× 4 = (GM ) 2
GM = 36 = 6
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 75

6| KwZcq abvZ¥K ivwki MvwYwZK Mo 50 I R¨vwgwZK Mo 40| ivwk¸‡jv‡K 5 Øviv fvM Kiv n‡j
fvMdj¸‡jvi MvwYwZK Mo I R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 ,− − − xn
x1 + x2 + − − − − + xn
MvwYwZK Mo = = 50
n
1
R¨vwgwZK Mo = ( x1 x2 − − − − xn ) = 40 n

cÖwZwU gvb‡K 5 Øviv fvM K‡i cvB,

x1 x2 x
, −−−− n
5 5 5
x x x
bZzb MvwYwZK Mo = ( 1 + 2 + − − − − + n ) n
5 5 5
x + x + − − − − + xn
= 1 2
5n
1  x + x + − − − − + xn 
=  1 2 
5 n 
1
= × 50 = 10
5
1
x x x n
bZzb R¨vwgwZK Mo =  1 . 2 − − − − n 
 5 5 5
1
( x1 x2 − − − − xn ) n
= 1
( 5.5 − − − −5) n

( x1 x2 − − − − xn )
n

= 1

(5 )
n n

40
=
5
=8
∴wb‡Y©q MvwYwZK Mo 10 I R¨vwgwZK Mo 8|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
76 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

7| †Kvb Pj‡Ki Mo 45 Dnvi cÖwZwU gvb †_‡K 20 we‡qvM K‡i we‡qvMdj‡K 5 Øviv fvM Ki‡j
bZzb Pj‡Ki Mo gvb KZ n‡e?
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvb x1, x2----xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x
cÖkœg‡Z, GLv‡b,
xi − 20
ui = u i = bZzb PjK
5
ev, xi − 20 = 5ui
ev, xi = 5ui + 20
n n n
ev, ∑ xi = 5∑ ui + ∑ 20
i =1 i =1 i =1
[Dfq c‡ÿ Summation wb‡q]

ev, ∑x i
=
5∑ u i
+
20 .n
[Dfq c‡ÿ n Øviv fvM Kwi ]
n n n
ev, x = 5u + 20
ev, 45 = 20 + 5u
ev, 45 − 20 = 5u
ev, 25 = 5u
25
ev, u=
5
∴ u =5
∴wb‡Y©q bZzb Pj‡Ki Mo, 5|
8| †Kvb Pj‡Ki Mo 10 Dnvi cÖwZwU gvb‡K 5 Øviv ¸Y K‡i ¸Yd‡ji mv‡_ 25 †hvM Ki‡j bZzb
Pj‡Ki MvwYwZK Mo KZ n‡e?
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1,x2---xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x |
cÖkœg‡Z,
ui = 5xi + 25 GLv‡b,
n n n x = 10
ev, ∑u
i =1
i = 5∑ xi + ∑ 25
i =1 i =1
u i = bZzb PjK
n n u =?
∑u i 5∑ xi
25 .n
ev, i =1
= i =1
+
n n n
ev, u = 5x + 25
= 5 ×10 + 25
= 50 + 25 = 75
∴wb‡Y©q bZzb Pj‡Ki Mo, 75|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 77

9| †Kvb Pj‡Ki cÖwZwU gvb 250 we‡qvM w`‡q we‡qvMdj‡K 10 Øviv fvM K‡i wePz¨wZ PjK wbY©q
Kiv nq| wePz¨wZ Pj‡Ki Mo 3.57 n‡j g~j Pj‡Ki Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 − − − − xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK
Mo x |
cÖkœg‡Z,
xi − 250
ui = GLv‡b,
10
u i = wePz¨wZ PjK
⇒ xi − 250 = 10ui
u = 3.57
⇒ xi = 250 + 10ui x =?
⇒
∑x i
=
∑ 250 + 10 ∑ u i

n n n
n.250
⇒x= + 10 u
n
⇒ x = 250 + 10 (3.57 )
⇒ x = 250 + 35.7
∴ wb‡Y©q MvwYwZKK Mo 285 .7

10| 5, 10, ---------------- 125 GB avivwUi MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb:
awi, xi = {5,10, ...................125} GLv‡b,
g~j, a = 0
xi − a
Ges ui = gvcbx, c =5
c
u i = wePz¨wZ PjK
xi − 0
= x =?
5
x
= i
5
ui = {1,2,------------25}
Bnv 25wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,
∴cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo
n +1
u=
2
25 + 1
= [ GLv‡b n = 25]
2
26
= = 13
2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
78 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

Avgiv Rvwb, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj,

x = a + cu
= 0 + 5 × 13
= 65
11| 20, 25, 30 ------------ 100 msL¨v¸wji Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
awi, x = {20,25,30--------------100}
xi − a GLv‡b,
Ges u i = g~j, a = 15
c
x − 15 gvcbx, c =5
= i u i = bZzb PjK
5
∴u i = {1,2,3----17} x =?

Bnv 17wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,

∴cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo,
n +1
u=
2
17 + 1
= [ GLv‡b n = 17]
2
18
= =9
2
Avgiv Rvwb, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj,
x = a + cu
= 15 + 5 × 9
= 15 + 45
= 60
12| a, a + c, a + 2c, a + 3c − − − − − −a + 2nc avivwUi MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
awi, xi ={a, a + c, a + 2c, a + 3c − − − − − − − a + 2nc}
xi − b GLv‡b,
Ges u i = g~j, b = a-c
d
x −a+c gvcbx, d = c
= i u i = bZzb PjK
c
∴ u i = {1,2,3 − − − − − − − − − − − (2n + 1)} x =?

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 79

Bnv ( 2n + 1 )wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,

∴cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo,
n +1
u=
2
= 2n + 1 + 1 [ GLv‡b n = 2n+1]
2
2n + 2
=
2
2( n + 1)
=
2
... u = n + 1
Avgiv Rvwb, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj,
x = b + du
= a − c + c(n + 1)
= a − c + nc + c
= a + nc

13| †Kvb wbw`©ó †kªwY‡Z 150 Rb QvÎ QvÎxi Mo IRb 60 †KwR| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Qv·`i Mo IRb
70 †KwR Ges QvÎx‡`i Mo IRb 55 †KwR| H †kªwYi QvÎ QvÎxi msL¨v †ei Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, Qv·`i msL¨v n1 I Mo IRb x1 Ges QvÎx‡`i msL¨v n2 I Mo IRb x2
†`Iqv Av‡Q, n1 + n2 = 150
n1 = 150 − n2 − − − − − − − − − −(i)
x1 = 70
x2 = 55
mw¤§wjZ Mo IRb, xc = 60
Avgiv Rvwb, mw¤§wjZ Mo,
n1 x1 + n2 x 2
xc =
n1 + n2
⇒ 60 = (150 − n2 ).70 + n2 .55
150
⇒ 9000 = 10500 − 70n2 + 55n2
⇒ 9000 = 10500 −15n2
⇒ 15n2=10500 − 9000
⇒ 15n2 = 1500
⇒ n2 = 1500 = 100
15
n2 Gi gvb (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB, n1 = 150 − 100 = 50
... wb‡Y©q Qv·`i msL¨v 50 Rb I QvÎx‡`i msL¨v 100 Rb|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
80 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

14| †Kvb K‡j‡R 75 Rb QvÎQvÎx Av‡Q| Qv·`i Mo b¤^i 80, QvÎx‡`i Mo b¤^i 75 I mw¤§wjZ
Mo b¤^i 78 n‡j QvÎ I QvÎxi msL¨v wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
n1 + n2 = 75
g‡b Kwi,
QvÎ msL¨v n1 I Mo b¤^i x1 Ges QvÎx msL¨v n2 I Mo b¤^i x2
awi,
n1 = n Ges x1 = 80
n2 =75 − n Ges x2 = 75
mw¤§wjZ Mo, xc = 78
Avgiv Rvwb,
n1 x1 + n2 x2
xc =
n1 + n2
(n × 80 ) + (75 − n) × 75
⇒ 78 =
n + 75 − n
80 n + (75 × 75 ) − 75 n
⇒ 78 =
75
⇒ 78 = 5n + 5625
75
⇒ 5n + 5625 = (75 × 78 )
⇒ 5n + 5625 = 5850
⇒ 5n = 5850 − 5625
⇒ 5n = 225

⇒ n = 225
5
∴ n = 45
∴ QvÎmsL¨v, n1 = 45
∴ QvÎxmsL¨v, n2 = 75 − 45 = 30
∴wb‡Y©q QvÎ I QvÎxmsL¨v h_vµ‡g 45 I 30 Rb|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 81

15| †Kvb K‡j‡Ri gvbweK, weÁvb I e¨emvq wkÿv kvLvi 20, 45 I 60 Rb Qv‡Îi b¤^‡ii Mo
h_vµ‡g 42, 50 I 62 b¤^i n‡j Zv‡`i mw¤§wjZ Mo KZ?
mgvavb :
Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,
mw¤§wjZ Mo, n1 = 20 , x1 = 42
n1 x1 + n2 x2 + n2 x2 n 2 = 45, x 2 = 50
xc =
n1 + n2 + n3
n3 = 60 , x 3 = 62
(20 × 42 ) + (45 × 50 ) + (60 × 62 )
=
20 + 45 + 60
= 54

16| mgvb msL¨K QvÎx wewkó `y B wU †kª w Yi QvÎx‡`i cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖ v ß b¤^ ‡ ii Mo h_vµ‡g
90 I 95 n‡j mw¤§wjZ Mo KZ?
mgvavb :
Avgiv Rvwb,
mw¤§wjZ Mo,
n1 x1 + n2 x 2
xc = ------------(і)
n1 + n2
GLv‡b n1 = n2 (mgvb msL¨K QvÎx)
x1 = 90, x2 = 95
(і) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
n1 .90 + n1 95
xc =
n1 + n1
185 n1
=
2 n1
= 92 .5
∴wb‡Y©q mw¤§wjZ Mo, xc = 92.5 |
17| †Kvb Mv‡g©‡›Um d¨v±ix‡Z cyiæl I gwnjv Kg©Pvix‡`i gvwmK Mo †eZb h_vµ‡g 1260 UvKv I
960 UvKv wKš‘ mg¯Í Kg©Pvix‡`i Mo †eZb 1200 UvKv| H d¨v±ix‡Z cyiæl I gwnjv
Kg©Pvix‡`i kZKiv nvi wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, cyiæl Kg©Pvixi msL¨v n1 I Mo †eZb x1 Ges gwnjv Kg©Pvixi msL¨v n2 I Mo
†eZb x2
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x1 = 1260, x2 = 960
mw¤§wjZ Mo, xc = 1200
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
82 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

Avgiv Rvwb,
mw¤§wjZ Mo,
n1 x1 + n2 x 2
xc =
n1 + n2
n .1260 + n2 960
⇒ 1200= 1
n1 + n2
⇒ 1200n1+1200n2 = 1260n1+960n2
⇒ 1260 n1+960n2 = 1200n1+1200n2
⇒ 1260n1-1200n1 = 1200n2-960n2
⇒ 60n1 = 240n2
n1 240 4
⇒ = =
n2 60 1
... n1 : n2 = 4:1
n1
cyiæl Kg©Pvixi msL¨v = × 100
n1 + n2
4
= × 100
4 +1
4
= × 100
5
= 80%
n2
gwnjv Kg©Pvixi msL¨v = × 100
n1 + n2
1
= × 100
4 +1
1
= × 100
5
= 20%
18| †Kvb KviLvbvq kªwg‡Ki Mo †eZb 500 UvKv| H KviLvbvq cyiæl I gwnjv kªwg‡Ki Mo †eZb
h_vµ‡g 520 UvKv I 420 UvKv n‡j cyiæl I gwnjv kªwg‡Ki AbycvZ I msL¨v wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb: GLv‡b,
awi, cyiæl kªwg‡Ki msL¨v, n1 = m xc = 500
gwnjv Kg©Pvixi msL¨v, n2 = n x1 = 520
x 2 = 420

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 83

mw¤§wjZ Mo,
n1 x1 + n2 x2
xc =
n1 + n2
( m × 520 ) + ( n × 420 )
⇒ 500 =
m+n
520 m + 420 n
⇒ 500 =
m+n
⇒ 520 m + 420n = 500 (m+n)
⇒ 520 m + 420n = 500 m + 500 n
⇒ 20 m = 80 n
m 4
⇒ =
n 1
∴m:n=4:1
4
∴ cyiæl kªwg‡Ki msL¨v = 500 Gi
5
= 400 Rb
1
∴ gwnjv kªwg‡Ki msL¨v = 500 Gi
5
= 100 Rb
∴ cyiæl I gwnjv kªwg‡Ki AbycvZ = 4:1
cyiæl kªwg‡Ki msL¨v = 400 Rb
gwnjv kªwg‡Ki msL¨v = 100 Rb
19| 100 Rb kªwg‡Ki gvwmK Mo †eZb 1000 UvKv| c‡i †`Lv †Mj †h, `yÕR‡bi f~jµ‡g 580 I
590 UvKv aiv n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b Zv‡`i mwVK †eZb 850 UvKv I 950| kªwg‡Ki mwVK Mo
†eZb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
kªwgK msL¨v, n=100
Mo †eZb, x = 1000 UvKv
fyjekZ †eZ‡bi mgwó, ∑ xi = nx = 100 × 1000
= 100000 UvKv
mwVK †eZ‡bi mgwó, ∑ x′ = ∑ x
i i − fyj Z_¨ + mwVK Z_¨
= 100000 − (580 + 590) + (850 + 950)
= 100630 UvKv
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
84 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

mwVK Mo †eZb = ∑ x′ i

n
100630
=
100
= 1006 .3 UvKv|
20| †Kvb KviLvbvq 50 Rb kªwg‡Ki ‣`wbK Mo †eZb 90 UvKv wbY©q Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ c‡i †`Lv
†Mj `yBRb kªwg‡Ki †eZb fyjµ‡g 94 UvKv Ges 89 Gi ¯’‡j 49 Ges 98 †jLv n‡qwQj|
Zv‡`i mwVK Mo †eZb KZ?
mgvavb: awi,
kªwg‡Ki msL¨v, n = 50
Mo †eZb, x = 90
fyjekZt †eZ‡bi mgwó, ∑x i = nx
= 50 × 90
= 4500
mwVK †eZ‡bi mgwó, ∑ xi ′ = ∑ xi − (49+98) + (94+89)
= 4500 −147+183
= 4683 −147
= 4536
mwVK Mo †eZb, x ′ =
∑ x′ i
=
4536
= 90 .72
n 50
21| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU gvb‡K 4 Øviv fvM Ki‡j cÖvß wb‡ek‡bi R¨vwgwZK Mo 4 cvIqv †Mj|
g~j wb‡ek‡bi R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbbg~n, x1 , x2 − − − − − − xn Ges Dnv‡`i
R¨vwgwZK Mo G x n‡j,
1

G x = ( x1 x 2 − − − − x n ) n
x GLv‡b,
awi, ui = i
4 Gu = 4
u1 =
x1 Gx = ?
4 ui = bZzb PjK
x
u2 = 2
4
...........................
...........................
xn
un =
4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 85

myZivs u Pj‡Ki R¨vwgwZK Mo,

1

Gu = (u1.u2 .......................un ) n

1
x x x
4 = ( 1 . 2 ........ n ) n
4 4 4
1
( x1 x2 − − − − − xn ) n
4= 1
.
(4.4............4) n

Gx
4= 1

(4 n ) n
G
4= x
4
∴ G x = 16 |
22| KZK¸wj msL¨vi R¨wgwZK Mo 4 Dnvi cÖwZwU gvb‡K 5 Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß gvb¸wji R¨vwgwZK Mo KZ?
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbbg~n, x1 , x2 − − − − − − xn Ges Dnv‡`i
R¨vwgwZK Mo G x n‡j,
1

G x = ( x1 x 2 − − − − x n ) n
1

4 = ( x1 x2 − − − − xn ) n ........................(i)
awi, ui = 5xi
GLv‡b,
u1 = 5 x1
Gx = 4
u 2 = 5 x2
Gu = ?
..........................
........................... ui = bZzb PjK
u n = 5 xn
myZivs u Pj‡Ki R¨vwgwZK Mo,
1

Gu = (u1.u2 .......................un ) n
1

= (5x1 ,5x2 − − − −5xn ) n

1
= {(5.5 − − − 5)( x1 x2 − − − − x n )}n
1
= {(5 n ( x1 x2 − − − − xn )}n
1 1
= (5n ) n ( x1 x2 − − − − xn ) n
= 5× 4 [ mgxKiY (i) Gi mvnv‡h¨ ]
= 20
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
86 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

23| KZ¸wji msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo 40 Dnvi cÖwZwU gvb‡K 5 Øviv fvM K‡i cÖvß gvb¸wji
R¨vwgwZK Mo KZ?

mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1,x2............xn Ges Dnv‡`i R¨vwgwZK
1
Mo G x n‡j, G x = ( x1, x2 − − − xn ) n

1
40 = ( x1, x2 − − − xn ) ................................ (i)
n

awi,
GLv‡b,
x
ui = i G x = 40
5
Gu = ?
x
u1 = 1 ui = bZzb PjK
5
x
u2 = 2
5
...........................
...........................
xn
un =
5
myZivs u Pj‡Ki R¨vwgwZK Mo,
1

Gu = (u1.u2 .......................un ) n
1
x x x n
= 1. 2 −−−− n 
5 5 5 
1
 x x − − − xn  n
= 1 2 
 5.5 − − − −5 
1

( x1 x 2 − − − x n ) n
= 1

(5 n ) n
40
= [mgxKiY (i) Gi mvnv‡h¨ ]
5
=8

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 87

x
24| hw` †Kvb PjK x Gi R¨vwgwZK Mo 15 nq Z‡e bZzb PjK y = R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Ki|
5
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1,x2............xn Ges Dnv‡`i R¨vwgwZK
Mo G x n‡j,
1
G x = ( x1, x2 − − − xn ) n
1
⇒ 15 = ( x1, x2 − − − xn ) n
------------------- (i)
x
†`Iqv Av‡Q, bZzb PjK, y =
5
x = 5y
xi = 5 y i
∴ x1 = 5 y1 , x2 = 5 y 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − xn = 5 y n (i = 1,2............n)
(i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
1

15 = (5 y1 .5 y 2 − − − −5 y n ) n
1
15 = {(5.5 − − − −5)( y1 y 2 − − − − y n )}n
1 1

15 = (5.5 − − − − − − − − − 5) ( y1 y 2 − − − − y n )
n n

1 1

15 = (5 ) G y
n n
[bZzb R¨vwgwZK Mo, G y = ( y1 y 2 ........y n ) ]
n

15
= Gy
5
∴Gy = 3
25| 3wU msL¨vi R¨vwgwZK Mo 6 PZz_© GKwU msL¨v †bIqv n‡j Zv‡`i R¨vwgwZK Mo 12 PZy_©
msL¨vwU KZ?
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi, msL¨v wZbwU x1, x2, x3
1
GM = ( x1 x2 x3 ) = 63

⇒ x1 x2 x3 = 6 3
= 216
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
88 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

awi, PZz_© msL¨vwU = x 4

1
GM = ( x1 .x2 .x3 .x4 ) = 12 4

⇒ x1 .x2 x3 x4 = (12 ) 4
⇒ 216x4 =20736
20736
⇒ x4 =
216
⇒ x4 = 96
∴wb‡Y©q PZz_© msL¨vwU 96|

26| a, ar, ar2------------------arn−1 avivwUi Rb¨ †`LvI †h, GM = AM .HM

A_ev, n msL¨K mgvby c vwZK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo, R¨vwgwZK Mo I Zi½ Mo wbY© q Ki Ges
†`LvI †h,
AM × HM = GM
mgvavb: a, ar, ar2------------------arn−1 avivwUi c`msL¨v = n − 1 + 1 = n
GLb,
a + ar + ar 2 + − − − + ar n −1
AM =
n
a(1 + r + r 2 + − − − + r n −1 )
AM = − − − − − − − − − − − (i)
n
i

GM = ([Link] 2 − − − − ar n −1 ) n
1
= {(a.a − − − − − − − − − a)(r 1r 2 − − − − − − − − − − − r n−1 )}n
1 1

= (a n ) n {r 1+ 2+ −−− ( n−1) } n
1
 ( n −1)( n −1+1) n
 
= a r 2

 
1
 ( n −1) n
n n −1
GM= a r 2
 = ar 2 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
 

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 89

n
HM =
1 1 1 1
+ + 2 + − − − − + n−1
a ar ar ar
n
=
1 1 1 1
(1 + + 2 + − − − − + n −1 )
a r r r
na
=
1 1 1
(1 + + 2 + − − − − + n −1 )
r r r
na
=
r n −1 + r n −2 + − − − − +1
r nn−−11
nar
HM = − − − − − − − − − − − − − (iii )
1 + r + − − + r n −1

GLb (i) I (iii) bs ¸Y K‡i cvB,

a(1 + r + r 2 + − − − + r n−1 ) nar n−1
AM .HM = ×
n (1 + r + − − − + r n−1 )
2 n −1
AM .HM = a r
1

AM .HM = a 2 r n −1 = (a 2 r n −1 ) 2
1 1
2 n −1 2
= (a ) (r 2
)
n −1
= ar = GM [(2) bs n‡Z}
2

AM .HM = GM (cÖgvwYZ)
27| 1, 2, 4, 8, -------2n msL¨v¸wji MvwYwZK Mo, R¨vwgwZK Mo I Zi½ Mo wbY©q Ki Ges
†`LvI †h, AM × HM = (GM ) 2
mgvavb : 1, 2, 4.8-----------------2n avivwUi c`msL¨v = n + 1
GLb MvwYwZK Mo,
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + − − − − +2 n
AM =
n +1
1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + − − − − +2 n
=
n +1
2 n+1 − 1 2 −1
=
n +1
2 n+1 − 1
=
n +1
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
90 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

R¨vwgwZK Mo,
1

GM = ( [Link] − − − −2 n ) n +1
1

= ( 2 0.21.2 2.2 3 − − − −2 n ) n +1
1
0 +1+ 2 +3+ − − − − − + n
= (2 ) n +1

n ( n +1) 1

= (2 2
) n +1

n
= 2 2

n
(GM ) 2 = (2 2 ) 2 = 2 n
Zi½ Mo,
n +1
HM =
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +−−−−+ n
1 2 4 8 2
n +1
=
1 1 1 1 1
+ 1 + 2 + 3 +−−−−+ n
1 2 2 2 2
n +1
= n n−1
2 + 2 + − − − − +2 + 1
2n
2 n (n + 1)
=
1 + 2 + − − − − +2 n
2 n ( n + 1)
=
2 n+1 − 1
2 −1
2 (n + 1)
n
= n+1
2 −1
GLb,
2 n+1 − 1 2 n (n + 1)
AM × HM = × n+1
n +1 2 −1
= 2n
= (GM)2
.
. . AM × HM = (GM)2 (cÖgvwYZ)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 91

28| 1, 2, 4, 8, ------------ 210 msL¨v¸wji MvwYwZK Mo, R¨vwgwZK Mo I Zi½ Mo wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb: 1, 2, 4, 8, .............. 210 ev 1, 21 , 2 2 , 23 , ...................., 210

avivwUi c`msL¨v = 10+1 = 11

1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ................ + 210
myZivs MvwYwZK Mo, AM =
11
1 + 21 + 2 2 + 23 + ............... + 210
=
11
210+1 − 1
= 2 −1
11
211 − 1
=
11
1
10 11
R¨vwgwZK Mo, GM = (1,2,4,8,.................2 )
1

= (2 0.21.2 2.2 3.................210 ) 11

( )
1
11
1+ 2 + 3+ .......... ..... +10
=2
1
 10.(10+1) 11
= 2 2 
 
1
 10.(211) 11
= 2 
 
10
=2 2

= 25
= 32

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

92 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

10 + 1
Zi½ Mo, H.M. =
1 1 1 1
1 + + 2 + 3 + ............... + 10
2 2 2 2
11
= 11
1
1−  
2
1
1−
2
1 11
= × 11
2 1
1−  
2
1 11
= × 11
2 2 −1
211
1 211 × 11
= × 11
2 2 −1
11 × 210
=
211 − 1

29| hw` x Pj‡Ki MvwYwZK Mo 15 Ges y = 2x -3 nq Z‡e y Pj‡Ki MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki?
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb Pj‡Ki x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 − − − − xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x |
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
GLv‡b,
y = 2x − 3
x = 15
y i = 2 xi − 3 y =?
∑y i = 2∑ x i − ∑ 3

∑y i
=2
∑x i
−
3n
n n n
.
. . y = 2x − 3
= 2 × 15−3
=30−3
= 27
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 93

30| cÖ_g 50 wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo wbY©q Ki |

mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ_g ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo,
n +1
x= [ GLv‡b n=50 ]
2
50 + 1
=
2
51
=
2
= 25.5
31| A, B I C kni wZbwU ci¯úi †_‡K mg`~ i eZx© | GKRb †gvUihvÎx A †_‡K B †Z
N›Uvq 45 wK: wg: †e‡M, B †_‡K C †Z N›Uvq 60 wK: wg: †e‡M Ges C †_‡K A †Z
N›Uvq 75 wK: wg: †e‡M hvq| m¤ú~Y © c‡_ Zvi Mo MwZ‡eM KZ?
mgvavb: MwZ‡eM¸wji Zi½ MoB n‡e wb‡Y©q Mo‡eM|
3
HM = ; GLv‡b x1 = 45, x2 = 60 I x3 = 75
1 1 1
+ +
x1 x 2 x3
3
=
1 1 1
+ +
45 60 75
3× 900
=
47
= 57.5 gvBj / N›Uv|
32| GKRb mvB‡Kj Av‡ivnx Zvi hvÎvc‡_i cÖ_g 30 gvBj N›Uvq 40 gvBj †e‡M, cieZx© 25 gvBj
N›Uvq 35 gvBj †e‡M I †kl 20 gvBj N›Uvq 30 gvBj †e‡M AwZµg K‡i| Zvi Mo‡eM KZ?
mgvavb: awi,
MwZ‡eM = xi
`~iZ¡ = wi
GLv‡b, w1 + w2 + w3 = 30 + 25 + 20 = 75
w1 + w2 + w3
Avgiv Rvwb, HM = GLv‡b,
w1 w2 w3 w1 = 30
+ + x1 = 40,
x1 x2 x3
x2 = 35, w2 = 25
75
= x3 = 30, w3 = 20
30 25 20
+ +
40 35 30
75 × 84
=
179
= 35.20 gvBj / N›Uv|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
94 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

33| Zzwg †Zvgvi hvÎvc‡_ cÖwZ N›Uvq 60 gvBj †e‡M 900 gvBj †Uª‡b, cÖwZ N›Uvq 25 gvBj †e‡M
300 gvBj †b․Kvq, cÖwZ N›Uvq 350 gvBj †e‡M 400 gvBj wegv‡b Ges cÖwZ N›Uvq 25 gvBj
†e‡M 15 gvBj U¨vw·‡Z †M‡j| †Zvgvi mgMÖ c‡_i N›Uvq Mo MwZ‡eM wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:†h‡nZz Mo MwZ‡eM ‡ei Ki‡Z n‡e ZvB Zi½ Mo fvj djvdj w`‡e|
awi, †eM=xi Ges AwZµvšÍ c_ = wi
xi wi wi /xi
60 900 15
25 300 12
350 400 1.33
25 15 0.6
†gvU = ∑ wi =1615 ∑ w i /x i = 28 .93

Mo MwZ‡eM, HM = ∑w i
w
∑x i

i
1615
=
28 .93
= 55.82 gvBj/N›Uv|

34| GKwU †Uªb NÈvq 200, 400, 800 Ges 1000 wK. wg. MwZ‡e‡M 1000 [Link]. evûwewkó
GKwU eM©vKvi †Uªb jvBb AwZµg K‡i| †UªbwUi Mo MwZ‡eM wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: Mo MwZ‡eM wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î Zi½ MoB mwVK djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i|,
GLv‡b, x1 = 200, x2 = 400, x3 = 800, x4 = 1000
4
Zi½ Mo HM =
1 1 1 1
+ + +
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
4
=
1 1 1 1
+ + +
200 400 800 1000
4
=
0.005 + 0.0025 + 0.00125 + 0.001
4
=
0.00975
= 410.26
∴ Mo MwZ‡eM NÈvq 410.26 wK. wg.|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 †K›`ªxq cÖeYZv 95
n
35| ∑ f (x
i =1
i i − k ) = 0 n‡j k Gi gvb KZ?
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1, x2............ xn Ges Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v
h_vµ‡g f1,f2............fn †hLv‡b, ∑ f = N I MvwYwZK Mo x n‡j, i

x=
∑fx i i

N
n
†`Iqv Av‡Q,∑ f (x − k) = 0
i =1
i i

∑ f x −∑ f k = 0 i i i

⇒ ∑ f x − Nk =0
i i

⇒ ∑ f x = Nk i i

⇒ Nk = ∑ f x i i

⇒ k=
∑fx i i

N
∴ k=x
36| 2, 1, 0, 5, −6, 7, −4 Z_¨mvwiwUi Z…Zxq PZz_©K, 7g `kgK Ges 60Zg kZgK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwi‡K gv‡bi EaŸ©µg wnmv‡e mvRv‡j Avgiv cvB−
− 6, − 4, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7
GLv‡b Z_¨msL¨v, n = 7 (we‡Rvo)
(n+1)×3 (7+1) × 3
myZivs Z…Zxq PZz_©K, Q3 = Zg c` = Zg c`
4 4
8×3
= Zg c` = 6 Zg c` = 5
4
(n + 1) × 7 (7 +1) × 7
7g `kgK, D7 = Zg c` = Zg c`
10 10
8×7
= Zg c` = 5.6 Zg c`
10
= 5 + 0.6
∴ D7 = 5 Zg c` + (6 Zg c` − 5 Zg c`) × 0.6
= 2 + (5 − 2) × 0.6 = 2 + 3 × 0.6 = 3.8
(n + 1) × 60 (7 + 1) × 60
60 Zg kZgK, P60 = Zg c` =
100 100
8 × 60
= Zg c` = 4.8 Zg c` = 4 + 0.8
100
∴P60 = 4 Zg c` + (5 Zg c` − 4 Zg c`) × 0.8
= 1 + (2 − 1) × 0.8 = 1 + 0.8 = 1.8
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
96 cwimsL¨vb cÖ_g cÎ

37| wb‡gœ †Kvb GKwU Ry‡Zvi †`vKv‡b wewµZ Ry‡Zvi mvB‡Ri MYmsL¨v †`Iqv n‡jv:
RyZvi mvBR 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
MYmsL¨v 15 18 30 36 32 22 10
Dc‡ii MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb n‡Z PZz_©KØq, PZz_© `kgK, 80 Zg kZgK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: MYbv ZvwjKv
RyZvi mvBR MYmsL¨v µg †hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
12 15 15
14 18 33
16 30 63
18 36 99
20 32 131
22 22 153
24 10 163
N = 163
N+1 163 + 1
cÖ_g PZz_©K, Q1 = Zg c` = Zg c` = 41 Zg c` = 16
4 4
(N +1) × 3 (163 + 1) × 3
Z…Zxq PZz_©K, Q3 = Zg c` = Zg c`
4 4
= 41 ×3 Zg c` = 123 Zg c` = 20
(N+1) (163 + 1)
PZz_©K `kgK, D4 = × 4 Zg c` = × 4 Zg c`
10 10
164
= × 4 Zg c` = 65.6 Zg c`
10
GLb, 65 Zg I 66 Zg c` GKB c` e‡j, D4 = 18
(N+1) (163 + 1)
80 Zg kZgK P80 = × 80 Zg c` = × 80 Zg c`
10 10
164
= × 8 Zg c` = 131.2 Zg c`
10
GLv‡b, 131 Zg c` = 20
132 Zg c` = 22
1wU c‡`i Rb¨ gv‡bi e„w× = 22 − 20 = 2
∴ 0.2 Ó Ó Ó = 2 × 0.2 = 0.4
∴ 80 Zg kZgK, P80 = 131.2 Zg c` = 20 + 0.4 = 20.4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 PZz_© Aa¨vq
we¯Ívi cwigvc
MEASURES OF DISPERSION

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc Øviv Avgiv †Kvb GKwU Z_¨mvwii ga¨Kgvb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv Z_¨mvwii ivwk¸‡jvi we¯Í„wZ ev e¨vwß m¤^‡Ü †Kvb aviYv cvB bv| Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h
GKvwaK Z_¨mvwii ga¨K gvb GKB wKšÍy ivwk¸‡jvi e¨vwß wfbœ| †hgb: 5, 10, 15 Ges 0, 5, 25
Z_¨mvwii `yBwUi MvwYwZK Mo 10 wKšÍy ivwk¸‡jvi e¨vwß wfbœ| cÖ_g Z_¨mvwi‡Z ivwk¸‡jv ga¨K gvb
n‡Z Kg we¯Í„Z Ges wØZxq Z_¨mvwii †ÿ‡Î ivwk¸‡jv ga¨K gvb n‡Z †ewk wewÿß| GKBfv‡e †Kvb
`yBwU wfbœ Z_¨mvwii ivwk¸‡jvi we¯Í„wZ wfbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i Mo, ga¨gv, cÖPziK GKB n‡Z cv‡i|
G RvZxq Ae¯’vq ga¨K gvb m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ ev †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc h‡_ó bq-G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i
cÖ‡qvRb nq Z_¨mvwii we¯Í„wZ Rvbvi|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• we¯Ívi, we¯Ívi cwigvc I we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• Ab‡cÿ ev cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• GKwU Av`k© we¯Ív‡ii ¸Yvewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• we¯Ívi cwigvcmg~‡ni Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• we‡f`vs‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• †f`vsK, we‡f`vsK I mn‡f`vsK Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡e|

4.01 we¯Ívi, we¯Ívi cwigvc I we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv

Dispersion, Measures of Dispersion and Types of Dispersion

we¯Ívi (Dispersion):
†K›`ªxq gvb n‡Z wb‡ek‡bi Ab¨vb¨ gvb¸‡jvi e¨eavb‡K we¯Ívi e‡j| Gi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡ek‡bi †K›`ªxq
gvb n‡Z Ab¨vb¨ gvb¸‡jv KZ `~‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq, A_©vr wb‡ek‡bi
ga¨K gvb †_‡K Dnvi msL¨v¸‡jv KZ †QvU ev eo Zvi cwigvc‡K we¯Ívi e‡j| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi
msL¨v¸wj hZB wewÿß n‡Z _v‡K Dnv‡`i we¯Ívi I ZZ evo‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ msL¨v¸wj hw` ci¯úi
mgvb nq Z‡e Dnv‡`i we¯Ívi ïb¨ nq|
cwimsL¨vbwe` A. L. Bowley Gi g‡Z, ÒDispersion is the measures of the variation
of the items" A_©vr we¯Ívi n‡jv Z_¨mvwii Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wfbœZvi cwigvc|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
98 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY: wb‡gœ A Ges B `ywU Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jvi we¯Ív‡ii g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡jv|
A B
47 33
43 28
53 63
50 55
57 71
x A = 50 xB = 50
Dc‡iv³ Z_¨mvwi `yÕwU‡Z Mo mgvb n‡jI Zv‡`i web¨v‡mi MVb cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ my¯úó cv_©K¨
we`¨gvb| KviY A mvwii wewfbœ gvb¸‡jv M‡oi KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb K‡i wKš‘ B mvwii gvb¸‡jv Mo
†_‡K A‡bK †ewk `~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| GBiƒc Z_¨mvwii †ÿ‡Î we¯Ív‡ii e¨envi DrK…ó|
we¯Ívi cwigvc (Measures of Dispersion):
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wb‡ek‡b Zzjbv Ki‡Z ev †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi †K›`ªxq gvb †_‡K Dnvi msL¨v¸wj KZ eo
ev KZ †QvU †mB cv_©K¨ ÁvcK cwigvcwUB n‡jv we¯Ívi cwigvc A_©vr †h MvwYwZK cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨
†Kvb wb‡ek‡bi †K›`ªxq gvb n‡Z Ab¨vb¨ gvb¸‡jvi e¨eavb wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K we¯Ívi cwigvc e‡j|
†hgb: cwiwgZ e¨eavb, we‡f`vsK BZ¨vw`|
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`:
D‡Ïk¨ I •ewkó¨MZ w`K †_‡K we¯Ívi cwigvc‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
K. Ab‡cÿ ev cig we¯Ívi cwigvc (Absolute measures of dispersion)
L. A‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc (Relative measures of dispersion)
(K) Ab‡cÿ ev cig we¯Ívi cwigvc: we¯Ív‡ii †h cwigvc mg~n wb‡ek‡bi ga¨K gvb †_‡K
msL¨v¸wji we¯Í…wZ A_©vr wb‡ek‡bi Af¨šÍixY †f` cwigvc K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Ab‡cÿ ev cig
we¯Ívi cwigvc e‡j| cig cwigvcmg~n Pj‡Ki GK‡K cwigvc Kiv nq| Bnv GKwU mij
ivwk| GKK Av‡Q, gvcv nq|
(L) Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc: we¯Ív‡ii †h cwigvc¸‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wb‡ek‡bi we¯Í…wZ Zzjbvi
Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq Zv‡`i‡K Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvc e‡j| Av‡cwÿK we¯Ívi cwigvcmg~n mnM,
kZKiv, AbycvZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nq| Giv GKKgy³ msL¨v|
4.02 Ab‡cÿ ev cig we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖKvi‡f`¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv|
Discuss Absolute Measures of Dispersion
Ab‡cÿ we¯Ívi cwigvc‡K Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
і. cwimi (Range)
іі. PZz_©K e¨eavb (Quartile Deviation)
ііі. Mo e¨eavb (Mean Deviation)
іv. cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard Deviation)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 99

і) cwimi (Range): cwimi n‡jv Z_¨mvwii me‡P‡q mnRZg cwigvcK| A‡kªYxK…Z Z_¨mvwii
†ÿ‡Î †Kvb Z_¨mvwii e„nËg Z_¨msL¨v I ÿz`Z ª g Z_¨msL¨vi e¨eavb‡K cwimi e‡j|
cwimi‡K R Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A_©vr R = xH − xL
†hgb: 7, 10, 15, 26, 30 msL¨v¸wji cwimi n‡e|
R = 30−7 = 23
Avevi MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î †kl †kªYxi D”Pmxgv I cÖ_g †kªYxi wbgœmxgvi we‡qvMdj‡K
Dnvi cwimi ejv nq|
іі) PZz_©K e¨eavb (Quartile deviation): †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi ga¨gv n‡Z cÖ_g PZz_©K Ges Z…Zxq
PZy_©K n‡Z ga¨gvi e¨eavb؇qi MvwYwZK Mo‡K PZz_©K e¨eavb e‡j| G‡K Q.D Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv nq| cÖ_g PZz_©K Q1, ga¨gv Me Ges Z…Zxq PZy_©K Q3 n‡j,
( M e − Q1 ) + (Q3 − M e )
PZz_©K e¨eavb, Q.D =
2
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Z…Zxq PZz_©K †_‡K cÖ_g PZz_©‡Ki we‡qvMdj‡K 2 Øviv fvM
Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K PZz_©K e¨eavb e‡j|
Q3 − Q1
Q.D =
2
iii) Mo e¨eavb (Mean deviation): †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK †_‡K msL¨v¸wji
e¨eav‡bi cig gv‡bi mgwó‡K Dnv‡`i c`msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K Mo
e¨eavb ejv nq| Mo e¨eavb‡K M.D Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - - - xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo, ga¨gv
I cÖPziK h_vµ‡g x, M e I M o .

GLb x n‡Z wbY©xZ Mo e¨eavb M .D( x ) = ∑x i -x

n

Me " " " M .D ( Me ) =

∑ x -M i e

Mo " " " M .D( M o ) =

∑ x -M i o

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

100 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - - - xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g, f1 , f 2 - - - - - - - -f n Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x , ga¨gv M e I cÖPziK
M o n‡j,

GLb x n‡Z wbY©xZ Mo e¨eavb, M .D( x ) =

∑f i xi - x
N

Me " " " M .D ( Me ) =

∑f i xi - Me
N

Mo " " " M .D ( M o ) =

∑f i xi - Mo
N
GLv‡b,
n
N = ∑ f i = †gvU MYmsL¨v|
i =1

x = MvwYwZK Mo|
n = Z_¨msL¨v / c`msL¨v|
M e = ga¨gv|
M o = cÖPziK|
іv) cwiwgZ e¨eavb (Standard Deviation): †Kvb Z_¨mvwii gvb¸‡jv n‡Z MvwYwZK M‡oi
e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zvi abvZ¥K eM©g~j‡K
cwiwgZ e¨eavb ejv nq| Bnv‡K σ ev SD Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - - - xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x , cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ n‡j,

σ = ∑ (x i - x) 2
n
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - - - xn Ges
n
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1 , f 2 - - - - - - - -f n †hLv‡b ∑ fi = N , cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ n‡j,
i =1

∑ f (x i i − x )2
σ = i =1
N

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 101

4.03 we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Necessity and Importance Measres of Dispersion
wb‡gœ we¯Ív‡ii ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
i. `y‡Uv wb‡ek‡bi ga¨Kgvb mgvb n‡jI Zv‡`i MVb c×wZ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| GBiƒc †ÿ‡Î
wb‡ekb `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ we¯Ívi cwigvc e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgb:
Column−A 90 80 50 60 65 75
Column−B 0 95 70 80 75 100
GLv‡b x A = 70 Ges xB = 70
G‡ÿ‡Î A I B Z_¨mvwii Mo mgvb n‡jI Zv‡`i MVb I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ my®úó cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| KviY
Mo n‡Z A mvwii wewfbœ gv‡bi we¯Í…wZ A‡cÿvK…Z Kg Ges B mvwii gvb¸‡jvi we¯Í…wZ Lye †ekx|
ii. D”PZi ch©v‡qi wewfbœ cwimvswL¨K c×wZi cwigvcK wn‡m‡e GwU e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:
ms‡køl, wbf©iY, bgybvqb, h_v_©Zv hvPvB cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î we¯Ívi e¨eüZ nq|
iii. †Kvb KviLvbvq Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i h_vh_ gvb wbqš¿‡Y GwU e¨eüZ nq|
iv. GwU †K›`ªxq gv‡bi h_v_©Zv hvPvB K‡i| †h Z_¨mvwii we¯Ívi hZ Kg Zvi †K›`ªxq
gvb¸wj Z‡Zv †ewk cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix|
v. we¯Ívi Z_¨mvwii gvb¸wji mvgÄm¨Zv cwigvc K‡i| †h Z_¨mvwii we¯Ívi hZ †ewk Zvi
gvb¸wj Z‡Zv †ewk AmvgÄm¨c~Y©|

4.04 GKwU Av`k© we¯Ív‡ii ¸Yvewj

The Properties of an Ideal Measures of Dispersion

GKwU Av`k© we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci ¸Yvejx:

cwimsL¨vbwe` Yule-Gi g‡Z GKwU Av`k© ga¨K gv‡bi †h mg¯Í ¸Yvejx _vKv Avek¨K GKwU Av`k©
we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci I †mBme ¸Yvejx _vKv Avek¨K| A_©vr,
• Bnvi mwVK I my¯úó msÁv _vKv DwPZ|
• Bnv Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
• GUv mnR‡eva¨ I mn‡R MYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ|
• GUv mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cwiMYbvi Dc‡hvMx nIqv DwPZ|
• Bnv bgybv wePz¨wZ Øviv Lye †ekx cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ bq|
• GUv cÖvwšÍKgvb ev Piggvb Øviv Lye †ewk cÖfvweZ nIqv DwPZ bq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
102 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

4.05 we¯Ívi cwigvcmg~‡ni Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv

Compare Different Measures of Dispersion
we¯Ívi cwigvc cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v we¯Ív‡ii cig I Av‡cwÿK cwigvc| cig cwigvc PviwU h_v:
(1) cwimi (2) PZz_©K e¨eavb (3) Mo e¨eavb Ges (4) cwiwgZ e¨eavb| GLv‡b ïay cig
cwigvc¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨B Av‡cwÿK cwigvc¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv nq| we¯Ív‡ii †Kvb cwigvcwU DrK…ó Zv
GKkZ fvM wbwðZ K‡i ejv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e me¸wj cwigv‡ci g‡a¨ †hwU m‡e©v”P msL¨K ¸Yvejx
mg_©b Ki‡e Zv‡KB DrK…ó we¯Ívi cwigvc ejv n‡e| Av`k© we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci •ewk󨸇jvi †cÖwÿ‡Z
we¯Ív‡ii wewfbœ cwigvc¸‡jvi Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

1. cwimi: mn‡R eySv hvq I mn‡R MYbv Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Bnv mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj bq|
Bnv cÖvwšÍK gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| Bnv‡Z mn‡R MvwYwZK I exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv
hvq bv| Bnv wb‡ek‡bi ga¨K gvb †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ msL¨v¸wji we¯Í…wZ m¤^‡Ü mwVK aviYv w`‡Z
cv‡i bv| Z‡e wmwi‡Ri AvKvi †QvU n‡j Bnv wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
2. PZz_©K e¨eavb: PZz_©K e¨eavb mn‡R eySv hvq, mn‡R MYbv Kiv hvq Ges cÖvwšÍK gvb Øviv
Kg cÖfvweZ nq| Bnv‡Z mn‡R exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv Av‡ivc Kiv hvq bv| Bnv wb‡ek‡bi
MVb cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü mwVK aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Z_vwcI cwim‡ii Zzjbvq Bnv †ekx
wbf©i‡hvM¨|
3. Mo e¨eavb: Mo e¨eavb cÖvq me¸‡jv Avek¨Kxq •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| Bnv mn‡R eySv hvq|
mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| Bnv bgybv ZviZg¨ I cÖvwšÍK gvb Kg cÖfvweZ nq| wKš‘ Bnv‡Z
cieZx©‡Z †Kvb MvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|
4. cwiwgZ e¨eavb: Avek¨Kxq •ewk󨸇jvi g‡a¨ cwiwgZ e¨eavb mnR‡eva¨ Qvov cÖvq
me¸‡jv •ewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix| Bnv mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| Bnv‡Z AwaK MvwYwZK I
exRMvwYwZK cÖwµqv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| Bnv bgybv wePz¨wZi †ÿ‡Î cÖvq w¯’i _v‡K| A_©vr Bnv
bgybv ZviZg¨ Øviv cÖfvweZ nq bv|
Dcmsnvi : GKwU Av`k© we¯Í v i cwigv‡ci D‡jø w LZ •ewk‡ó¨i †cÖ w ÿ‡Z Zz j bvg~ j K Av‡jvPbv
n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, mn‡R MYbv I mnR‡eva¨Zvi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv bv n‡j cwiwgZ
e¨eavb GKwU Av`k© we¯Í v i cwigvc| Ab¨w`‡K MvwYwZK Mo †K›`ª x q cÖ e YZvi cwigv‡ci
DrK… ó cwigvc nIqvq Df‡qi mgš^ ‡ q m„ ó we‡f`vsK‡K Av‡cwÿK cwigvc¸‡jvi g‡a¨
DrK… ó ejv hvq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 103

4.06 we‡f`vs‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Necessity of Coefficient of variation

we‡f`vsK GKwU GKK gy³ msL¨v hv wfbœ wfbœ GK‡K cÖKvwkZ `yBwU wb‡ek‡bi Zzjbv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
wkí‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i DrKl©Zv hvPvB, RbmsL¨v, †`kxq m¤úwË BZ¨vw`i mgmË¡Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z Gi
cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| GQvovI wfbœ wfbœ ga¨K gvb wewkó wb‡ek‡bi Zzjbvq Ges wb‡ek‡bi MVb cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z we‡f`vs‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨| ZvB cwimsL¨v‡b we‡f`vs‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|

4.07 †f`vsK, we‡f`vsK I mn‡f`vsK |

Variance, Co-efficient of Variation and Co-variance
†f`vsK: †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo †_‡K msL¨v¸wji e¨eav‡bi e‡M©i mgwó‡K †gvU Z_¨msL¨v Øviv fvM
Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †f`vsK e‡j| †f`vsK‡K σ 2 Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n, x1 , x2 ..............xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo, x , †f`vsK σ 2 n‡j,

σ 2
=
∑ (x i − x)2
n
†kªwYK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n, x1 , x2 ..............xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g f1 , f 2 ................... f n Ges ∑ f i = N , †f`vsK σ 2 n‡j,

σ 2
=
∑ f (x i i − x )2
N
we‡f`vsK (coefficient of variation): †Kvb Z_¨mvwii cwiwgZ e¨eavb‡K H Z_¨mvwii
MvwYwZK Mo Øviv fvM K‡i kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K we‡f`vsK e‡j| Bnv‡K
CV Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ Ges Gi MvwYwZK Mo x ,
we‡f`vsK C.V n‡j,
σ
C. V = × 100
x
mn‡f`vsK (Co-variance): †Kvb wØ-PjK Z‡_¨i GKwU Z_¨gvb n‡Z wbR¯^ MvwYwZK M‡oi
we‡qvMdj I Aci PjKwUi gvb¸‡jv n‡Z Zvi wbR¯^ MvwYwZK M‡oi we‡qvMd‡ji ¸Yd‡ji mgwó‡K
†h‡Kvb GKwU Z_¨gv‡bi †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB mn-‡f`vsK e‡j|
g‡b Kwi, ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ PjK x I y -Gi n †Rvov gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g
( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) ....(xn , yn ) Ges G‡`i MvwYwZK x I y mn‡f`vsK cov(x, y) n‡j,

∴cov (x, y) =
∑ (x − x) ( y
i i − y)
n
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
104 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

KwZcq Dccv`¨ I cÖgvY

1| cÖgvY Ki †h, †f`vsK g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - - - - - xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo, x

†f`vsK, σ x2 = ∑ (x i − x)2
----------------- (i)
n
xi − a
awi, ui = GLv‡b a = g~j
c
c = gvcwb
⇒ xi − a = cu i
u i = bZzb PjK|
⇒ xi = a + cu i
n n n n
⇒ ∑ xi = ∑ a + c ∑ u i
i =1 i =1 i =1
[Dfq c‡ÿ ∑
i =1
wb‡q]
n n

∑ xi na
∑ ui
⇒ i =1
= +c i =1
[Dfq c‡ÿ n Øviv fvM K‡i]
n n n
∴ x = a + c u
(і) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

σ 2
=
∑ (a + cu i − a − cu ) 2
x
n

= ∑ (cui − cu ) 2
n
∑ {c(u − u )}
2
∑ (u
2
− u)
= i
=c 2 i

n n
∴σ = c σ
2
x
2 2
u

myZivs †f`vsK g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKšÍ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj| (cÖgvwYZ)

2| cÖgvY Ki †h, cwiwgZ e¨eavb g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
cÖgvY:
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 , x2 - - - - - - xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x I
cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ x n‡j,

σx =
∑ (x i − x)2
− − − − − − − −(1)
n
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 105

awi,
GLv‡b a = g~j
x −a c = gvcwb
ui = i
c u i = bZzb PjK|
⇒ xi − a = cu i
⇒ xi = a + cu i
n n n n
⇒ ∑ xi = ∑ a + c∑ ui
i =1 i =1 i =1
[Dfq c‡ÿ ∑
i =1
wb‡q]
n n

∑x nai ∑u i
⇒ i =1
= +c i =1
[Dfq c‡ÿ n Øviv fvM K‡i]
n n n
∴ x = a + cu

(і) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

σx = ∑ (x i − x )2
n

=
∑ (a + cu i − a − cu ) 2
n

∑ {c(u − u)}
2

=
i

n
c 2 ∑ (ui − u) 2
=
n

=c ∑ (u i − u) 2
n
∴ σ x = cσ u
myZivs cwiwgZ e¨eavb g~‡ji cwieZ©b n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj| (cÖgvwYZ)

3| cÖgvY Ki †h, `ywU msL¨vi Mo e¨eavb Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb Zv‡`i cwim‡ii A‡a©K|

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x1 I x2 `ywU msL¨v †hLv‡b x1 > x2

x1 + x 2
MvwYwZK Mo, x=
2
cwimi, R = x1 − x2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
106 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

∑x i −x
Mo e¨eavb, MD = i =1

2
x1 − x + x2 − x
=
2
x1 + x2 x + x2
x1 − + x2 − 1
= 2 2
2
2 x1 − x1 − x 2 2 x 2 − x1 − x 2
+
= 2 2
2
x1 − x 2 x − x1
+ 2
= 2 2
2
x1 − x2 x1 − x2
+
= 2 2
2
 x − x2 
2 1 
=  2 
2
x1 − x 2
=
2
R
=
2
R
MD = − − − − − − − − − − − −(i )
2
cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
2

∑(x i − x)2
σ = i =1

= ( x1 − x ) 2 + ( x2 − x ) 2
2
2 2
 x + x2   x + x2 
 x1 − 1  +  x2 − 1 
=  2   2 
2
2
 2 x1 − x1 − x 2   2 x 2 − x1 − x 2  2
  + 
 2   2 
=  
2

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 107

2 2
 x1 − x2   x 2 − x1 
  + 
 2   2 
=    
2
2 2
 x1 − x2   x1 − x2 

  + 
=  2   2 
2
2
 x − x2 
2 1 
=  2 
2
2
=  x1 − x2 
 
 2 
= x1 − x2
2
R
σ = − − − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
2
mgxKiY (i) I (ii) bs n‡Z cvB,
R (cÖgvwYZ)
∴ MD = σ =
2

4| cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK, cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

awi, cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,
xi :{1, 2, 3..........................n}
2
n
 n 
∴ †f`vsK, ∑x i
2
 ∑ xi 
σ2 = i =1
−  i =1 
n  n 
 
 
2
12 + 2 2 + ............... + n 2  1 + 2 + ............ + n 
= − 
n  n 
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  n(n + 1) 
 
= 6 − 2 
n  n 
 
 
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  n(n + 1) 
= − 
6n  2n 
 (2n + 1) (n + 1) 
= (n + 1)  − 
 6 4 
 4n + 2 − 3n − 3 
= (n + 1)  
 12 
 n −1
= (n + 1)  
 12 
( n + 1) ( n − 1) n2 −1
= =
12 12

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

108 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2 n2 −1
∴ cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK, σ x =
12
n2 −1
∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ x =
12
Avgiv Rvwb,
n +1
cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨v, x =
2
σx
∴we‡f`vsK, c.v = × 100
x
n2 − 1
= 12 × 100
n +1
2
n2 − 1
= 12 × 100
2
 n +1
 
 2 

=
(n + 1)(n − 1) × 4
× 100
12 (n + 1)(n + 1)
=
(n − 1) × 100
3(n + 1)

5| cÖgvY Ki †h, cÖ_g n msL¨K abvZ¥K msL¨vi Mo x Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ n‡j,
і) x n −1 ≥ σ і і) 100 n −1 ≥ we‡f`vsK|
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K abvZ¥K gvbmg~n x2 , x2 ............xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ n‡j,

x=
∑ xi
n
∴ ∑ x i = nx ............................................. (i)

∑x
2

†f`vsK, σ 2
= i
− x 2 − − − − ( 2)
n
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 109

Avgiv Rvwb,
2
 n  n
 ∑ i  ∑ xi + 2∑ xi x j
2
x =
 i =1  i =1 i< j

ev, (∑ x ) ≥ ∑ x
i
2
i
2
[Z_¨we›`y¸wj AFbvZ¡K e‡j 2∑ xi x j ≥ 0]
i< j

ev, (nx ) 2 ≥ ∑ xi 2

ev, n 2 x 2 ≥ ∑ xi 2

∑x
2

ev, nx 2
≥
i
[Dfq cÿ‡K n Øviv fvM K‡i]
n
∑x
2
2
ev, nx − x 2
≥
i
− x2 [Dfq c‡ÿ x 2 we‡qvM K‡i]
n
ev, x 2 (n − 1) ≥ σ 2 [ (2) bs n‡Z ]
ev, x n −1 ≥ σ (cÖgvwYZ)
σ
ev, n −1 ≥
x
σ
ev, n − 1 × 100 ≥ × 100 [Dfq c‡ÿ 100 Øviv ¸Y K‡i]
x
σ
ev, 100 n − 1 ≥ C.V [ we‡f`vsK C .V = × 100 ]
x
∴100 n − 1 ≥ we‡f`vsK| (cÖgvwYZ)

2 2 2 2
n1 (σ 1 + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
6| cÖgvY Ki †h, mwb¥wjZ cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ c =
n1 + n2

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x11 , x12 , ...........x1n Ges x21 , x22 , ...........x2 n `ywU Z_¨mvwi| Zv‡`i †gvU
1 2

Z_¨msL¨v h_vµ‡g n1 Ges n2 MvwYwZK Mo x1 Ges x2 Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ 1 I σ 2 |

n1 x1 + n2 x2
mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK Mo, x c =
n1 + n2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
110 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

Ges mw¤§wjZ †f`vsK,

n1 n2

2
∑ (x1i − x c )2 + ∑ (x 2i − x c )2
σc = i =1 i =1
n1 + n 2
n1 n2
(n1 + n 2 )σc = ∑ ( x1i − x c ) 2 + ∑ ( x 2i − x c ) 2 ..................(i)
2
⇒
i =1 i =1
n1

∑ (x 1i − x1 ) 2
1g Dc‡m‡Ui †f`vsK, σ 12 = i =1

n1
n1

∑ (x
2
⇒ 1i − x1 ) 2 = n1 σ 1 ...........................(ii )
i =1
n2

∑ (x 2i − x2 ) 2
2q Dc‡m‡Ui †f`vsK, σ 2 2 = i =1

n2
n2

∑ (x
2
⇒ 2i − x2 ) 2 = n2 σ 2 ...........................(iii )
i =1

GLb,
n1 n1

∑ ( x1i − x c )2 =∑{( x1i − x1 ) +( x1 − x c )}2

i =1 i =1
n1 n1
= ∑ ( x1i − x1 ) + 2( x1 − x c )∑ ( x1i − x1 ) + n1 ( x1 − x c ) 2
2

i =1 i =1
n1 n1
= ∑ ( x1i − x1 ) + 2( x1 − x c ).0 + n1 ( x1 − x c )
2 2
[ ∑ ( x1i − x1 ) = 0 ]
i =1 i =1
2
= n1σ1 + n1 ( x1 − x c ) 2
[(ii) bs †_‡K ]
n1

∑ (x
2
∴ 1i − x c ) 2 = n1 σ1 + n1 ( x1 − x c ) 2 ...........................(iv )
i =1

Abyiƒcfv‡e, cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h,

n2

∑ (x
2
2i − x c ) 2 = n 2 σ 2 + n 2 ( x 2 − x c ) 2 ...........................( v)
i =1

x1 − x c = d1
awi,
x 2 − xc = d2
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 111

Zvn‡j (iv) Ges (v) bs mgxKiY‡K wbgœiƒ‡c wjLv hvq,

n2

∑ (x
2 2
2i − xc ) 2 = n2 σ 2 + n2 d 2 ...................... (vii )
i =1
n1

∑ (x
2 2
1i − x c ) 2 = n1 σ1 + n1d1 ...........................( vi )
i =1

(vi) Ges (vii) bs mgxKiY‡K (i) bs mgxKi‡Y ewm‡q cvB,

2 2 2 2 2
(n1 + n2 )σ c = n1σ 1 + n1d1 + n2σ 2 + n2 d 2
2 2 2 2 2
(n1 + n2 )σ c = n1 (σ 1 + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
2 2 2 2
2 n (σ + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
⇒σ c = 1 1
n1 + n2
2 2 2 2
n1 (σ 1 + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
∴σ c = (cÖgvwYZ)
n1 + n2

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvejx
1| cwimi, R = e„nËg Z_¨msL¨v − ÿy`Z
ª g Z_¨ msL¨v = xH − xL
2| PZz_©K e¨eavb, Q.D = Q3 − Q1
2
n

∑x
i =1
i −x
3| Mo e¨eavb, MD( x ) = (A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
n

∑f i xi − x
= i =1 (†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
∑ (x − x)
2
4| cwiwgZ e¨eavb, SD / σ = i
(A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
∑ f (x − x)
2

=
i i
(†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
5| (i) †f`vsK, σ 2 =
∑ (x i − x)2
(A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
2
∑x  ∑ xi
2

= −  (A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
i

n  n 
 
∑x
2

=
i
− x2 (A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
112 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

(ii) †f`vsK, σ 2 = ∑ f i ( xi − x )
2
(†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
2
∑fx  ∑ f i xi
2

=
i i
−  (‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N  N 
 
∑fx
2

=
i i
− x2 (†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
σ
6| we‡f`vsK, C .V . = × 100
x
7| cwiwgZ e¨eavb g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
A_©vr σ x = cσ u
8| †f`vsK g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
A_©vr σ x 2 = c 2σ u 2 |
R
9| `ywU msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î MD = SD = ; †hLv‡b MD = Mo e¨eavb,
2
SD = cwiwgZ e¨eavb, R = cwimi

n2 −1 n2 −1
10| cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK, σ = I cwiwgZ e¨eavb σ = 2

12 12

12| mn‡f`vsK, cov ( x, y ) =

∑ (x i − x ) ( yi − y )
n
hLb x I y ¯^vaxb PjK ZLb cov( x, y ) = 0
n2 −1 n2 −1
13| cÖ_g n †Rvo /we‡Rvo msL¨vi †f`vsK, σ = I cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = 2

3 3
2 2 2 2
n (σ + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
14| mw¤§wjZ cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ c = 1 1
n1 + n2
†hLv‡b, d1 = x1 − xc , d 2 = x2 − xc
2 2 2 2
n1 (σ 1 + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 )
15| mw¤§wjZ †f`vsK, σ 2 c = ;
n1 + n2
†hLv‡b, d1 = x1 − xc , d 2 = x2 − xc

∑ x′ = ∑ x 2 2
2 2
16| mwVK Z‡_¨i e‡M©i mgwó i i − (fyj Z_¨) + (mwVK Z_¨)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 113

MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb

1| 35 I 45 msL¨v `ywUi Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
g‡b Kwi, msL¨v `yBwU,
x1 = 35
x2 = 45 [ GLv‡b, x2 > x1 ]
cwimi,
R = x 2 − x1
= 45 − 35
= 10
Mo e¨eavb,
R
MD =
2
10
=
2
=5
cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
R
σ=
2
10
=
2
=5
2| −15 I −55 msL¨v `ywUi Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, msL¨v `yBwU,
x1 = −15
x2 = −55 [ GLv‡b, x1 > x2 ]
cwimi,
R = x1 − x2
= −15 − (55)
= −15 + 55
= 40

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

114 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

Mo e¨eavb,
R
MD =
2
40
=
2
= 20
cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
R
σ =
2
40
=
2
= 20
3| 25 I 35 msL¨v `yBwUi †f`vsK I we‡f`vsK KZ?
mgvavb : awi, msL¨v `yBwU,
x1 = 25
x2 = 35 [ GLv‡b x2 > x1 ]
cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
R
σ=
2
x − x1
= 2
2
35 − 25
=
2
10
=
2
σ =5
∴ σ 2 = (5) 2
= 25
σ
we‡f`vsK, C.V = × 100 − − − − − (1) GLv‡b,
x
(1) bs n‡Z cvB, x1 + x2
x=
5 2
C.V = × 100
30
25 + 35 60
=16.67 = = = 30
2 2
∴wb‡Y©q †f`vsK, 25 I we‡f`vsK (C.V) =16.67%

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 115

4| 13 I 17 msL¨v `yBwU we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb: GLv‡b ,17>13
13 + 17
x=
2
30
=
2
= 15

cwimi, R = 17 - 13
=4
R
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ =
2
4
=
2
=2

σ
∴we‡f`vsK = ×100
x
2
= ×100
15
=13 .33
∴wb‡Y©q we‡f`vsK =13.33%|
5| −3, 0, 3 msL¨v¸wji Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
awi, x1 = −3
x2 = 0
Ges x3 = 3
x1 + x 2 + x3
MvwYwZK Mo, x =
3
−3+0+3
=
3
0
=
3
=0
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
116 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

Mo e¨eavb,
3
∑ xi − x
i =1
MD =
3
3
∑ xi − 0
i =1
=
3
3
∑ xi
i =1
=
3
x1 + x 2 + x3
=
3
−3 + 0 + 3
=
3
3+0+3
=
3
6
= =2
3
3

∑(x i − x)2
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ= i =1

3
3
∑ ( xi − 0) 2
i =1
=
3
3

∑x
2
i
= i =1

3
2 2 2
x1 + x2 + x3
=
3
(−3) + 0 2 + (3) 2
2
=
3
9+0+9
=
3
18
=
3
= 6
= 2.45
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 117

6| − 2a,−a,0, a,2a msL¨v¸‡jvi Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb :
awi,
x1 = −2a
x2 = −a
x3 = 0
x4 = a
x5 = 2a
MvwYwZK Mo,
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5
x=
5
− 2a − a + 0 + a + 2a
=
5
0
=
5
=0
Mo e¨eavb,
5
∑ xi − x
i =1
MD =
5
5
∑ xi − 0
i =1
=
5
5
∑ xi
i =1
=
5
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5
=
5
− 2 a + − a + 0 + a + 2a
=
5
2a + a + 0 + a + 2a
=
5
6a
=
5
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
118 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

∑ (x i − x)2
†f`vsK, σ 2 = i =1

5
5

∑ (x
i =1
i − 0) 2
=
5
5

∑x
2
i
i =1
=
5
2 2 2 2 2
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x5
=
5
( −2a) + (− a) 2 + 0 2 + (a) 2 + (2a) 2
2
=
5
4 a + a + 0 + a + 4a 2
2 2 2
=
5
2
10 a
=
5
σ = 2a 2
2

= 2a 2
∴σ = 2 a
6a
... wb‡Y©q, Mo e¨eavb I cwiwgZ e¨eavb 2a
5
7| 3, 7, 11-------55 msL¨v¸wji cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
awi, GLv‡b,
xi = {3,7,11 − − − − − − − 55} g~j, a = −1
xi − a gvcbx, c = 4
Ges ui = ui = bZzb PjK|
c
x +1
= i
4
= {1,2,3 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 14}
Bnv 14wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU|

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 119

∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo

n +1
u=
2
14 + 1
=
2
15
=
2
= 7 .5
Avgiv Rvwb, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
x = a + cu
= −1 + 4 × 7.5
= −1+ 30
= 29
∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
n2 − 1
σu =
12
(14 ) 2 − 1
σu =
12
196 − 1
=
12
195
=
12
= 16 .25
= 4.03
Avgiv Rvwb, cwiwgZ e¨eavb g~j †_‡K ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
σ x = cσ u
= 4× 4.03
= 16.12
σx
∴we‡f`vsK, C.V = × 100
x
16 .12
= × 100
29
= 55.59%
∴wb‡Y©q cwiwgZ e¨eavb, 16.12 Ges we‡f`vsK 55.59%|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
120 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

8| 4030, 4040------------4500 avivi †f`vsK I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb : awi,
xi = {4030 , 4040 − − − − − −4500 } GLv‡b,
xi − a g~j, a = 4020
Ges u i = gvcbx, c = 10
c
xi − 4020 ui = bZzb PjK|
=
10
= {1,2,− − − − − − − − − − − − − − 48}
Bnv 48wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU|
∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo
n +1
u=
2
48 + 1
=
2
49
=
2
= 24 .5
Avgiv Rvwb, MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcwbi Dci wbf©ikxj|
x = a + cu
= 4020 + 10 × 24.5
= 4020 + 245
= 4265
2 n2 −1
∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK σ u =
12
2 (48) 2 − 1
σu =
12
2304 − 1
=
12
2303
=
12
= 191 .92
Avgiv Rvwb, †f`vsK g~j †_‡K ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
σ x2 = c 2σ u
2

= (10 ) 2 × 191 .92

= 19191 .67
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 121

myZivs cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ x = 1919 .67

= 138 .53
∴we‡f`vsK,
σx
C.V = ×100
x
138 .53
= × 100
4265
= 3.25 %

9| 7, 12, 17, 22--------102 ivwk¸‡jvi †f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb:
awi, xi = {7,12,17,22 − − − − − − − 102} GLv‡b,
xi − a g~j, a = 2
Ges ui = gvcbx, c = 5
c
ui = bZzb PjK|
xi − 2
=
5
= {1,2,3,4 − − − −20}

Bnv 20wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,

∴ cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK

2 n2 −1
σu =
12
(20 ) 2 − 1
=
12
= 33 .25
Avgiv Rvwb, †f`vsK g~j †_‡K ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
σ x 2 = c 2σ u 2
= 5 2 × 33 .25
= 831 .25
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
122 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

10| 20, 25, 30 ................ 110 msL¨v¸‡jvi †f`vsK, cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: awi, GLv‡b,
xi = {20, 25, 30 ....................110 } g~j, a = 15
gvcbx, c = 5
xi − a
Ges u i = ui = bZzb PjK
c
x − 15
= i
5
= {1,2,3..............19}
Bnv 19wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †mU,
n +1
1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo u =
2
19 + 1
1g 19wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo u =
2
20
=
2
= 10
Avgiv Rvwb,
MvwYwZK Mo g~j I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
∴ x = a + cu
= 15 + (5 × 10 )
=15 + 50
= 65
19wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK,

σu2 =
(19 )2 − 1
12
361 − 1
=
12
360
=
12
= 30

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 123

Avgiv Rvwb, †f`vsK g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
σ x2 = c2 ×σ u
2

= (5) × 30
2

= 25 × 30
= 750
= 750
= 27 .38
σx
∴ we‡f`vsK, c.v = × 100
x
27 .38
= × 100
65
= 42 .13
= 42.13 %

11| `ywU ivwki MvwYwZK Mo I †f`vsK 10 I 4 n‡j ivwkØq wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 10
σ2 =4
∴σ = 2
g‡b Kwi, ivwk `yBwU x1 I x2 †hLv‡b x1 > x2
AM = 10
x1 + x2
ev, = 10
2
x1 + x2 = 20 − − − − − − − − − − − −(i)
Avevi σ = 2
R
ev, =2
2
ev, R = 4
∴ x1 − x2 = 4 − − − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
124 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

mgxKiY (i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB,

x1 + x2 + x1 − x2 = 20 + 4
⇒ 2x1 = 24
∴x1 = 12
mgxKiY (i) †_‡K (ii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
x1 + x 2 − x1 + x 2 = 20 − 4
2 x 2 = 16
∴ x2 = 8
wb‡Y©q ivwk `yBwU 12 I 8|

12| `ywU Amg ivwki MvwYwZK Mo I †f`vsK h_vµ‡g 6 I 9 n‡j ivwk `ywU wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 6
†f`vsK, σ 2 = 9
∴σ = 3
g‡b Kwi, Amg ivwk `yBwU x1 I x2 †hLv‡b x1 > x2
AM = 10
x1 + x2
ev, =6
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 12 − − − − − − − − − − − (i)
Avevi, σ = 3
R
⇒ =3
2
x1 − x2
⇒ =3
2
⇒ x1 − x2 = 6 − − − − − − − − − −(ii )

mgxKiY (i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB,

x1 + x2 + x1 − x2 = 12 + 6
2 x1 = 18
∴ x1 = 9
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 125

mgxKiY (i) †_‡K (ii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,

x1 + x2 − x1 + x2 = 12 − 6
2 x2 = 6
∴ x2 = 3
wb‡Y©q ivwk `yBwU 9 I 3|
13| `ywU msL¨vi Mo 7 I †f`vsK 1 n‡j msL¨v `ywU KZ?
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
AM = 7
σ 2 =1
∴σ = 1
awi, msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2 †hLv‡b x1 > x2
AM = 7
x1 + x 2
ev, =7
2
∴ x1 + x2 = 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (i)
Avevi, σ = 1
R
⇒ =1
2
x1 − x 2
⇒ =1
2
∴ x1 − x2 = 2 − − − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
mgxKiY (i) I (ii) †hvM K‡i cvB,
x1 + x 2 + x1 − x2 = 14 + 2
2 x1 = 16
∴ x1 = 8
mgxKiY (i) †_‡K (ii) we‡qvM K‡i cvB,
x1 + x2 − x1 + x2 = 14 − 2
⇒ 2x2 = 12
∴x2 = 6
wb‡Y©q msL¨v `yBwU 8 I 6|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
126 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

14| `yBwU Z_¨gv‡bi R¨vwgwZK Mo 3 3 Ges †f`vsK 9 n‡j Z_¨gvb `ywU wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
GM = 3 3
†f`vsK, σ 2 = 9
∴σ = 3
awi, Z_¨ msL¨v `yBwU x1 I x2 †hLv‡b x1 > x2
GLb, GM = 3 3
ev, x1 x 2 = 3 3
∴ x1 x2 = 27 [eM© K‡i cvB]
Avevi, σ =3
R
ev, =3
2
x −x
ev, 1 2 = 3
2
∴ x1 − x2 = 6 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(i)
Avgiv Rvwb,
( x1 + x2 ) 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) 2 + 4 x1 x2
= 6 2 + 4 × 27
= 36 + 108
( x1 + x2 ) 2 =144
x1 + x 2 = 144
= 12 − − − − − − − − − − − (ii )
mgxKiY (i ) I (ii) †hvM K‡i
x1 − x2 + x1 + x2 = 6 + 12
ev, 2 x1 =18
∴ x1 = 9
mgxKiY (i ) †_‡K (ii) we‡qvM K‡i
x1 − x2 − x1 − x2 = 6 − 12
ev, − 2 x2 = − 6
−6
ev, x 2 =
−2
∴ x2 = 3
wb‡Y©q Z_¨ msL¨v `yBwU 9 I 3.
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 127

15| wZbwU web¨v‡mi MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g 200, 250 I 300| Zv‡`i Mo 25, 10 I 15 Ges cwiwgZ
e¨eavb 3, 4 I 5 n‡j mw¤§wjZ Mo, †f`vsK I cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
n1 = 200 , n2 = 250 , n3 = 300
x1 = 25, x2 = 10, x3 = 15
σ 1 = 3, σ 2 = 4, σ 3 = 5
σ 1 2 = 9, σ 2 2 = 16, σ 3 2 = 25
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 + n3 x3
mw¤§wjZ Mo, x c =
n1 + n 2 + n3
200 × 25 + 250 × 10 + 300 × 15
=
200 + 250 + 300
5000 + 2500 + 4500
=
750
12000
=
750
=16

mw¤§wjZ †f`vsK,
2 2 2 2 2 2
n1 (σ 1 + d1 ) + n2 (σ 2 + d 2 ) + n3 (σ 3 + d 3 )
σ c2 = --------- (i)
n1 + n2 + n3
d1 = x1 − xc = 25 − 16 = 9
2
d1 = 81
σ 1 2 + d1 2 = 9 + 81 = 90
d 2 = x2 − xc = 10 − 16 = −6
2
d 2 = 36
σ 2 2 + d 2 2 = 16 + 36 = 52
d 3 = x3 − xc = 15 − 16 = −1
2
d3 = 1
σ 3 2 + d 3 2 = 25 + 1 = 26

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

128 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

(i ) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

200 × 90 + 250 × 52 + 300 × 26
σ c2 =
200 + 250 + 300
18000 + 13000 + 7800
=
750
38800
=
750
= 51.73
σ c = 51 .73 = 7.19
16| 1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb 10 n‡j n Gi gvb I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb, 1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
n2 −1
σ= [ GLv‡b, σ = 10 ]
12
cÖkœg‡Z,
n2 −1
= 10
12
n2 −1
ev, = 10 [eM© K‡i]
12
ev, n 2 − 1 = 120
ev, n 2 = 120 + 1
ev, n 2 = 121
∴n = 11
∴ 1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo,
n +1
x=
2
11 + 1
=
2
12
= =6
2
σ
we‡f`vsK, C.V = × 100
x
10
= × 100
6
= 52.70%
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 129

17| GKwU Z_¨mvwii we‡f`vsK, ga¨gv I cwiwgZ e¨eavb h_vµ‡g 25%, 21 Ges 5| Z_¨mvwii
cÖPziK I MvwYwZK Mo †ei Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
σ
we‡f`vsK, C.V = × 100 = 25 − − − − − − − − − (i )
x
ga¨gv, M e = 21
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = 5
(i) bs n‡Z cvB,
5
⇒ × 100 = 25
x
⇒ 25 x = 500
500
⇒ x= = 20
25
Avgiv Rvwb,
cÖPziK = 3 × ga¨gv −2 × MvwYwZK Mo
M o = 3M e − 2 x
= 3 × 21-2 × 20
= 63-40
=23
wb‡Y©q cÖPziK 23 I MvwYwZK Mo 20|
18| †Kvb Z_¨mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z 3 we‡qvM K‡i 5 Øviv fvM K‡i †h bZzb Z_¨mvwi cvIqv †Mj
Zvi cwiwgZ e¨eavb 4 n‡j g~j Z_¨mvwii cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, x Pj‡Ki n msL¨K gvb x1 , x2 − − − xn
x−a
awi, bZzb PjK u = [ a = 3, c = 5 ]
c
xi − 3
⇒ ui =
5
⇒ xi − 3 = 5ui
⇒ xi = 5ui + 3
⇒ x = 5u + 3
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
130 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

cwiwgZ e¨eavb,

σx =
∑ (x i − x)2
n

=
∑ (5u i + 3 − 5u − 3) 2
n

∑ {5(u − u )}
2

=
i

n
25 ∑ (u i − u )
2

=
n
∑ (u −u)
2

=5
i

n
= 5σ u
= 5 × 4 = 20
19| hw` PjK x Gi †f`vsK 10 nq Ges y = 2 x − 3 nq Z‡e y Gi †f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, x Pj‡Ki †f`vsK, σ x 2 = 10 Ges y = 2x − 3
ev, yi = 2 xi − 3
ev, ∑y i
=2
∑x i
−
3n
n n n
∴ y = 2x − 3

y Gi †f`vsK, σ y 2 = ∑(y i − y)2

n

=
∑ (2 xi − 3 − 2 x + 3) 2
n

=
∑ i x )}2
{2 ( x −
n

=4
∑ ( xi − x ) 2
n
2
= 4σ x
= 4 × 10 = 40
20| hw` PjK x Gi Mo I †f`vsK h_vµ‡g 25 I 36 nq Ges y = 2 x − 5 nq Z‡e PjK y Gi Mo
I †f`vsK †ei Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
x Gi Mo, x = 25
x Gi ‡f`vsK, σ x2 = 36
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 we¯—vi cwigvc 131

Ges y = 2 x − 5 − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
ev, yi = 2 xi − 5
ev, ∑ yi = 2∑ xi − ∑ 5
ev, ∑ yi =2
∑ xi − 5.n
n n n
ev, y = 2 x − 5
ev, y = 2 × 25 − 5
ev, y = 50 − 5 = 45
y Gi †f`vsK,
σ y2 = ∑(y i − y)2
n

=
∑ 2x i − 5 − 2x + 5) 2
(
n
∑ {2(x i − x )}
2

=
n
=4
∑ (x i − x)2
n
= 4σ 2x
= 4 × 36
= 144

21| `kwU ivwki mgwó 100 Ges e‡M©i mgwó 1250 n‡j Zv‡`i cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
g‡b Kwi, `kwU ivwk, x1 , x2 − − − − − − − − − − − x10
10
`kwU ivwki mgwó, ∑x
i =1
i = 100
10

∑x
2
`kwU ivwki e‡M©i mgwó, i = 1250
i =1
10

∑x
2
2
i
 ∑ xi 
†f`vsK, σ = 2 i =1
− 
10  10 
 
2
1250  100 
= − 
10  10 
= 125 − 100
σ 2 = 25
∴σ = 5
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
132 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

22| 19 wU ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb: Avgiv Rvwb, cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo x = n + 1
2
GLv‡b, n = 19
19 + 1 20
∴x = = = 10
2 2
Ges cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK, n2 −1
σ2 =
12
2
= ) −1
(19
12
= − 1 = 360 = 30
361
12 12
σ = 30 = 5.48
we‡f`vsK, σ
C.V = × 100
x
5.48 = 54 .8%
= × 100
10
23| 25wU µwgK msL¨vi †f`vsK I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: GLv‡b, n = 25
Avgiv Rvwb, 1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vq †f`vsK,
n2 −1
σ2 =
12
( 25 ) 2 − 1
=
12
625 − 1
=
12
624
=
12
= 52
∴σ = 52 = 7.21
MvwYwZK Mo, n +1
x=
2
25 + 1
=
2
26
=
2
= 13

we‡f`vsK, C.V = σ ×100

x
7.21
= ×100
13
= 55 .46 %
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 cÂg Aa¨vq
cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv
MOMENTS, SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

†K›`ªxq cÖeYZv I we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb GKwU wb‡ek‡bi MVb I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb aviYv
cvIqv hvq bv| wb‡ek‡bi MVb I cÖK…wZ cwigv‡ci DrK…ó cwigvc n‡jv ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv|
ew¼gZvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wb‡ekb abvZ¥K bv FYvZ¥K Zv cwigvc Kiv hvq| GQvovI MYmsL¨v †iLvwU
Wv‡b ev ev‡g †Kvb w`‡K we¯Í„Z Zv Rvbv hvq| m~uPvjZv wb‡ek‡bi MYmsL¨v †iLv (Frequency
Curve) KZUzKz Zxÿè Zv cwigvc K‡i| Avi ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv cwigv‡ci gva¨g n‡jv cwiNvZ|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• cwiNvZ I cwiNv‡Zi †kªYx wefvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cÖ_g PviwU KvuPv cwiNvZ/A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ‡K †K›`ªxq cwiNv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cwiNv‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ew¼gZv I Bnvi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ew¼gZvi cwigvcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• m~PuvjZv I Bnvi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• m~PvujZv cwigvcmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• cuvP msL¨v mvi e¨envi K‡i Z‡_¨i •ewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• e· I ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©bx mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©‡bi e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• e· cø‡Ui myweav ej‡Z cvi‡e|

5.01 cwiNvZ I cwiNv‡Zi †kªYx wefvM

Moment and Types of Moments
cwiNvZ (Moment):
Bs‡iwR Moment k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡jv cwiNvZ| MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ
wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡ek‡bi Mo ev AbywgZ Mo †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ msL¨v¸‡jvi e¨eav‡bi wewfbœ Nv‡Zi
mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i †h gvb¸wj cvIqv hvq, Zv‡`i‡K cwiNvZ e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU Z_¨we›`y n‡Z MvwYwZK Mo ev Mo wfbœ Ab¨ gv‡bi
e¨eav‡bi GKB abvZ¥K c~Y©msL¨v wewkó NvZ wb‡q Zv‡`i mgwó‡K †gvU Z_¨msL¨v Øviv fvM K‡i †h
gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K cwiNvZ e‡j|
cwiNv‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Moments)
wb‡ek‡bi Mo ev AbywgZ Mo (Mo Qvov Ab¨ †h‡Kvb gvb) †_‡K cwiNvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq| GB Rb¨
cwiNvZ‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: (1) †kvwaZ ev †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ (Central Moment)
(2) A‡kvwaZ ev KuvPv cwiNvZ (Raw Moment).
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
134 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

†kvwaZ ev †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ: †Kvb Z_¨ mvwii cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z Dnvi MvwYwZK M‡oi e¨eav‡bi wewfbœ
Nv‡Zi mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ e‡j| Bnv‡K
mvaviY µ r Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î:
g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvbmg~n x1 x2 ...................xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x
avivwUi r Zg †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ µr n‡j,

µr =
∑ (x i − x)r
n
†hLv‡b, r = 1,2,3,4............... BZ¨vw` ewm‡q 1g, 2q, 3q, 4_© ...... BZ¨vw` cwiNvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvb mg~n x1 x2 ...................xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g,
n
f1 , f 2 ............... f n , ‡hLv‡b ∑f
i =1
i =N

r -Zg †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,

n

∑ f (x i i − x)r
µr = i =1
|
N
r = 1,2,3,4....... BZ¨vw` ewm‡q 1g, 2q, 3q, 4_©, ...... cwiNvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|

A‡kvwaZ ev KvuPv cwiNvZ: †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU gvb n‡Z MvwYwZK Mo Qvov Ab¨ †h †Kvb aª æe‡Ki
e¨eav‡bi wewfbœ Nv‡Zi mgwó‡K †gvU c`msL¨v Øviv fvM Ki‡j †h gvb cvIqv hvq Zv‡K A‡kvwaZ ev
KuvPv cwiNvZ e‡j| Bnv‡K mvaviYZ µ r′ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨Kgvb mg~n x1 , x2 ............xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x | a †h †Kvb GKwU msL¨v, †hLv‡b a ≠ x | avivwUi r Zg A‡kvwaZ
cwiNvZ µr′ n‡j,
n

∑ (x i − a) r
µ r′ = i =1

n
†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvb mg~n x1 , x2 ...................xn Ges
Dnv‡`i MYmsL¨v h_vµ‡g,
f1 , f 2 ............... f n †hLv‡b, ∑ f i = N avivwUi r-Zg A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ µ r′ n‡j,
n

i =1
n

∑ f (x i i − a) r
µ r′ = i =1
N
r = 1,2,3,4.......... ewm‡q 1g, 2q, 3q, I 4_© ...... BZ¨vw` A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 135

5.02 cÖ_g PviwU KvuPv cwiNvZ / A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ‡K †K›`ªxq cwiNv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk
Express the first four raw moments in terms of central moments
A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ‡K †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Z iƒcvšÍi: g‡b Kwi, †Kvb PjK x Gi n msL¨K gvb mg~n
x1 , x2 , ..........xn Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x | a †h‡Kvb GKwU msL¨v †hLv‡b a ≠ x | myZivs,
r -Zg †kvwaZ cwiNvZ µ r n‡j,
n

∑ (x i − x )r
µr = i =1 ; r = 1, 2, 3, 4
n
1g †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
n

∑ (x i − x)
µ1 = i =1
n
n

∑x i
nx
= i =1
−
n n
= x− x
=0
2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
n

∑ (x − x)
2
i
µ2 = i =1
n
3q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
n

∑ (x − x )
3
i
µ3 = i =1
n
4_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
n

∑ (x − x)
4
i
µ4 = i =1
n
r Zg A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ n‡e,
n

∑ (x − a )
r

µr′ = i =1
i
; r = 1, 2, 3, 4
n
1g A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
n

∑ ( xi − a )
µ1′ = i =1

n
n

∑x i
na
= i =1
−
n n
=x −a
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
136 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

2q A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,

µ′ =
∑ (x i − a) 2
2
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + ( x − a)}
2

=
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + µ1′}
2

=
n
∑{ }
2
( x i − x ) 2 + 2( x i − x ) µ1′ + µ1′
=
n
∑ (x ∑ (x
2
− x ) + 2 µ1′
2
− x ) + nµ1′
=
i i

=
∑ (x i − x) 2

+ 2µ ′
∑ (x i − x) nµ ′
+ 1
2

1
n n n
0 2
= µ 2 + 2 µ1′ × + µ1′
n
= µ 2′ = µ 2 + µ1′2

3q A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,

µ 3′ =
∑ (x i − a) 3
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + ( x − a)}
3

=
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + µ1′}
3

=
n
∑{ }
2 3
( xi − x ) 3 + 3( xi − x ) 2 µ1′ + 3( xi − x ) µ1′ + µ1′
=
n
∑ ( xi − x ) + 3µ1′ ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 + 3µ1′ ∑ ( xi − x ) + nµ1′
3 2 3

=
n

=
∑ (x i − x) 3

+ 3µ1′
∑ ( xi − x ) 2 + 3µ1′
2 ∑ (x i − x)
+
3
nµ1′
n n n n
0
= µ 3 + 3µ1′µ 2 + 3µ1′2 × + µ1′3
n
3
∴ µ 3′ = µ 3 + 3µ 2 µ1′ + µ1′

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 137

4_© A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,

µ′ =
∑ (x i − a) 4
4
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + ( x − a)}4
=
n
∑ {( xi − x ) + µ1′}
4

=
n

∑ {( x }
2 3 4
− x ) 4 + 4( xi − x ) 3 µ1′ + 6( xi − x ) 2 µ1′ + 4( xi − x ) µ1′ + µ1′
=
i

n
∑ ( xi − x ) + 4µ1 ∑ ( xi − x ) + 6µ1′ ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 + 4µ1′ ∑ ( xi − x ) + nµ1′
2 3 4
′ 4 3

=
n

=
∑ (x i − x) 4

+ 4µ ′
∑ (x i − x) 3

+ 6 µ1′
2 ∑ (x i − x)2 3
+ 4 µ1′
∑ (x i − x)
+
nµ1′
4

1
n n n n n
2 3 0 4
= µ 4 + 4 µ1′µ 3 + 6 µ1′ µ 2 + 4 µ1′ × + µ1′
n
2 4
∴ µ 4′ = µ 4 + 4 µ 3 µ1′ + 6 µ 2 µ1′ + µ1′

5.03 cwiNv‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I e¨envi

Necessity and Uses of moments
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I e¨envi:
• MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi AvK…wZ I cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ cwiNvZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
• ïb¨ n‡Z wbYx©Z cÖ_g KuvPv cwiNvZ MvwYwZK M‡oi mgvb weavq Dnv †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi
cwigvc wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
• wØZxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb weavq Dnv we¯Ívi cwigvc wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq|
• 3q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ ew¼gZv cwigv‡ci e¨eüZ nq|
• PZz_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ m~uPvjZv cwigv‡c e¨eüZ nq|
• wewfbœ ai‡Yi m¤¢vebv web¨v‡m cwiNvZ e¨eüZ nq|
• D”PZi cwimsL¨vwbK kv‡¯¿ cwiNvZ e¨eüZ nq|
• wewfbœ ai‡Yi ivR‣bwZK Z_¨gvjv I mvgvwRK Z_¨gvjv we‡køl‡Yi cwiNvZ e¨eüZ nq

5.04 ew¼gZv I Bnvi cÖKvi‡f`

Skewness and Types of Skewness
ew¼gZv (skewness): †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi mylgZvi AfveB n‡”Q ew¼gZv A_©vr Ab¨ K_vq
†Kvb wb‡ek‡bi mylg Ae¯’v †_‡K wePy¨wZ Ae¯’v‡K ew¼gZv e‡j|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
138 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

ew¼gZv‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v− (i ) abvZ¥K ew¼gZv (ii ) FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv|

(i ) abvZ¥K ew¼gZv: †Kvb MYmsL¨v †iLv Zvi evgw`K n‡Z Wvbw`‡K A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk we¯Í…Z n‡j
Zvi ew¼gZv‡K abvZ¥K ew¼gZv e‡j| abvZ¥K ew¼gZvi †ÿ‡Î Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki m¤úK© nj-
x > Me > Mo

wPÎ: abvZ¥K ew¼gZv

(ii ) FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv: †Kvb MYmsL¨v †iLv Zvi Wvbw`K n‡Z evgw`‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y we¯Í…Z n‡j Zvi
ew¼gZv‡K FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki m¤úK© nj x < Me < Mo

wPÎ: FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv

GKwU mylg wb‡ek‡bi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki gvb ci¯úi mgvb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î x = Me = Mo

wPÎ: mylg ew¼gZv

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 139

5.05 ew¼gZvi cwigvcmg~n

Measures of Skewness
ew¼gZvi MvwYwZK cwigvc‡K ew¼gZvsK e‡j| G‡K cig I Av‡cwÿK `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
ew¼gZvi cig cwigvc GKK wbf©i e‡j, `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ me©`v e¨envi
Kiv hvq bv| wKšÍy ew¼gZvi Av‡cwÿK cwigvc GKK wbi‡cÿ e‡j, me Ae¯’vq e¨envi Dc‡hvMx
nq| wb‡gœ ew¼gZvi wewfbœ Av‡cwÿK cwigv‡ci eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:
a) Kvj©wcqvim‡bi m~Î (Karl Pearson’s Formula): GKwU mylg web¨v‡mi Mo, ga¨gv I
cÖPziK mgvb| wKš‘ ew¼g wb‡ek‡b Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPziK GKB we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i bv| GB
Abywm×v‡šÍi Dci wfwË K‡i Kvj©wcqvimb ew¼gZvsK cwigv‡ci m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Mo − cÖPziK
K) ew¼gZvsK, Sk = cwiwgZ e¨eavb

x − Mo
=
σ
Avevi Mo, ga¨gv I cÖPzi‡Ki cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© nj: Mo − cÖPziK = 3 (Mo-ga¨gv)

myZivs Dc‡iv³ m~ÎwU‡K wbgœiæ‡c cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

L) ew¼gZvsK, Sk = 3 (Mo − ga¨gv)

cwiwgZ e¨eavb

3( x − M e )
=
σ
hw` †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi ew¼gZvs‡Ki gvb−
i) SK=0 n‡j wb‡ekbwU mylg|
ii) SK>0 n‡j wb‡ekbwU abvZ¥K ew¼g|
iii) SK<0 n‡j wb‡ekbwU FYvZ¥K ew¼g nq|
b) evDjxi ew¼gZvsK (Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness): ew¼g wb‡ek‡bi ga¨gv,
PZz_©‡Ki wfwˇZ ew¼gZv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Bowley wbæwjwLZ m~ÎwU cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Q3 + Q1 − 2 M e
Bowley’s ew¼gZvsK =
Q3 − Q1
GLv‡b, Q1 = 1g PZz_©K
Q3 = 3q PZz_©K
M e = ga¨gv|

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

140 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

c) †Kjxi ew¼gZvsK (Kelley’s Coefficient of Skewness): †Kjx `kgK e¨envi K‡i

ew¼gZvi cwigvc K‡ib|
D9 + D1 − 2 M e
Kelley’s ew¼gZvsK =
D9 − D1
GLv‡b D1 = 1g `kgK
D9 = 9g `kgK
M e = ga¨gv|

d) cwiNvZ wfwËK ew¼gZvsK (skewness calculated from momets): ew¼gZv cwigv‡ci

h_vh_ cÖ Y vjx n‡jv β1 Gi eM© g ~ j †bIqv| cwiNvZ e¨envi K‡i wb‡Pi c×wZ‡Z ew¼gZvsK
cwigvc Kiv hvq-
2
µ3
ew¼gZvsK, β1 = 3
µ2
µ3
=
µ23
µ32
†hLv‡b, β 1 =
µ23
abvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î, β1 > 0
FYvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î, β1 < 0
mylg wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î, β1 = 0

5.06 m~PuvjZv I Bnvi cÖKvi‡f`

Kurtosis and types of kurtosis

m~PuvjZv (Kurtosis): cwiwgZ †iLvi Zzjbvq †Kvb MYmsL¨v †iLvi DPz wbPzi gvÎv‡K m~uPvjZv e‡j|
MYmsL¨v †iLvi MVb cÖK…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i m~PujZv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
K) AwZ m~Puvj (Leptokurtic)
L) ga¨g m~Puvj (Mesokurtic)
M) AbwZ m~Puvj (Platykurtic)

AwZ m~Puvj: cwiwgZ †iLvi Zzjbvq hw` MYmsL¨v †iLvwU AwaK DuPz nq ZLb Zv‡K AwZ m~uPvj ejv
nq| GB‡ÿ‡Î β 2 > 3
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 141

wb‡gœ †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g GwU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv:

wPÎ: AwZ m~Puvj

ga¨g m~Puvj: cwiwgZ †iLvi Zzjbvq hw` MYmsL¨v †iLvwU mgvb nq ZLb Zv‡K ga¨g m~uPvj ejv nq|
GB‡ÿ‡Î β 2 = 3
wb‡gœ †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g GwU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv:

wPÎ: ga¨g m~Puvj

AbwZ m~Puvj: cwiwgZ †iLvi Zzjbvq hw` MYmsL¨v †iLvwU AwaK wbPz nq ZLb Zv‡K AbwZ m~uPvj ejv
nq| GB‡ÿ‡Î β 2 < 3
wb‡gœ †jLwP‡Îi gva¨‡g GwU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡jv:

wPÎ: AbwZ m~Puvj

5.07 m~PvujZv cwigvcmg~n

Measures of Kurtosis
m~uPvjZvi cwigvc: †h wbw`©ó msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi m~uPvjZvi cwigvc Kiv nq
Zv‡K m~uPvjZvsK e‡j| GwU m~uPvjZvi GKwU Av‡cwÿK cwigvc|

Kvj©wcqvim‡bi m~Î: wØZxq I PZz_© †K›`ªxK cwiNv‡Zi mvnvh¨ m~uPvjZv wbY©q Kiv nq| wb‡gœ
Kvj©wcqvim‡bi m~ÎwU D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
142 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

µ4
m~uPvjZvsK, β 2 = (Beta two; Greek letter)
µ22
GLv‡b,
µ 2 I µ 4 n‡j h_vµ‡g wØZxq I PZz_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ|
hw` β 2 = 3 nq, Z‡e MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb ga¨g m~uPvj nq|
hw` β 2 > 3 nq, Z‡e MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb AwZ m~uPvj nq|
hw` β 2 < 3 nq, Z‡e MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb AbwZ m~uPvj nq|

5.08 cuvP msL¨v mvi

Five Number Summary
†Kvb wb‡ekb ev Z_¨mvwii me©wbgœ gvb, cÖ_g PZz_©K (Q1), ga¨gv (Me), Z…Zxq PZz_©K (Q3) Ges
m‡e©v”P gvb‡K GK‡Î cuvP msL¨v mvi (Five Number Summary) ejv nq|
cuvP msL¨v mv‡i wbgœwjwLZ m¤úK© cwijwÿZ nq:
i. FYvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ek‡b wgW‡iÄ, ga¨gv I wgWwnÄ A‡cÿv †QvU nq|
ii. abvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ek‡b wgW‡iÄ, ga¨gv I wgWwnÄ A‡cÿv eo nq|
iii. mylg wb‡ek‡b cÖ_g PZz_©K n‡Z ga¨gvi `~iZ¡ I ga¨gv n‡Z Z…Zxq PZz_©‡Ki `~iZ¡ mgvb|
iv. mylg wb‡ek‡b me©wbgœ Z_¨gvb n‡Z cÖ_g PZz_©‡Ki `~iZ¡ Ges Z…Zxq PZz_©K n‡Z m‡e©v”P
Z_¨gv‡bi `~iZ¡ mgvb nq|
v. mylg wb‡ek‡bi †ÿ‡Î ga¨gv, wgW‡iÄ I wgWwnÄ ci¯úi mgvb nq|

5.09 e· I ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©bx

Box and Whiskers Plot
e· I ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©bx n‡jv †Kvb GKwU Z_¨ mvwii †mB ai‡Yi Dc¯’vcb ev mgv‡ek †hLv‡b
PZz_©K¸‡jv Ae¯’vb cwigvc (Location Measures) wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Ges AvšÍtPZz_©K cwimi
(Interquartile range) †f` (Variability) Gi cwigvc wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq| Z_¨mvwi‡K wP‡Îi
gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡`i wfZiKvi ew¼gZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z GwU GKwU mnR c×wZ| Z_¨
we‡køl‡Yi †ÿ‡Î (In Explanatory data analysis) GwU eûj e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
e· I ûB¯‹vi cøU Z_¨mvwii cuvP msL¨v mvi A_©vr me©wbgœ gvb, cÖ_g PZz_©K, ga¨gv, Z…Zxq PZz_©K
Ges m‡e©v”P gvb Øviv Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
wbgœwjwLZfv‡e e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©b Kiv nq:
cÖ_g avc: Avbyf~wgK Aÿ eivei Dchy³ †¯‹j wb‡q e· A¼b Kiv nq|
wØZxq avc: cÖ_g PZz_©K (Q1) n‡Z Z…Zxq PZz_©K (Q3) ch©šÍ we¯Í„Z GKwU e· A¼b Kiv nq| Dj¤^
Aÿ eivei e‡·i g‡a¨ ga¨Kvi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 143

Z…Zxq avc: AšÍt‡Ni (Inner fence) Ges ewnt‡Ni (Outer fence) Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| AšÍt‡NiØq
Q1 Gi 1.5 IQR cwigvY wb‡gœ Ges Q3 Gi 1.5 IQR cwigvY D‡aŸ© Dj¤^ †iLv Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq|
A_©vr AšÍt‡NiØq h_vµ‡g Q1 − 1.5 IQR Ges Q3 + 1.5 IQR
Avevi, ewnt‡NiØq Q1 Gi 3.0 IQR cwigvY wb‡gœ Ges Q3 Gi 3.0 IQR cwigvY E‡aŸ© Dj¤^ †iLv
Øviv wb‡`©k Kiv nq| A_©vr ewnt‡NiØq Q1 − 3.0 IQR Ges Q3 + 3.0 IQR.
PZz_© avc: Q1 Gi wbgœfv‡M Ges Q3 Gi DaŸ©fv‡M W¨vk †iLv (Dash Line) A¼b Kiv nq Ges
G‡`i‡K ûB¯‹vi ejv nq| Q1 n‡Z AšÍt‡N‡ii ga¨eZ©x me©wbgœgvb ch©šÍ GKwU ûB¯‹vi AuvKv nq Ges
Q3 n‡Z ewnt‡N‡ii ga¨eZ©x m‡e©v”P gvb ch©šÍ Aci GKwU ûB¯‹vi AuvKv nq|
wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj|
ewnt †Ni Aš—t†Ni Q1 ga¨gv Q3 Aš—t ewnt †Ni
†Ni

1.5 IQR IQR 1.5 IQR

3.0 IQR 3.0 IQR

wPÎ: e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©b

5.10 e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©‡bi e¨envi

Uses of box and whiskers plot
e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©‡bi wbgœwjwLZ e¨envimg~n cwijwÿZ nq−
(i) Bnv Z_¨mvwii we¯Ívi cwigvc K‡i| Bnv‡Z m‡e©v”P gvb I me©wbgœ gvb cÖ`wk©Z nq e‡j we¯Ívi
cwigv‡ci cwimi wbY©q Kiv hvq Ges AvšÍtPZz_©K cwim‡ii Rb¨ Z_¨mvwii †K›`ªxq 50% Z‡_¨i
we¯Ívi cwigvc Kiv hvq|
(ii) Bnvi gva¨‡g Z_¨mvwii ew¼gZv cwigvc Kiv hvq| †hgb:
(K) ga¨gv n‡Z e‡·i Dfq w`‡K mgvb `~iZ¡ _vK‡j eySv hvq †h, Z_¨mvwiwU mylg|
(L) ga¨gv e‡·i evg cÖv‡šÍi wbKU Ae¯’vb Ki‡j eySv hvq †h, Z_¨mvwiwU abvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ekb
A_©vr ga¨gvi wbgœfv‡M AwaK msL¨K Z_¨gvb _vK‡e Ges DaŸ©fv‡M Aí msL¨K Z_¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
(M) ga¨gv e‡·i Wvb cÖv‡šÍi wbKU Ae¯’vb Ki‡j eySv hvq †h, Z_¨mvwiwU FYvZ¥K ew¼g wb‡ekb A_©vr
ga¨gvi Wvbw`‡K AwaK cwigvY Z_¨ _v‡K wKšÍy evg cÖv‡šÍ Aí msL¨K cwigvY Z_¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
(iii) e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©‡bi Øviv Z_¨mvwii m¤¢ve¨ ÎæwU mbv³ Kiv hvq|
(iv) Bnv cÖ`k©‡bi Øviv Z_¨mvwii m~uPjZv m¤ú‡K©I aviYv cvIqv hvq| †hgb:
(K) hw` e‡·i •`N©¨ < ûB¯‹v‡ii •`N©¨ nq, Z‡e Z_¨mvwiwU n‡e AwZ m~uPvj|
(L) hw` e‡·i •`N©¨ > ûB¯‹v‡ii •`N©¨ nq, Z‡e Z_¨mvwiwU n‡e AbwZ m~uPvj|
(M) hw` e‡·i •`N©¨ = ûB¯‹v‡ii •`N©¨ nq Z_¨mvwiwU n‡e ga¨g m~uPvj|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
144 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

5.11 e· cø‡Ui myweav

Advantages of Box Plot
e· cø‡Ui myweavmg~n:
1. •jwLKfv‡e Z‡_¨i Ae¯’v I we¯Ívi GK bR‡i †`Lv hvq|
2. GwU Z‡_¨i mylgZv I ew¼gZv m¤ú‡K© wKQz wb‡`©kbv †`q|
3. Z_¨ cÖ`k©‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcvq A‡cÿvq e· cø‡Ui GKwU eo myweav nj Gi gva¨‡g
AvDUwjqvi cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
4. e· cø‡Ui gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨‡K ci¯úi GKB †j‡L Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| d‡j AwZ
mn‡RB GKvwaK Z_¨mvwii g‡a¨ AwZ `ªæZ Zzjbv Kiv hvq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvejx
1| r -Zg †kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µr =
∑ (x i − x)r
(A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n
=
∑ f (x
i i − x)r
(†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
2| r -Zg A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ r′ =
∑ (x i − a) r
(A‡kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
n

=
∑ f i ( xi − a ) r
(†kªYxK…Z Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î)
N
3| (i) 1g †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ1 = 0
(ii) 2q †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
(iii) Z…Zxq †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2µ1′3
(iv) PZz_© †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4µ 3′ µ1′ + 6µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4
4| (i) 1g A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ1′ = x − a
(ii) 2q A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 2′ = µ 2 + µ1′2
(iii) 3q A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 3′ = µ 3 + 3µ 2 µ1′ + µ1′3
(iv) PZz_© A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb, µ 4′ = µ 4 + 4µ 3 µ1′ + 6µ 2 µ1′2 + µ1′4
ew¼gZvsK, β1 = µ 3 ; †hLv‡b
2
5| µ3
β1 = 3
3
µ2 µ2
6| Kvj©wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK,
(i) SK = x − M o
σ
3( x − M e )
(ii) SK =
σ
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 145

µ4
7| m~uPvjZvi mnM, β 2 =
µ22
8| wØZxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb A_©vr µ 2 = σ 2
9| wb‡ekbwU ga¨g m~uPvj n‡j, β 2 = 3
10| (a + b) 3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3
11| (a − b) 3 = a 3 − 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 − b 3
12| (a + b) 4 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
13| (a − b) 4 = a 4 − 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 − 4ab3 + b 4
14| (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb

1| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi 2 †_‡K wbYx©Z 1g I 2q cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 13 Ges 195 n‡j Zvi Mo I
†f`vsK KZ?

mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, a = 2 †_‡K wbY©xZ 1g I 2q A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g,

µ1′ = 13
µ 2′ = 195

Avgiv Rvwb, µ1′ = x − a

⇒ 13 = x − 2
⇒ x − 2 = 13
⇒ x = 13 + 2
= 15
Avgiv Rvwb, 2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb|
A_©vr
σ 2 = µ2
2
= µ 2′ − µ1′
σ 2 = 195 − (13) 2
= 195−169
= 26
∴ wb‡Y©q, Mo 15 I †f`vsK 26|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
146 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

2| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi µ1′ = 1, µ2′ = 1.5 , µ3′ = 2.5, µ4′ = 15 n‡j µ2 , µ3 , µ4 wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
µ1′ = 1
µ2′ = 1.5
µ3′ = 2.5
µ4′ = 15

Avgiv Rvwb,
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 1.5 − 12
= 1. 5 − 1
= 0.5
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= 2.5 − 3 × 1.5 × 1 + 2 × (1)
3

= 2.5 − 4.5 + 2
= 4 . 5 − 4 .5
=0
µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4
= 15 − 4 × 2.5 × 1 + 6 × 1.5 × (1) − 3 × (1)
2 4

= 15 − 10 + 9 − 3
= 11

3| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo 1 Ges cÖ_g PviwUi †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 0, 2.5, 0.7 , 18.75
n‡j 2 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
x =1
µ1 = 0
µ 2 = 2.5
µ 3 = 0.7
µ 4 = 18.75
Ges a = 2
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 147

Avgiv Rvwb,
µ1′ = x − a
= 1− 2
= −1
µ 2′ = µ 2 + µ1′2
= 2.5 + (− 1)
2

= 2.5 + 1
= 3 .5
µ 3′ = µ 3 + 3µ 2 µ1′ + µ1′3
= 0.7 + 3 × 2.5 × (− 1) + (− 1)
3

= 0.7 − 7.5 − 1
= − 7.8
µ 4′ = µ 4 + 4 µ 3 µ1′ + 6 µ 2 µ1′2 + µ1′4
= 18 .75 + 4 × 0.7 × (− 1) + 6 × 2.5 × (− 1) + (− 1)
2 4

= 18 .75 − 2.8 + 15 + 1
= 31 .95

4| GKwU wb‡ek‡bi 2 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ wbY©xZ cÖ_ g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1, 2.5, 5.5 I 16
n‡j 4 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ wbY©xZ cÖ_ g PviwU cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
2 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ−
Σ ( xi − 2 )
µ1′ = =1
n
Σ ( xi − 2 )
2

µ 2′ = = 2.5
n
Σ ( xi − 2 )
3

µ 3′ = = 5 .5
n
Σ( xi − 2 )
4

µ 4′ = = 16
n
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
148 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

4 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ−

Σ ( xi − 4 )
µ1′ =
n
Σ ( x1 − 2 − 2 )
=
n
Σ ( xi − 2 ) − 2n
=
n
Σ ( xi − 2 ) 2n
= −
n n
= 1− 2
=−1
Σ ( xi − 4 )
2

µ 2′ =
n
Σ ( xi − 2 − 2 )
2
=
n
Σ {( xi − 2 ) − 2}
2
=
n
Σ ( xi − 2 ) Σ ( xi − 2 )
2
.2 + (2 )
2
= − 2.
n n
= 2.5 − 2 × 1 × 2 + 4
= 2 .5 − 4 + 4
= 2 .5
∑ (x − 4)
3

µ 3′ = i

n
Σ ( xi − 2 − 2 )
3

=
n
Σ ( xi − 2 ) Σ ( xi − 2) Σ ( xi − 2)
3 2
. (2) − (2)
2 3
= − 3. . 2 + 3.
n n n.
= 5.5 − 3 × 2.5 × 2 + 3 × 1 × 4 − 8
= 5.5 − 15 + 12 − 8 = − 5.5
Σ ( xi − 4 ) Σ ( xi − 2 − 2 )
4 4
µ 4′ = =
n n
Σ (xi − 2) Σ (xi − 2) Σ (xi − 2) 3
4 3
Σ ( xi − 2) 2
.(2) − 4. .(2) + 2 4
2
= −4 .2 + 6
n n n n
= 16 − 4 × 5.5 × 2 + 6 × 2.5 × 4 − 4 × 1 × 8 + 16
= 16 − 44 + 60 – 32 + 16
= 16
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 149

5| GKwU web¨v‡mi 40 †K›`ªxK 1g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1, 17, 20 I 101| web¨vmwUi wØZxq
I Z…Zxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, a = 40 n‡Z wbY©xZ 1g PviwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g-
µ1′ = −1
µ′2 = 17
µ′3 = 20
µ′4 = 101
Avgiv Rvwb,
2
µ 2 = µ ′2 − µ1′
= 17 − (−1) 2
= 17 − 1
= 16
3
µ 3 = µ′3 − 3µ′2µ1′ + 2µ1′
= 20 − 3 ×17 (−1) + 2(−1) 3
= 20 + 51 − 2
= 71 − 2 = 69
6| GKwU Z_¨mvwii 9 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 0, 8, − 16 Ges 25 n‡j †K›`ªxq
cwiNvZ¸‡jv wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, a = 9
µ1′ = 0
µ 2′ = 8
µ 3′ = − 16
µ 4′ = 25
Avgiv Rvwb, 1g PviwU ‡K›`ªxq cwiNvZ-
µ1 = 0
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 8−0
=8
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= − 16 − 3 × 8 × 0 + 2 × 03
= − 16 − 0 + 0
= − 16

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

150 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4

= 25 − 4 × (−16) × 0 + 6 × 8 × 02 − 3 × 03
= 25 − 0 + 0 − 0
= 25
wb‡Y©q µ1 = 0, µ 2 = 8, µ3 = −16, µ 4 = 25

7| wbw`©ó gvb 3 Gi wfwˇZ cÖ_g wZbwU cwiNv‡Zi gvb h_vµ‡g − 1, 5, I 9 n‡j we‡f`vsK I
Z…Zxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,

µ1′ = −1
µ 2′ = 5
µ 3′ = 9

Avgiv Rvwb,
µ1′ = x − a
ev, −1 = x − 3
∴x = 2

GLb, µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 5 − (1)2
= 5 −1 = 4
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= 9 − 3 × 5 × 1 + 2 × (1)
3

= 9 − 15 + 2
= −4
∴cwiwgZ e¨eavb,
σ = µ2
= 4 =2
σ
∴we‡f`vsK c.v = × 100
x
2
= × 100
2
= 100
wb‡Y©q c.v = 100 % Ges µ 3 = −4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 151

8| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi g~j n‡Z gvcv cÖ_g wZbwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1, 5 I 10 n‡j β1 wbY©q Ki
wb‡ekbwUi m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
γ1 = 1
γ2 = 5
γ 3 = 10
Avgiv Rvwb,
µ32
β1 = 3 ...........(i )
µ2
GLb,
µ 2 = γ 2 − γ 12
= 5 − 12
= 5 −1
= 4
µ 3 = γ 3 − 3γ 2γ 1 + 2γ 13
= 10 − 3 × 5 × 1 + 2 × 13
= 10 − 15 + 2
= −3

∴ β1 =
(− 3)2
(4)3
9
= = 0.1406
64
µ3
GLb, β1 =
µ23
−3
=
43
= − 0.375
†h‡nZz β1 = − 0.375 myZivs wb‡ekbwU FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv we`¨gvb|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
152 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

9| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi 2 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1, 5, 10 Ges 112 n‡j wb‡ekbwUi
Mo, †f`vsK Ges β1 I β 2 wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
a=2
µ1′ = 1
µ 2′ = 5
µ 3′ = 10
µ 4′ = 112
r Zg †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ µ r n‡j,
µ1 = 0
µ2 = µ2′ − µ1′ 2
= 5 − (1)
2

= 5 −1
=4
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= 10 − 3 × 5 × 1 + 2 × (1)
3

= 10 − 15 + 2
= −3
µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4
= 112 − 4 ×10 ×1 + 6 × 5 ×12 − 3 ×14
= 112 – 40 + 30 − 3
= 99
GLb, µ1 = x − a
ev, 1 = x − 2
∴ x =3
†f`vsK,
σ 2 = µ2 = 4
µ32
∴ β1 =
µ23

=
(− 3)2
(4)3
9
=
64
= 0.14
µ4
β2 =
µ2 2
99
=
(4 )2
99
= = 6.19
16
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 153

10| †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi KwíZ Mo 2 n‡Z cwigvwcZ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1, 3, 6
Ges 15| wb‡ekbwUi MvwYwZK Mo, †f`vsK Ges cÖ_g PviwU †kvwaZ cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
g‡b Kwi, a = 2 n‡Z gvcv cÖ_g PviwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ1′ = 1
µ 2′ = 3
µ 3′ = 6
µ 4′ = 15

Avgiv Rvwb,
µ1′ = x − a
⇒ 1= x −2
⇒ 1+ 2 = x
∴x =3
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 3 − 12
= 3 −1
=2
σ 2 = µ2 = 2

Avevi, 1g †kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gvb,

µ1 = 0
µ2 = 2
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= 6 − 3 × 3 × 1 + 2(1) 3
= 6−9+ 2
= 8−9
= −1
µ4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′ − 3µ1′
2 4

= 15 − 4 × 6 × 1 + 6 × 3 × 12 − 3.(1) 4
= 15 − 24 + 18 − 3
= 33 − 27
=6
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
154 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

11| 4 n‡Z gvcv cÖ_g wZbwU cwiNvZ 1, 5 I 10 n‡j we‡f`vsK Ges Z…Zxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, a = 4 n‡Z gvcv 1g wZbwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ1′ = 1
µ 2′ = 5
µ 3′ = 10
Avgiv Rvwb, µ1′ = x − a
1= x −4
1+ 4 = x
5= x
∴x = 5
2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
2
µ 2 = µ ′2 − µ1′
= 5 − (1) 2
= 5 −1
=4
Avgiv Rvwb, σ 2 = µ 2 = 4
σ = 4 =2
σ
we‡f`vsK, C.V = × 100
x
2
= × 100
5
= 40%
3q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ,
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= 10 − 3 × 5 × 1 + 2(1) 3
= 10 − 15 + 2
= 12 − 15
= −3
12| GKwU web¨v‡mi 5 †K›`ªxK 1g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g 1,5,-3 Ges 98| web¨v‡mi Mo,
†f`vsK, µ 3 Ges µ 4 Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, a = 5 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ 1g PviwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ1′ = 1
µ 2′ = 5
µ 3′ = −3
µ 4′ = 98
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 155

Avgiv Rvwb, µ1′ = x − a

⇒ 1= x −5
⇒ 1+ 5 = x
∴x = 6
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 5 − 12
= 5 −1
=4
Avgiv Rvwb,
σ 2 = µ2
=4
µ 3 = µ ′3 − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= −3 − 3 × 5 ×1 + 2 × (1)3
= −3 − 15 + 2
= −18 + 2
= −16
2 4
µ 4 = µ′4 − 4µ′3µ1′ + 6µ′2µ1′ − 3µ1′
= 98 − 4 × (−3) × 1 + 6 × 5 × (1) 2 − 3(1) 4
= 98 + 12 + 30 − 3
= 140 − 3
= 137
13| GKwU Z_¨mvwii 4 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU cwiNvZ h_vµ‡g -1.5, 17, -30 Ges 108 n‡j
we‡f`vsK I β 2 wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: g‡b Kwi, a = 4 Gi mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ_g PviwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ1′ = −1.5
µ 2′ = 17
µ 3′ = −30
µ 4′ = 108
we‡f`vsK,
σ
C.V= × 100 − − − − − − − − − − − −(i )
x
µ4
β2 = -----------------------------(ii)
µ22

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

156 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

Avgiv Rvwb,
1g A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ1′ = x − a
ev, − 1.5 = x − 4
ev, − 1.5 + 4 = x
∴ x = 2.5
2q †kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 17 − (−1.5) 2
= 17 − 2.25
= 14.75
Avgiv Rvwb, 2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb|
A_©vr σ 2 = µ 2
σ 2 = 14 .75
∴ σ = 14 .75
= 3.84
4_© †kvwaZ cwiNvZ,
µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4
= 108 − 4(−30 )( −1.5) + 6 × 17 (−1.5) 2 − 3(−1.5) 4
=108 − 180 + 229 .5 − 15 .187
= 142 .31
3.84
(i) bs n‡Z cvB, C.V = × 100
2 .5
= 153 .6%
142 .31
(ii) bs n‡Z cvB, β 2 =
(14 .75) 2
142 .31
=
217 .56
= 0.65
∴wb‡Y©q we‡f`vsK 153 .6% I β 2 = 0.65 |

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 157

14| GKwU wb‡ek‡bi Av`k© wePz¨wZ 2 Ges wb‡ekbwU ga¨g m~uPvj n‡Z n‡j Dnvi PZz_© †K›`ªxq
cwiNvZ KZ n‡e?
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q,
Av`k© wePy¨wZ σ = 2
2
σ =2
Avgiv Rvwb, 2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb A_©vr
σ2 = µ2 = 2
†h‡nZz wb‡ekbwU ga¨g m~uPvj,
∴β 2 = 3
µ4
=3
µ22
2
⇒ µ 4 = 3µ 2
= 3(2) 2
= 3× 4
=12
15| GKwU ga¨g m~uPvj wb‡ek‡bi PZy_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ 75 Ges Mo 25 n‡j wb‡ekbwUi we‡f`vsK KZ?
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
µ 4 = 75
x = 25
†h‡nZz wb‡ekbwU ga¨g m~uPvj, β 2 = 3
µ
⇒ 42 = 3
µ2
2
⇒ µ 4 = 3µ 2
2
⇒ 75 = 3µ 2
2 75
⇒ µ2 =
3
2
⇒ µ 2 = 25
∴µ2 = 5
Avgiv Rvwb, 2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb|
A_©vr σ 2 = µ 2
∴ σ2 = 5
σ= 5
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
158 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

σ
we‡f`vsK C.V = × 100
x
= 5 = 8.95 %
× 100
25

16| GK`j kªwg‡Ki •`wbK Av‡qi Mo 20 UvKv I ga¨gv 17 UvKv| Zv‡`i Av‡qi we‡f`vsK 20%
n‡j Av‡qi ew¼gZvsK KZ?
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
Mo, x = 20
ga¨gv, M e = 17
we‡f`vsK, C.V = 20 %
⇒ σ × 100 = 20
x
σ
⇒ × 100 = 20
20
⇒ 5σ = 20
⇒ σ = 20 = 4
5
ew¼gZvsK SK = 3( x − M e )
σ
3(20 − 17 )
=
4
3× 3
=
4
9
= = 2.25
4

17| GKwU wb‡ek‡bi Mo 50, Kvj©wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK -0.4 Ges we‡f`vsK 40% n‡j
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, ga¨gv I cÖPziK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q, Mo x = 50
Kvj© wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK, SK = −0.4
we‡f`vsK, C.V = 40%
ev, σ ×100 = 40
x
ev, σ
× 100 = 40
50
ev, 2σ = 40
40
ev, σ = = 20
2

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 159

Kvj©wcqvqm‡bi ew¼gZvsK,
3( x − M e )
SK =
σ
3(50 − M e )
⇒ − 0.4 =
20
⇒ − 8 = 150 − 3M e
⇒ 3M e = 150 + 8
158
⇒ Me = = 52 .67
3
cÖPziK, M o = 3M e − 2 x
= 3 × 52.67 − 2 × 50
= 158 .01 − 100
= 58.01

18| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo 100 cÖPziK 123 Ges ew¼gZvsK −0.3 n‡j we‡f`vsK KZ?
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
Mo, x = 100
cÖPziK, M o = 123
ew¼gZvsK, SK = −0.3
Avgiv Rvwb, ew¼gZvsK,
x − Mo
SK =
σ
100 − 123
ev, − 0.3 =
σ
− 23
ev, − 0.3 =
σ
− 23
⇒ σ =
− 0 .3
= 76.67
σ
we‡f`vsK, C .V = × 100
x
76 .67
= × 100
100
= 76.67%
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
160 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

19| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi ew¼gZvsK 0.3 ga¨gv 55 Ges we‡f`vsK 30% n‡j Mo I †f`vsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ew¼gZvsK, SK = 0.3
ga¨gv, M e = 55
we‡f`vsK, C.V = 30%
σ
× 100 = 30
x
⇒ 10σ = 3 x − − − − − − − − − − − −(i )
3( x − M e )
Ges SK =
σ
3( x − 55)
0 .3 =
σ
⇒ 0.3σ = 3 x − 165 − − − − − − − − − (ii )

mgxKiY (i) †K (ii) Øviv fvM Kwiqv cvB,

10σ 3x
=
0.3σ 3 x − 165
10 3x
⇒ =
0.3 3 x − 165
⇒ 30 x − 1650 = 0.9 x
⇒ 30 x − 0.9 x = 1650
⇒ 29.1x = 1650
1650
⇒x= = 56 .70
29 .1
mgxKiY (i) n‡Z cvB,
10σ = 3 × 56.70
170 .10
σ= = 17 .01
10
σ 2 = (17 .01) 2 = 289 .35

20| †Kvb MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi Mo, cÖPziK I we‡f`vsK h_vµ‡g 30, 38 I 35% n‡j
wb‡ekbwUi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I ew¼gZvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
x = 30
M o = 38

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 161

we‡f`vsK, C.V = σ × 100

x
σ
⇒ × 100 = 35
30
⇒ 100 σ = 30 × 35
30 × 35
σ =
100
= 10.5
x − Mo
ew¼gZvsK, SK =
σ
30 − 38
=
10 .5
−8
=
10 .5
= −0.76
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = 10.5 I ew¼gZvsK, − 0.76 |
21| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi ew¼gZvsK 0.6 we‡f`vsK 20% Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb 4 n‡j Dnvi Mo I
cÖPziK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
ew¼gZvsK, SK = 0.6
we‡f`vsK, c.v = 20%
Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = 4
σ
∴ c.v = × 100
x
4
⇒ 20 = × 100
x
4 × 100
⇒x=
20
= 20
GLb,
x − Mo
SK =
σ
20 − M o
⇒ 0.6 =
4
⇒ 2.4 = 20 − M o
⇒ M o = 20 − 2.4
∴ M o = 17 .6
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
162 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

22| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo I ga¨gv 25 I 20 Ges we‡f`vsK 50 % n‡j Dnvi †f`vsK I cÖPziK Ges
ew¼gZvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
Mo, x = 25
ga¨gv, M e = 20
Ges we‡f`vsK, c.v = 50%
σ
∴ cv = × 100
x
σ
ev, 50 = × 100
25
50
ev, σ =
4
ev, σ = 12 .5
ev, σ 2 = 156 .25
Avevi,
cÖPziK = 3 × M e − 2 × x
= 3 × 20 − 2 × 25
= 10
x − Mo
ew¼gZvsK, SK =
σ
25 − 10
=
12 .5
= 1.2
wb‡Y©q †f`vsK = 156 .25
cÖPziK = 10
ew¼gZvsK = 1.2
23| Kvj©wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK 0.3 we‡f`vsK 30% Ges ga¨gv 55 n‡j †hvwRZ Mo I wØZxq
†K›`ªxq cwiNvZ wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
Kvj©wcqvim‡bi ew¼gZvsK,
SK = 0.3 − − − − − − − − − − − (i )
we‡f`vsK,
C.V = 30 % − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
ga¨gv, M e = 55
†hvwRZ Mo, x = ?
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 163

wØZxq †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ, µ 2 = ?

mgxKiY (i) n‡Z cvB,
3( x − M e )
SK =
σ
3( x − 55)
0.3 =
σ
0.3 x − 55
⇒ =
3 σ
x − 55
⇒ 0.1 =
σ
x − 55
⇒ σ =
0 .1
mgxKiY (ii) n‡Z cvB,
σ
× 100 = 30 − − − − − − − −(iii )
x
( x − 55 )
⇒ × 100 = 30
0.1x
⇒ 100 x − 5500 = 3x
⇒ 100 x − 3x = 5500
⇒ 97 x = 5500
5500
∴x = = 56 .70
97
mgxKiY (iii) n‡Z cvB,
σ
× 100 = 30
56 .70
ev, 100σ = 30 × 56.70
= 1701 .03
1701 .03
σ=
100
= 17.01
σ = (17.01) 2 = 289 .35
2

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

164 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

2q †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ †f`vs‡Ki mgvb A_©vr

∴ µ2 = σ 2
= 289 .35
24| GKwU web¨v‡mi ga¨gv 120 cwiwgZ e¨eavb 15 Gi we‡f`vsK 12% n‡j Gi ew¼gZvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
ga¨gv, M e = 120
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = 15
we‡f`vsK, C.V = 12%
σ
× 100 = 12
x
15
⇒ × 100 = 12
x
⇒ 12 x = 1500
1500
⇒ x= = 125
12
3( x − M e )
ew¼gZvsK, SK =
σ
3(125 − 120 )
=
15
3× 5
=
15
15
= =1
15

25| 2, 1, 0, 5, −6, 7, −4 Z_¨ mvwiwUi cuvP msL¨v mvi eY©bv Ki|

mgvavb: cÖ`Ë Z_¨mvwi‡K gv‡bi EaŸ©µg wnmv‡e mvwR‡q cvB,

−6, −4, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7
GLv‡b, Z_¨msL¨v n = 7 (we‡Rvo)
n+1 7+1
cÖ_g PZz_©K, Q1 = Zg c` = Zg c` = 2 Zg c` = − 4
4 4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 165

Z…Zxq PZz_©K,
3 (n + 1)  7 +1
Q3 = Zg c` = 3   Zg c` = 6 Zg c` = 5
4  4 
ga¨gv,
n+1  7 +1
2 Zg c` =  2  Zg c` = 4 Zg c` = 1
Me =

me©wbgœ gvb = − 6, m‡e©v”P gvb = 7

myZivs, cuvP msL¨v mvi wbgœiƒc:
− 6, − 4, 1, 5, 7

26| 12, 5, 6, 12, 6, 14, 16, 12 Z_¨ mvwiwU‡K e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©‡b Dc¯’vcb Ki|
mgvavb: cÖ_gZ: Z_¨ mvwiwU‡K Avgv‡`i‡K †QvU †_‡K eo µ‡g mvRv‡Z n‡e, hv wbgœiƒc:
5, 6, 6, 12, 12, 12, 14, 16

GLv‡b Z_¨msL¨v, n = 8
Z…Zxq PZz_©K,
1 3n 3n
Q3 = [ Zg Z_¨ + ( + 1) Zg Z_¨ ]
2 4 4
1 (3×8) 3×8
= [ Zg Z_¨ + ( + 1) Zg Z_¨ ]
2 4 4
1 1
= [6 Zg Z_¨ + 7 Zg Z_¨ ] = [ 12 + 14] = 13.0
2 2
cÖ_g PZz_©K,
1 n n
Q1 = [ Zg Z_¨ + ( +1) Zg Z_¨
2 4 4
1 8 8
= [ Zg Z_¨ + ( +1) Zg Z_¨
2 4 4
1 1
= [ 2 Zg Z_¨ + 3 Zg Z_¨] = [ 6 + 6 ] = 6.0
2 2
∴ AvšÍt PZz_©K cwimi, IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 13 − 6 = 7
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
166 cwiNvZ, ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv

cÖ_g AšÍt‡Ni = Q1 − (1.5 × IQR) = 6 − (1.5 × 7) = 6 − 10.5 = − 4.5

wØZxq AšÍt‡Ni = Q3 + (1.5 × IQR) = 13 + (1.5 × 7) = 13 + 10.5 = 23.5
cÖ_g ewnt‡Ni = Q1 − (3 × IQR) = 6 − (3 × 7) = 6 − 21 = −15
wØZxq ewnt‡Ni = Q3 + (3 × IQR) = 13 + (3 × 7) = 13 + 21 = 34

n n
Zg c` + (2 +1) Zg c`
2
ga¨gv, Me = 2
4 Zg c` + 5 Zg c`
= 2
12 + 12
= 2
= 12

G‡ÿ‡Î e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©b n‡e wbgœiƒc:

(cÖ_g) (cÖ_g) (wØZxq) (wØZxq)

ewnt †Ni Aš—t †Ni Aš—t †Ni ewnt †Ni

Q1 Me Q3

−15 −4.5 6 13 23.5 34

wPÎ: e· Ges ûB¯‹vi cÖ`k©b

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 lô Aa¨vq
ms‡køl I wbf©iY
CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

c~e©eZx© Aa¨vq¸‡jv‡Z GKPjK Z‡_¨i we‡kølY c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î `yB ev
Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wbY©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hw` GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡b Aci Pj‡Ki
gv‡bi cwieZ©b nq, Zvn‡j Giƒc PjKØq‡K m¤úK©hy³ (Correlated) PjK ejv nq| †hgb-c‡Y¨i
g~j¨ I Pvwn`vi g‡a¨, ¯^vgx I ¯¿xi eq‡mi g‡a¨, cvwievwiK Avq I e¨‡qi g‡a¨ wKiƒc m¤úK© Av‡Q-Zv
Rvbv Avek¨K|
Gai‡bi `ywU m¤úK©hy³ PjK‡K wØPjK Z_¨ (Bivariate distribution) ejv nq| wØPjK
Z_¨‡K `yB c×wZ‡Z we‡kølY Kiv hvq, †hgb−(i) ms‡køl we‡kølY (Correlation Analysis) I
(ii) wbf©iY we‡kølY (Regression Analysis)|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• wØ-PjK Z_¨, ms‡køl I ms‡kølvs‡Ki aviYv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ms‡kø‡li cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• we‡ÿc wPÎ I we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `yywU Pj‡Ki ms‡kø‡li e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• ms‡kølvs‡Ki ag© I e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• µg ms‡køl I µg ms‡kø‡li m~Î D™¢veb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wbf©iY I wbf©ivsK aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wbf©i‡Yi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wbf©i‡Yi e¨envi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wbf©ivs‡Ki ag© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• wbf©iY mgxKiY I wbf©iY †iLv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

6.01 wØ-PjK Z_¨, ms‡køl I ms‡kølvsK

Bivariate Data, Correlation and Coefficient of Correlation
wØ-PjK Z_¨: `yÕwU Zzjbv‡hvM¨ •ewk‡ó¨i cÖKvk m~PK Z_¨‡K wØPjK Z_¨ e‡j| †hgb-¯^vgx I ¯¿xi
eqm, `ª‡e¨i g~j¨ I Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` wØPjK Z_¨|
ms‡køl: ms‡køl kãwUi A_© nj ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ A_©vr `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cwieZ©bkxj Pj‡Ki g‡a¨
†h cvi¯úwiK m¤ú©K cwijwÿZ nq ZvB nj ms‡køl| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ mgg~Lx ev
wecixZg~Lx cwiewZ©Z nIqvq †h m¤¢ve¨ cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq Zv‡K ms‡køl e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq `yB
ev Z‡ZvwaK Z_¨mvwii wfZiKvi m¤úK©‡K †h cwimvswL¨K c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv nq Zv‡K
ms‡køl ejv nq|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
168 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

ms‡kølvsK: `ywU cwieZ©bkxj Pj‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I cÖK…wZ cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h MvwYwZK
cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K ms‡kølvsK e‡j| A_©vr PjK `ywUi cwieZ©‡bi cÖK…wZ I Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv‡K ms‡kølvsK ejv nq| cwimsL¨vbwe` Kvj©wcqvimb ms‡kølvsK wbY©‡qi Rb¨ GKwU m~Î
cÖ`vb K‡ib| g‡b Kwi, ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `ywU PjK x I y Gi n †Rvov gvb h_vµ‡g
( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ),..........(xn , yn ) hv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo h_vµ‡g x I y |
Kvj©-wcqvim©‡bi ms‡kølvsK,

r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

6.02 ms‡kø‡li cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Correlation

Pj‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i ms‡køl‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:

(i) mij ms‡køl (Simple Correlation)
(ii) eûav ms‡køl (Multiple correlation)
mij ms‡køl (Simple Correlation):
`y w U Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ© ‡ bi d‡j hw` Aci Pj‡Ki mgw`‡K ev wecixZ w`‡K
cwieZ© b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© ‡ K mij ms‡kø l e‡j| †hgb: †Kvb GKwU †kª Y xi
Qv·`i IRb I D”PZvi wfZiKvi m¤úK© , †Kvb GKwU c‡Y¨i g~ j ¨ I Pvwn`vi wfZiKvi
m¤úK© BZ¨vw`|
eûav ms‡køl (Multiple Correlation):
hw` `yÕ‡qi AwaK Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Aci GKvwaK Pj‡Ki cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e
Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤ú©K‡K eûav ms‡køl e‡j|
†hgb: †Kvb GKwU †kªYxi QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i evwl©K djvd‡ji mv‡_ Zv‡`i cvwievwiK Avq, wcZvgvZvi
†ckv, cwiev‡ii †jvKmsL¨v BZ¨vw`i wfZiKvi ms‡køl wbY©q Kiv n‡j Zv n‡e GKwU eûav ms‡køl|
mij ms‡kø‡li cÖKvi‡f`: cÖK…wZMZfv‡e mij ms‡køl‡K cvuP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:
(i) AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl (Partial positive correlation)
(ii) c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl (Perfect positive correlation)
(iii) AvswkK FYvZ¥K ms‡køl (Partial negative correlation)
(iv) c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl (Perfect negative correlation)
(v) ïb¨ ms‡køl (Zero correlation)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 169

(i) AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl: hw` `yBwU m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki GKwUi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j AciwUi
Amgnv‡i I mgw`‡K cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j|
†hgb: g~j¨ e„w×i d‡j †hvMvb Amgnv‡i e„w× †c‡j Zv‡K AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j|
(ii) c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl: hw` `yBwU m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki GKwUi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j AciwUi mgnv‡i
I mgw`‡K cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j| †hgb:
e„‡Ëi e¨vmv‡a©i e„w×i d‡j Dnvi cwiwa wbw`©ó Abycv‡Z e„w× cvq Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi
ms‡køl‡K c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j|
(iii) AvswkK FYvZ¥K ms‡køl: `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Aci Pj‡Ki
Amgnv‡i I wecixZw`‡K cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K AvswkK FYvZ¥K
ms‡køl e‡j| †hgb: g~j¨ †h nv‡i e„w× cvq Pvwn`v hw` Amgnv‡i n«vm cvq Z‡e g~j¨ I
Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ m¤úK©‡K AvswkK FYvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j|
(iv) c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl: `yBwU m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki GKwU Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j hw` Aci
Pj‡Ki mgnv‡i I wecixZw`‡K cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK©‡K c~Y© FYvZ¥K
ms‡køl e‡j| †hgb: M¨v‡mi Pvc e„wׇZ GKB AYycv‡Z Dnvi AvqZb n«vm cvq Z‡e G‡`i
ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K© c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl e‡j|
(v) ïb¨ ms‡køl: hw` PjK؇qi cwieZ©b m¤úK©nxb A_©vr GKwU Pj‡Ki gv‡bi n«vm ev e„w×i d‡j
Aci Pj‡Ki †Kvb cwieZ©b bv N‡U Z‡e PjK؇qi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤úK©‡K ïb¨ ms‡køl e‡j|
†hgb-Qv·`i cixÿvi b¤^‡ii mv‡_ evRv‡ii `ª‡e¨i Pvwn`vi †Kvb m¤úK© bvB|

6.03 we‡ÿc wPÎ I we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `yywU Pj‡Ki ms‡kø‡li e¨vL¨v
Scatter diagram and Different Nature of Correlation with the help of scatter diagram.

we‡ÿc wPÎ:
wØPjK Z_¨ x I y Gi cÖwZ‡Rvov gvb‡K QK KvM‡R Avbyf~wgK A‡ÿ x Ges Dj¤^ A‡ÿ y ewm‡q
KZ¸‡jv we›`y cvIqv hvq| GB we›`y¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î we‡ÿc wPÎ e‡j|
we‡ÿc wP‡Î cÖvß we›`y¸‡jvi ga¨w`‡q GKwU mij‡iLv A¼b Kiv nq hv we›`y¸‡jvi †SvuK ev cÖeYZv
wb‡`©k K‡i| ZvB GB mij‡iLvwU‡K cÖeYZv †iLv ev †SvuK wb‡`©kKvix mij‡iLv ejv nq|

we‡ÿc wPÎ
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
170 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

we‡ÿc wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ `ywU Pj‡Ki ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv:
→ we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸‡jv hw` evgw`K n‡Z Wvbw`K µgk: DשMvgx nq Ges GKB mij †iLvq
cwZZ bv nq Z‡e †evSv hv‡e †h, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl

0 < r <1
→ we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸‡jv hw` evgw`K †_‡K Wvbw`‡K µgk: DשMvgx nq Ges GKB mij †iLvq
nq, Z‡e †evSv hv‡e †h, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl

r =1
→ we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸wj hw` evg w`K †_‡K Wvbw`‡K µgk: wbæMvgx nq Ges GKB mij †iLvq
bv c‡i Z‡e †evSv hv‡e †h, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ AvswkK FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

AvswkK FYvZ¥K ms‡køl

−1 < r < 0
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 171

→ we‡ÿc wP‡Îi we›`y¸‡jv hw` evgw`K †_‡K Wvbw`‡K µgkt wbæMvgx nq Ges GKB mij †iLvq
c‡o Z‡e †evSv hv‡e †h, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl

r = −1
→ we‡ÿc wP‡Îi cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv w`‡q hw` †Kvbiƒc MwZ Kíbv Kiv bv hvq A_ev we›`y¸‡jv x A‡ÿi
mgvšÍivj ev y A‡ÿi mgvšÍivj nq ZLb †evSv hv‡e †h, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ ïb¨ ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

ev, ev,

ïb¨ ms‡køl ïb¨ ms‡køl ïb¨ ms‡køl

r =0 r =0 r =0

6.04 ms‡kølvs‡Ki ag© I e¨envi

Importance and uses of coffecient of correlation

ms‡kølvs‡Ki ag©:
(i) ms‡kølvsK GKwU GKK gy³ A_ev GKK wenxb msL¨v|
(ii) ms‡kølvsK `ywU cÖwZmg ev wbi‡cÿ A_©vr rxy =r yx
(iii) `ywU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb (0) ïY¨ A_©vr x I y ¯^vaxb PjK n‡j rxy = 0
(iv) ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb -1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| A_©vr − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1
(v) ms‡kølvsK g~j I gvcbx Dfq n‡Z ¯^vaxb| A_©vr rxy = ruv .
(vi) `ywU Pj‡Ki ms‡kølvsK Dnv‡`i wbf©ivsK؇qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb| A_©vr
rxy = bxy × byx .
(vii) ms‡kølvsK Z_¨mvwii mKj gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
172 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

e¨envi:
(i) ms‡kølvs‡Ki gva¨‡g `yBwU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ wKiƒc m¤úK© weivR K‡i Zv Rvbv hvq|
(ii) r 2 Øviv ev r 2 Gi gvb Øviv Aaxb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi kZKiv KZ Ask ¯^vaxb PjK
Øviv cÖfvweZ nq Zv Rvbv hvq|
(iii) Gi mvnv‡h¨ wbf©iYI wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(iv) mvgvwRK Z_¨vejx †hgb-¯^vgx-¯¿xi eqm, Aciva cÖeYZv, gv`Kvmw³ BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g
m¤úK© we‡kølY I gšÍe¨ cÖ`v‡b ms‡kølY e¨eüZ nq|
(v) †gav, eyw×, •bcyY¨ BZ¨vw` ¸YevPK Pj‡Ki we‡kølY I gšÍe¨ cÖ`v‡b ms‡kølY e¨eüZ nq|
(vi) A_©‣bwZK Z_¨vejx †hgb: Pvwn`vi mv‡_ g~‡j¨i, Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ g~‡j¨i BZ¨vw`
we‡køl‡Y ms‡kølY e¨eüZ nq|
(vii) D”PZi cwimsLv‡b wbf©iY †iLv we‡køl‡Y ms‡kølY Kv‡R jv‡M|
(viii) †Kvb GjvKvi bZzb cY¨ evRviRvZ Kiv n‡j H GjvKvq D³ c‡Y¨i Pvwn`v c‡Y¨i
evRviRvZKiY LiP, kªwgK LiP, c‡Y¨i DrKl©Zv BZ¨vw` hvPvB K‡i| AZci: c‡Y¨i
`vg aiv nq Ges jf¨vsk Abygvb Kiv nq|

6.05 µg ms‡køl I µg ms‡kø‡li m~Î D™¢veb

Rank correlation & Derive its formula
µg ms‡køl (Rank Correlation):
`ywU ¸YevPK Pj‡Ki gv‡bi wfwˇZ Z_¨mvwi‡K µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bvi ci Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb
ms‡køl‡K mnR µg ms‡køl (Simple Rank Correlation) e‡j| GB µggvb¸‡jvi g‡a¨
m¤ú‡K©i gvÎv I cÖK„wZi cwigvc‡K µg ms‡kølvsK e‡j|
µg ms‡kø‡li m~Î D™¢veb:
g‡b Kwi, x I y PjK `ywUi n msL¨K gvb h_vµ‡g x1 , x2 − − − − xn Ges y1 , y2 ,− − − − − yn

awi, x Pj‡Ki µg xi = 1, 2,...........n

Ges y Pj‡Ki µg yi = 1, 2, ...........n
Avgiv Rvwb,
cov ( x, y )
ms‡kølvsK, r = ................................ (i )
σ xσ y
n +1 n2 − 1
cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo Ges †f`vsK
2 12
n +1 2 2 n2 − 1
∴x = y = Ges σ x = σ y =
2 12
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 173

awi, d i = xi − yi
= xi − x + x − y i
= ( xi − x ) − ( y i − y )
d i = {( xi − x ) − ( yi − y )}
2 2

2
⇒ d i = ( xi − x ) 2 + ( yi − y ) 2 − 2( xi − x )( yi − y )
∑ di ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 + ∑ ( yi − y ) 2 ∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y )
2
⇒ = −2
n n n n
∑ di
2

⇒ 2 2
= σ x + σ y − 2 cov( x, y )
n
∑d
2
⇒ 2 cov( x, y ) = σ x + σ y 2 2
−
i

n
σ x2 +σ y2 ∑ di
2
⇒ cov( x, y ) = −
2 2n
n2 −1 n2 −1
+
12 − ∑ d i
2
= 12
2 2n
 n2 −1
2 
12  ∑ d i
2

=  −
2 2n
n2 −1 ∑ di
2

= −
12 2n
(i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
n 2 − 1 ∑ di
2

−
r= 12 2n
n − 1 n2 − 1
2

12 12
n −1 ∑ di
2 2

−
= 12 2 2n
n −1
12
∑d
2
i

= 1− 2n
n2 −1
12
∑d
2
12
= 1− i
×
2n n2 −1
6∑ d i
2

r = 1−
n( n 2 − 1)
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
174 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

†¯úqvig¨v‡bi µg ms‡kølvsK‡K mvaviYZ ρ (rho) Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_©vr

6∑ d i
2

∴ρ =1−
n(n 2 − 1)

6.06 wbf©iY I wbf©ivsK

Regression and Regression Co-efficient

• wbf©iY (Regression): `y‡Uv PjK m¤ú©Khy³ n‡j GKwU ¯^vaxb PjK I GKwU Aaxb PjK
_v‡K| ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Rvbv gv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Aaxb Pj‡Ki ARvbv gvb wbY©q Kivq c×wZ‡K wbf©iY
ejv nq| Ab¨ K_vq hw` `ywU ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ Pj‡Ki GKwUi cÖvß gv‡bi Rb¨ AciwUi
cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq Z‡e Zv‡K wbf©iY ejv nq|

D`vniY: GK`j †jv‡Ki D”PZv Rvbv _vK‡j Zv‡`i cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo IRb Rvbv hvq| Avevi †Kvb
GjvKvi e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY Rvbv _vK‡j Drcbœ dm‡ji cwigvY Rvbv hvq| GLv‡b †h PjK Rvbv
_v‡K †mwU ¯^vaxb PjK| Avi †h Pj‡Ki cÖZ¨vwkZ gvb ¯^vaxb PjK n‡Z wbY©q Kiv hvq Zv‡K
Aaxb PjK e‡j|

• wbf©ivsK (Regression co- efficient): wbf©i‡Yi mnM‡K mvaviYZ: wbf©ivsK ejv nq| Ab¨
K_vq †Kvb wØ-PjK Z‡_¨i †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Dci Aaxb Pj‡Ki wbf©ikxjZvi Mo nvi‡K
wbf©ivsK e‡j|
n

∑(x i − x )( yi − y )
x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK, b yx = i =1
n

∑(x
i =1
i − x)2

n
∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y )
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK, bxy = i =1
n
∑ ( yi − y ) 2
i =1

6.07 wbf©i‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`

Types of Regression

wbf©iY‡K ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq | †hgb:
i) mij wbf©iY (Simple Regression)
ii) eûav wbf©iY (Multiple Regression)
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 175

mij wbf©iY: ci¯úi m¤ú©Khy³ `ywU Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ hw` †Kvbiƒc wbf©ikxjZv †`Lv hvq Z‡e Zv‡`i
GKwUi cwieZ©b Ab¨wUi Dci KZUzKz cÖfve †d‡j Zv MvwYwZKfv‡e cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ †h
cwimvswL¨K c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K mij wbf©iY e‡j|
D`vniY: wbw`©ó cwigvY BDwiqv mvi e¨env‡ii d‡j av‡bi dj‡bi cwieZ©b cwigvc Ki‡Z mij
wbf©iY c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
eûav wbf©iY: ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `y&B ev Z‡ZvwaK ¯^vaxb PjKmg~‡ni KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó gv‡bi Rb¨ Aaxb
Pj‡Ki Mo gvb wba©viY Ki‡Z †h cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K eûav wbf©iY e‡j|
D`vniY: av‡bi djb mieivnK…Z cvwb Ges mvi Øviv wK cwigv‡Y cÖfvweZ nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z eûav
wbf©iY c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|

6.08 wbf©i‡Yi e¨envi

Use of Regression
wb‡gœ wbf©i‡Yi K‡qKwU e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
i) wbf©iY we‡køl‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki mv‡_ Aaxb Pj‡Ki Zvrch©c~Y© m¤úK© Av‡Q
wKbv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
ii) ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Aaxb Pj‡Ki wK cwigvY cwiewZ©Z nq Zv wbf©i‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
iii) fwel¨‡Zi Drcv`b, g~j¨, mieivn, Avq, e¨q, †jvKmvb, †jvKmsL¨v BZ¨vw` wbf©i‡Yi mvnv‡h¨
wbiƒcY Kiv hvq hv †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK cwiKíbvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L|
iv) ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ `ywU Z_¨mvwii g‡a¨ GKwU Z_¨mvwii gvb Rvbv _vK‡j wbf©i‡Yi
mvnv‡h¨ Ab¨ Z_¨mvwii gvb wbiƒcY Kiv hvq|
v) A_©bxwZ I e¨emv evwYR¨ M‡elYvi †ÿ‡Î wbf©iY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi KviY A_©‣bwZK we‡køl‡Y
AwaKvsk mgm¨v ¸‡jv PjKmg~‡ni m¤ú‡K©i KviY I Zv‡`i cÖfve wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

6.09 wbf©ivs‡Ki ag©

Properties of Regression Co-efficient

wbf©ivs‡Ki ag©:
(i) wbf©ivsK ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ Aaxb Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©‡bi nvi wb‡`©k Ki|
(ii) `yBwU Pj‡Ki wbf©ivsK؇qi R¨vwgwZK Mo Zv‡`i ms‡kølvs‡Ki mgvb| A_©vr
rxy = byx × bxy .
(iii) wbf©ivs‡Ki gvb PjK wbi‡cÿ bq, A_©vr, b yx ≠ bxy .
(iv) `yBwU Pj‡Ki wbf©ivsK؇qi MvwYwZK Mo Zv‡`i ms‡kølvsK A‡cÿv eo| A_©vr
byx + bxy
≥ rxy .
2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
176 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

(v) wbf©ivsK؇qi GKwU 1 A‡cÿv eo n‡j Ab¨wU 1 A‡cÿv †QvU n‡e| A_©vr bxy > 1
n‡j byx < 1 n‡e|
(vi) wbf©ivsK g~j n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj|
(vii) wbf©ivsK PjK؇qi GK‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj|
(viii) wbf©ivs‡Ki gvb − ∞ †_‡K + ∞ Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

6.10 wbf©iY mgxKiY I wbf©iY †iLv

Regression Equation and Regression Line
wbf©iY mgxKiY : GKwU ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki Dci GKwU Aaxb Pj‡Ki wbf©iY‡K †h MvwYwZK mgxiK‡Yi
gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K wbf©iY mgxKiY e‡j| hw` x ¯^vaxb PjK I y Aaxb PjK nq Z‡e x Gi
Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY n‡e−
y = a + bx + e
GLv‡b, y = Aaxb PjK
x = ¯^vaxb PjK
a = GKwU aªæeK
b = x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK
e = ÎæwU
wbf©iY †iLv: GKwU wbf©iY mgxKiY †h †j‡Li gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Zv‡K wbf©iY †iLv e‡j|
KwZcq Dccv`¨ I cÖgvY
1| cÖgvY Ki †h, ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb −1 †_‡K +1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, ci®úi m¤úK©hy³ `yBwU PjK x I y Gi n †Rvov gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g,
(x1 , y1 ,) (x2 , y2 ).........(xn , yn ) Ges Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo x I y n‡j,
Σ( xi − x ) ( yi − y )
r= ...................................(i )
Σ( xi − x ) Σ( yi − y )
2 2

awi,
( xi − x )
ui =
Σ ( xi − x )
2

2 (xi − x )2
ui =
Σ ( xi − x )
2

Σ ( xi − x )
2
2
Σu i =
Σ( xi − x )
2

= 1 .....................................................(ii )
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 177

( yi − y )
Ges vi =
Σ( y i − y )
2

2 ( yi − y )2
vi =
(
Σ yi − y )
2

Σ ( yi − y )
2
2
Σv i =
Σ ( yi − y )
2

= 1 ................................................(iii )

( xi − x ) ( yi − y )
Avevi, u i vi = ×
Σ ( xi − x ) Σ( yi − y )
2 2

( xi − x ) ( y i − y )
=
Σ ( xi − x ) Σ ( y i − y )
2 2

Σ ( xi − x ) ( y i − y )
Σu i v i =
Σ ( xi − x ) Σ ( y i − y )
2 2

= r................................(iv ) [mgxKiY (i ) I Gi mv‡c‡ÿ]

Avgiv Rvwb, eM©msL¨v KLbI FYvZ¥K n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs

Σ (ui ± vi ) ≥ 0
2

( 2
⇒ Σ ui ± 2ui vi + vi
2
)≥ 0
2 2
⇒ Σ ui ± 2Σ ui vi + Σvi ≥ 0
⇒ 1 ± 2r + 1 ≥ 0 [mgxKiY (ii ) (iii ) I (iv ) Gi mvnv‡h¨]
⇒ 2 ± 2r ≥ 0
⇒ 2(1 ± r ) ≥ 0
⇒1± r ≥ 0

†hvM ‡evaK wPý wb‡q cvB, we‡qvM †evaK wPý wb‡q cvB,
1+ r ≥ 0 1− r ≥ 0
r ≥ −1 ⇒ −r ≥ −1
∴ −1 ≤ r ...........(v) ∴ r ≤ 1...........(vi)

∴mgxKiY (v ) I (vi) †_‡K cvB, − 1 ≤ r ≤ 1

∴ ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb − 1 †_‡K + 1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K| (cÖgvwYZ)
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
178 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2| cÖgvY Ki †h, ms‡kølvsK g~j I gvcbx n‡Z ¯^vaxb |

cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x I y Pj‡Ki n †Rvov gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y ) − − − − − ( xn , y n ) Ges 2

Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo h_vµ‡g x I y.

∴ x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK,

rxy =
∑ ( xi − x )( y i − y ) − − − − − (i)
∑ ( xi − x ) 2 ∑ ( y i − y ) 2
awi,
xi − a yi − b
bZzb PjK u i = Ges vi =
c d
ev, x − a = cu ev, yi − b = dvi
i i
ev, x = a + cu ev, yi = b + dvi
i i
ev, ∑x
na
+c
i ∑ ui = ev, ∑ yi nb d ∑ vi
= +
n n n n n n
∴ x = a + cu ∴ y = b + dv
(i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,

rxy = ∑ (a + cu −a − cu )(b + dv − b − dv )
i i

∑ (a + cu − a − cu ) ∑ (b + dv − b − dv )
i
2
i
2

= ∑{c(u − u )}{d (v − v )} i i

∑{c(u − u )} ∑{d (v − v )}
2 2
i i

= cd ∑ (u − u )(v −v ) i i

c ∑ (u − u ) d ∑ (v − v )
2
i
2 2
i
2

= cd ∑ (u − u )(v −v ) i i

cd ∑ (u − u ) ∑ (v − v )
i
2
i
2

= ∑ (ui − u )(v i −v )
∑ (ui − u ) 2 ∑ (vi − v ) 2
= ruv
∴ rxy = ruv
Dc‡ii m¤úK© n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, g~j a, b Ges gvcwb c, d Gi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB|
myZivs ms‡kølvsK g~j I gvcwb n‡Z ¯^vaxb| (cÖgvwYZ)|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 179

3| `ywU Pj‡Ki ms‡kølvsK Dnv‡`i wbf©ivsK؇qi R¨vwgwZK M‡oi mgvb|

A_ev, cÖgvY Ki †h, r = byx .bxy
cÖgvY: g‡b Kwi, x I y Pj‡Ki n †Rvov gvbmg~n h_vµ‡g ( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y ) − − − − − ( xn , y n ) Ges 2

Dnv‡`i MvwYwZK Mo h_vµ‡g x I y.

GLb,
x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK, b yx = ∑
( xi − x )( yi − y )
∑ (x
2
i − x)

y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK, bxy = ∑

( xi − x )( yi − y )
∑ ( y − y) i
2

Ges x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK, r = ∑ ( x − x )( y − y )

i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

.
. wbf©ivsK؇qi R¨vwgwZK Mo = byx × bxy

=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) . ∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i i i

∑ (x − x) i ∑ ( y − y) 2
i
2

{∑ ( x − x )( y − y )} 2

=
i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

⇒ byx .bxy = r
∴ r = byx × bxy

A_©vr wbf©ivsK؇qi R¨vwgwZK Mo ms‡kølvs‡Ki mgvb | (cÖgvwYZ)|

cÖ‡qvRbxq m~Îvejx
1| (i ) ms‡kølvsK, r = ∑ (x − x) ( y − y)
i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

∑x ∑y
(ii ) ms‡kølvsK, ∑x y −
i i
i i
r= n

 (∑ xi ) 2 
 (∑ y i ) 2 

∑ xi − ∑ y i −
2 2


 n   n 


GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

180 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

cov( x, y )
(iii ) ms‡kølvsK, r =
σ x .σ y
(iv ) ms‡kølvsK, r = b yx . bxy
SP( x, y )
(v ) ms‡kølvsK, r =
SS ( x). SS ( y )

(vi) ms‡kølvsK, r =
∑ xi y i − n x y
{∑ x i
2
− nx 2 }{∑ y i
2
− ny 2 }
6∑ d 2
2| µg ms‡kølvsK, ρ = 1 −
n(n 2 − 1)
3| x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK,

(i ) b yx =
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
i i

∑ (x − x) i
2

∑x ∑y
∑x y −
i i
i i
(ii ) b yx = n
(∑ xi ) 2
∑x
2
i −
n
sp( x, y )
(iii ) b yx =
ss( x)
4| y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK,

(i ) bxy =
∑ ( x i − x )( y i − y )
∑ ( yi − y ) 2
∑x ∑y
∑x y −
i i
i i
(ii ) bxy = n
(∑ y i ) 2
∑y
2
i −
n
sp( x, y )
(iii ) bxy =
ss( y )
5| (i) x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY, y − y = b yx ( x − x )
(ii) y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY, x − x = bxy ( y − y )
σy
6| (i) x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK, byx = r
σx
(ii) y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK, bxy = r σ x
σy
7| ms‡kølvsK I wbf©ivsKØq GKB wPý wewkó nq|
8| wbf©iY †iLvØq ci¯úi‡K PjK؇qi Mo we›`y‡Z A_©vr ( x , y ) we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 181

MvwYwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb

1| y = a − bx n‡j x I y Gi ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb KZ?

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
y = a − bx
ev, yi = a − bxi (i = 1,2.............n)
n n n
ev, ∑ y i = ∑ a − b ∑ xi
i =1 i =1 i =1

ev, ∑y na
i
−b=
∑ xi
n n n
∴ y = a − bx
x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK,

r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) i i

∑ (x − x ) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x )(a − bx − a + bx )
i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ (a − bx − a + bx )
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x ){− b( x − x )}
i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ {− b( x − x )} 2 2
i i

− b∑ ( x − x )( x − x )
=
i i

∑ (x − x) b ∑ (x − x)
i
2 2
i
2

− b∑ ( x − x ) 2

=
i

b {∑ ( x − x ) } i
2 2

− ∑ (x − x) 2

=
i

∑ (x − x) i
2

r = −1

∴ x I y Gi g‡a¨ c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
182 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

2| y = −2 x n‡j x I y g‡a¨ ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb KZ?

mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = −2 x
yi = −2 xi
∑y i = −2 ∑ x i
∑y i
= −2
∑x i

n n
∴ y = −2 x
x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK,
r= ∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)i
2
i
2

= ∑ ( x − x )(−2 x + 2 x ) i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ ( −2 x + 2 x )
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x ){− 2( x − x )}
i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ {− 2( x − x )} 2 2
i i

− 2∑ ( x − x )( x − x )
=
i i

∑ ( x − x ) 4∑ ( x − x )
i
2
i
2

− 2∑ ( xi − x ) 2
=
{∑ ( x − x ) }
2 i
2 2

− 2∑ ( x − x ) 2

= = −1 i

2∑ ( x − x ) i
2

∴r = −1
x I y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|
x
3| hw` y = − Z‡e rxy Gi gvb †ei Ki Ges gšÍe¨ Ki|
2
mgvavb : †`Iqv Av‡Q,
x
y=−
2
⇒ 2 y = −x
⇒ x = −2 y
⇒ ∑ xi = −2∑ y i [Dfq c‡ÿ ∑ wb‡q]
⇒ ∑x i
= −2
∑y i

n n
∴ x = −2 y
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 183

ms‡kølvsK,

rxy =
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) i i

∑ (x − x ) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ (−2 y + 2 y )( y − y ) i i

∑ (−2 y + 2 y ) ∑ ( y − y ) i
2
i
2

=
∑ (−2)( y − y )( y − y ) i i

∑ {− 2( y − y )} ∑ ( y − y )
2 2
i i

− 2∑ ( y − y ) i
2

=
4∑ ( y − y ) ∑ ( y − y )
i
2
i
2

− 2∑ ( y − y ) 2

=
i

2 ∑ ( y − y) ∑ ( y − y) 2
i
2

− ∑ ( y − y) 2

=
i

{∑ ( y − y ) } i
2 2

− ∑ ( y − y) 2

=
i

∑ ( y − y) 2

rxy = −1
∴x I y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

4| y − 5x − 3 = 0 n‡j x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb KZ?

mgvavb :

†`Iqv Av‡Q,
y − 5x − 3 = 0
ev, y = 5x + 3
ev, y i = 5 xi + 3
ev, ∑y i = 5∑ xi + ∑ 3

ev,
∑y i
=5
∑x i
+
3n
n n n
∴ y = 5x + 3
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
184 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK,

r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x )(5 x + 3 − 5 x − 3)i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ (5 x + 3 − 5 x − 3)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x ) 5( x − x ) i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ {5( x − x )} 2 2
i i

5∑ ( x − x ) 2

=
i

∑ ( x − x ) 25∑ ( x − x )
i
2
i
2

5∑ ( x − x ) 2

=
i

5 {∑ ( x − x ) } i
2 2

=∑
2
(x − x)i

∑ (x − x)i
2

r =1
∴ x I y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© aYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|
5| rxy = 0.75 , u = 3x − 2 Ges v = 5 − y n‡j ruv Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, u = 3x − 2 Ges v = 5− y
⇒ u i = 3 xi − 2
vi = 5 − y i
⇒ ∑u = 3∑ xi − ∑ 2
i
∑v = ∑5 − ∑ y
∑u ∑x
i i
2.n
⇒ =3 − ∑ v = n.5 − ∑ y
i i
i i
n n n
∴ u = 3x − 2 n n n
∴v = 5 − y
ruv =
∑ (ui − u )(vi − v )
∑ (ui − u ) 2 ∑ (vi − v ) 2
=
∑ (3x − 2 − 3x + 2)(5 − y − 5 + y )
i i

∑ (3x − 2 − 3x + 2) ∑ (5 − y − 5 + y )
i
2
i
2

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 185

=
∑ 3( x − x ){− ( y − y )} i i

∑ {3( x − x )} ∑ {− ( y − y )}
2 2
i i

− 3∑ ( xi − x )( y i − y )
=
3 2
∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

− 3∑ ( xi − x )( y i − y )
=
3 ∑ ( xi − x ) 2 ∑ ( y i − y ) 2
= −rxy
= −0.75
6| y = mx + c n‡j x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb KZ?
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q ,
y = mx + c
ev, yi = mx i + c
ev, ∑ y = m∑ x + ∑ c
i i

ev, ∑ y = m ∑ x + nc
i i

n n n
∴ y = mx + c
x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK,

r=
∑ ( x − x )( y − y ) i i

∑ ( x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x )(mx + c − mx − c)
i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ (mx + c − mx − c)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ ( x − x ){m( x − x )}
i i

∑ (x − x) m ∑ (x − x)
i
2 2
i
2

m∑ ( xi − x ) 2
=
m {∑ ( x − x ) } i
2 2

=
∑ (x i − x)2
∑ (x i − x)2
r =1
∴ x I y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© abvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
186 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

7| hw` x + 3y = 0 nq Z‡e x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x + 3 y = 0
⇒ x = −3 y
⇒ xi = −3 yi

⇒ ∑x i
= −3
∑y i

n n
∴ x = −3 y
x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK,

rxy =
∑ ( x − x )( y − y )i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

=
∑ (−3 y + 3 y )( y − y )
i i

∑ ( −3 y + 3 y ) ∑ ( y − y )
i
2
i
2

=
∑ (−3)( yi − y )( yi − y )
∑ {− 3( yi − y )} ∑ ( yi − y )
2 2

− 3∑ ( y − y ) 2

=
i

9∑ ( y − y ) ∑ ( y − y )
i
2
i
2

− 3∑ ( yi − y ) 2
=
3 {∑ ( yi − y ) 2 }
2

− ∑ ( y − y) 2

=
i

∑ ( y − y) i
2

= −1
∴ x I y PjK؇qi g‡a¨ c~Y© FYvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|
8| x I a-x Gi ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : awi,
u=x
ev, ui = xi
ev, ∑u i
=
∑x i

n n
u=x
Ges v = a − x
ev, vi = a − xi
ev, ∑v i
=
∑a − ∑ x i

n n n
v =a−x
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 187

u I v Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK,

ruv =
∑ (u − u )(v − v )
i i

∑ (u − u ) ∑ (v − v ) 2 2
i i

=
∑ ( x − x )(a − x − a + x )
i i

∑ ( x − x ) ∑ (a − x − a + x )
2 2
i i

=
∑ ( xi − x ){− ( xi − x )}
∑ ( xi − x ) 2 ∑ {(−( xi − x )}
2

− ∑ ( xi − x ) 2
=
∑ (x − x) ∑ (x 2 2
i i − x)

− ∑ ( xi − x ) 2
=
{∑ ( xi − x ) 2 }2
− ∑ ( xi − x ) 2
=
∑ ( xi − x ) 2
= −1

9| hw` PjK x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK 0.75 nq Z‡e (3x − 2) Ges (5 − 4 y) Gi ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK rxy = 0.75
awi, Ges
v = 5 − 4y
vi = 5 − 4 y i
u = 3x − 2
ev, ui = 3xi − 2 ∑v i 5n
= −4
∑ yi
n n n

ev,
∑u i
=3
∑ x − ∑2 i ∴v = 5 − 4 y
n n n
∴u = 3x − 2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
188 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

ruv =
∑ (u − u )(v − v )
i i

∑ (u − u ) ∑ (v − v ) 2 2
i i

=
∑ (3x − 2 − 3x + 2)(5 − 4 y − 5 + 4 y )
i i

∑ (3x − 2 − 3x + 2) ∑ (5 − 4 y − 5 + 4 y ) 2 2
i i

=
∑ 3( x − x ){(−4( y − y )}i i

∑ {3( x − x )} ∑ {− 4( y − y )}
2 2
i i

− 12 ∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y )
=
9∑ ( xi − x ) 2 16 ∑ ( yi − y )
2

− 12 ∑ ( xi − x )( yi − y )
=
3× 4 ∑ ( x − x ) ∑ ( y − y)i
2
i
2

− ∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
=
i i

∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
i
2
i
2

= −rxy = −0.75

10| u = 2 x + 5, v = 7 − 3y Ges x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK rxy = 0.75 n‡j ruv Gi gvb KZ?

mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
u = 2x + 5
ev, ui = 2 xi + 5

ev,
∑u i
=2
∑ x + ∑5 i

n n n
ev, u = 2 x + 5

Ges v = 7 − 3y
vi = 7 − 3 yi

∑v = ∑7 −3 ∑ y
i i
ev, n n n
v = 7 − 3y
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 189

ruv =
∑ (u − u )(v − v )
i i

∑ (u − u ) ∑ (v − v )
i
2
i
2

=
∑ (2 x + 5 − 2 x − 5)(7 − 3 y − 7 + 3 y )
i i

∑ (2 x + 5 − 2 x − 5) ∑ (7 − 3 y − 7 + 3 y )
i
2
i
2

=
∑ 2( x − x ) {− 3( y − y )}
i i

∑ {2( x − x )} ∑ {− 3( y − y )}
2 2
i i

2(−3)∑ ( x − x ) ( y − y )
= i i

4∑ ( x − x ) 9∑ ( y − y ) 2 2
i i

− 6∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
= i i

36 ∑ ( x − x ) ∑ ( y − y ) 2 2
i i

− 6∑ ( x − x )( y − y )
= i i

6 ∑ (x − x) ∑ ( y − y)
2 2
i i

= − rxy
= −0.75

11| `ywU PjK x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK 0.8 mn‡f`vsK 15 Ges x Gi †f`vsK 6.25 n‡j y Gi
†f`vsK KZ?
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q, x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvs‡Ki rxy = 0.8
mn‡f`vsK, cov(x, y) = 15
2
x Gi †f`vsK, σ x = 6.25
∴σ x = 6.25 = 2.5
cov( x, y )
Avgiv Rvwb, rxy =
σ xσ y
cov( x, y ) 15
σy = =
rx yσ x 0.8 × 2.5
σ y = 7.5
2
∴σ y = 56 .25
∴wb‡Y©q †f`vsK, 56.25|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
190 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

12| PjK x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY 5 x + 6 y =90 Ges y Dci x Gi wbf©iY

mgxKiY 15 x + 8 y = 130 n‡j wbf©ivsKØq I ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
x Gi Dci y wbf©iY mgxKiY,
5 x + 6 y = 90
6 y = 90 − 5 x
90 5
y= − x
6 6
 5
y = 15 +  −  x
 6
∴ x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK,
5
b yx = − = −0.83
6
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY,
15 x + 8 y = 130
15 x = 130 − 8 y
130 8
x= − y
15 15
 −8
x = 8.6 +  y
 15 
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK,
8
bxy = −
15
= −0.53
Avgiv Rvwb,
r = byx .bxy
= (−0.83)(−0.53)
= 0.4399
= 0.66
Avgiv Rvwb, ms‡kølvsK I wbf©ivsKØq GKB wPý wewkó|
∴r = −0.66
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 191

13| x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY 4 x − 5 y + 33 = 0 Ges y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY

20 x − 9 y − 107 = 0 x Gi cwiwgZ e¨eavb 6 n‡j x I y Gi Mo gvb y Gi cwiwgZ
e¨eavb I ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb: †`Iqv Av‡Q,
4 x − 5 y + 33 = 0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (i )
20 x − 9 y − 107 = 0 − − − − − − − − − − − −(ii )
GLb, (1) × 5 − (2) × 1 ⇒
20 x − 25 y + 165 − 20 x + 9 y + 107 = 0
⇒ − 16 y + 272 = 0
⇒ − 16 y = −272
− 272
⇒ y= = 17
− 16
(1) bs mgxKi‡Y y Gi gvb ewm‡q cvB,
4x − 5 ×17 + 33 = 0
⇒ 4 x − 85 + 33 = 0
⇒ 4 x − 52 = 0
⇒ 4 x = 52
52
⇒x= = 13
4
wbf©iY †iLvØq ci¯úi‡K PjK؇qi Mo we›`y‡Z †Q` K‡i|
∴ x = 13 Ges y = 17
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
x Gi cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ x = 6
(i) bs n‡Z cvB,
− 5 y = −33 − 4 x
5 y = 33 + 4 x
33 4
y= + x
5 5
∴ y = 6 .6 + 0 . 8 x
x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK b yx = 0.8
(ii) bs n‡Z cvB,
20 x − 9 y − 107 = 0
20 x = 107 + 9 y
107 9
⇒x= + y
20 20
x = 5.35 + 0.45 y

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

192 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK,
b xy = 0.45
ms‡kølvsK, r = byx .bxy
= 0.8 × 0.45
= 0.36
r = 0 .6

Avgiv Rvwb, σy
b yx = r
6x
σy
⇒ 0.8 = 0.6
6
⇒ 0.8 = 0.1σ y
0 .8
⇒σy = =8
0 .1
wb‡Y©q, x = 13, y = 17 ,σ y = 8 Ges r = 0.6 |

14| `yBwU PjK x I y Gi mn‡f`vsK Ges ms‡kølvsK h_vµ‡g 36 Ges 0.6 . x Pj‡Ki
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, 6 n‡j σ y Ges b yx wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb :
†`Iqv Av‡Q,
x I y Gi mn‡f`vsK, cov( x, y ) = 36
x I y Gi ms‡kølvsK, rxy = 0.6
x Pj‡Ki cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ x = 6
Avgiv Rvwb,
cov( x, y )
rxy =
σ x. σ y
36
⇒ 0 .6 =
6.σ y
6
⇒σy =
0 .6
⇒ σ y = 10
σy
∴ b yx = r.
σx
10
= 0.6 × =1
6
∴ wb‡Y©q gvb, σ y = 10 Ges byx = 1
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 ms‡k­l I wbf©iY 193

15| x = 20, y = 15, σ x = 4, σ y = 3 Ges r = 0.7 n‡j wbf©iY mgxKiYØq wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb : Avgiv Rvwb,
σ
byx = r y
σx
3
= 0 .7 ×
4
= 0.525
σx
Avevi, bxy = r
σy
4
= 0 .7 ×
3
= 0.93
x Gi Dci y wbf©iY mgxKiY,
( y − y ) = b yx ( x − x )
y − 15 = 0.525 ( x − 20 )
y − 15 = 0.525 x − 10 .5
y = 15 + 0.525 x − 10 .5
∴ y = 4.5 + 0.525 x
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY,
( x − x ) = bxy ( y − y )
⇒ x − 20 = 0.93( y − 15)
⇒ x − 20 = 0.93 y − 13 .95
⇒ x = 20 + 0.93 y − 13 .95
∴ x = 6.05 + 0.93 y
wb‡Y©q wbf©iY mgxKiY, y = 4.5 + 0.525 x
x = 6.05 + 0.93 y
16| wb‡gœi Z_¨ †_‡K wbf©ivsKØq Ges ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb wbY©q Ki|
∑ x = 56, ∑ y = 40, ∑ x 2
= 524 , ∑ y 2 = 256 ,∑ xy = 364 Ges n = 8

mgvavb : g‡b Kwi, x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK,

(∑ x )(∑ y )
∑ xy − n
b yx =
(∑ x) 2
∑x 2
−
n

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

194 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ

40 × 56
364 −
= 8
(56 ) 2
524 −
8
364 − 280
=
524 − 392
84
=
132
= 0.64
Avevi,
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK,
(∑ x)(∑ y )
∑ xy − n
bxy =
(∑ y ) 2
∑y 2
−
n
40 × 56
364 −
= 8
(40 ) 2
256 −
8
364 − 280
=
256 − 200
84
=
56
= 1 .5
ms‡kølvsK, r = byx .bxy
= 0.64 × 1.5
= 0.96 = 0.98
AZGe, PjK؇qi g‡a¨ AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡køl we`¨gvb|
17| bxy = − 0.2 Ges b yx = − 0.8 n‡j rxy Gi gvb wbY©q Ki|
mgvavb:
Avgiv Rvwb,
rxy = byx × bxy
= ( −0.8) × ( −0.2)
= 0.16 = 0 .4
∴ ms‡kølvsK I wbf©ivsK GKB wPý wewkó nq|
∴rxy = − 0.4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 mßg Aa¨vq
Kvjxb mvwi
TIME SERIES

Z‡_¨i GKwU we‡kl •ewkó¨ nj mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Pj‡Ki gvb cwieZ©b nq| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
A¯^vfvweKfv‡e Z‡_¨i e„w× ev n«vm n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_
Pj‡Ki gv‡bi cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G‡K Kvjxb mvwi e‡j| A_©‣bwZK, ivR‣bwZK, mvgvwRK
wewfbœ Z_¨ GB Kvjxb mvwii AvIZvq c‡o| FZz cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_I Kvjxb mvwii Z‡_¨i m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q| †hgb−kxZKv‡j kvK-meRx †ewk Drcbœ nq e‡j G‡`i g~j¨ Kg _v‡K wKšÍy MÖx®§Kv‡j G‡`i
g~j¨ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z `yBwU PjK _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU PjK mgq nj ¯^vaxb PjK
Ges Aci PjK‡K Aaxb PjK ejv nq| ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki gvb¸‡jvi e¨eavb mvaviYZt mg`~ieZ©x n‡q
_v‡K; Avevi AmgvbI n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki gvb‡K cwieZ©b K‡i Aaxb Pj‡Ki cwiewZ©Z
gvb wbb©q Kiv hvq| ¯^vaxb Pj‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ Aaxb Pj‡Ki fwel¨r gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq| AZGe Z‡_¨i
c~e©vfvm Kvjxb mvwi we‡kølY K‡i cvIqv hvq|
G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−
• Kvjxb mvwi I Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi c×wZ¸‡jvi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• mvaviY aviv I mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• Kvjxb mvwii e¨envi ej‡Z cvi‡e|
7.01 Kvjxb mvwi I Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb
Time Series & Components of Time Series
Kvjxb mvwi: mg‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb Z‡_¨i msL¨vZ¥K web¨vm‡KB Kvjxb mvwi ejv nq| hw`
†Kvb Pj‡Ki gvb mg‡qi wfwˇZ cÖwZwôZ nq Z‡e †mB Pj‡Ki gvbmg~n Øviv MwVZ Z_¨ mvwi‡K
Kvjxb mvwi ejv nq|
D`vniY: 2000 mvj †_‡K 2005 mvj ch©šÍ Pv‡ji gb cÖwZ g~j¨ wb‡P Kvjxb mvwii gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
mvj 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
g~j¨ (gb cÖwZ) 540 580 620 660 700 740
Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb Pvi cÖKvi| †hgb:
i) mvaviY aviv ii) FZzMZ †f`
iii) PµµwgK n«vm e„w× iv) AwbqwgZ †f`
wb‡gœ Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb ¸‡jv‡K eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
i) `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ev mvaviY aviv: `xN©mgq a‡i msM„nxZ Kvjxb mvwi‡Z Z_¨mg~‡ni µgn«vm
ev µge„w× ev w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vq cÖeYZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Kvjxb mvwi‡Z Pj‡Ki GB `xN©‡gqvw`
mvaviY n«vm ev e„w× ev w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖeYZv ev •ewkó¨‡K `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZv ev mvaviY aviv
ejv nq|
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
196 Kvjxb mvwi

mvaviY aviv‡Z wZb ai‡bi cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq:

(1) DaŸ©g~Lx (2) wbgœg~Lx (3) w¯’wZkxjZv|
(1) DaŸ©g~Lx: RbmsL¨v e„w×, gv_vwcQz Avq, Avf¨šÍixY evwYR¨ BZ¨vw` DaŸ©gyLx mvaviY aviv|
(2) wbgœg~Lx: RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi, wkï g„Zz¨i nvi BZ¨vw` wbgœgyLx mvaviY aviv|
(3) w¯’wZkxjZv: cÖwf‡W›U dvÛ, e¨vsK gybvdv, exgvi wcÖwgqv‡ii nvi BZ¨vw` w¯’wZkxjZv mvaviY aviv|
ii) FZzMZ †f`: FZz cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kvjxb mwii g‡a¨ †h cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zv‡K
FZzMZ †f` e‡j| GB cwieZ©‡bi mgqKvj mvaviYZ GK ermi n‡q _v‡K| FZzMZ ‡f`
wbqwgZfv‡e GKwU wbw`ó mgq e¨eav‡b N‡U _v‡K|
FZzMZ‡f‡`i Rb¨ wµqvkxj KviY `yBwU| †hgb−(i) AvenvIqv cwieZ©b (ii) gvby‡li m„ó
HwZn¨ I Drme|
D`vniY: el©vKv‡j QvZvi Pvwn`v e„w×, MigKv‡j d¨vb, VvÛv cvbxq BZ¨vw` Pvwn`v †ewk, C`
ev c~uRvi mgq cb¨ mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v e„w× cvq|
iii) PµµwgK n«vme„w×: mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î †h DÌvb, cZb I
c~Y©RvMiY †`Lv hvq Zv‡K PµµwgK n«vm e„w× e‡j| GB ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvaviYZ GK
eQ‡ii AwaK mgq Kv‡ji e¨eav‡b N‡U _v‡K| Drcv`b, weµq, wewb‡qvM, gybvdv A_©YxwZi
cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î GKevi †ZRxfve Avevi AatMwZ ev D×MwZ K‡qK eQi cici PµvKv‡i N‡U
_v‡K e‡j Giæc cwieZ©b‡K PµµwgK n«vm e„w× ejv nq|
D`vniY: Mv‡g©›Um d¨v±ix KZ©„K Drcvw`Z •Zwi †cvkv‡Ki cwigvb|
iv) AwbqwgZ †f`: Kvjxb mvwii PjK Ggb wKQz KviY Øviv cÖfvweZ nq, hv †Kvb wbq‡gi g‡a¨
cwijwÿZ nq bv Zv‡K AwbqwgZ †f` ejv nq| GB cwieZ©b cÖvK…wZK (†hgb−eb¨v,
mvB‡K¬vb, Abve„wó BZ¨vw`) ev ivR‣bwZK (†hgb hy× weMÖn, A_©‣bwZK Ae‡iva, niZvj,
ag©NU BZ¨vw`) Kvi‡Y N‡U _v‡K| Gi †Kvb wbqg †bB d‡j Gi wbw`ó †Kvb g‡Wj I †bB|
7.02 mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi c×wZ¸‡jvi myweav I Amyweav
Merits & Demerits of Different Method to Determine Trend
i) gy³ n¯Í †iLv c×wZ:
myweav:
K) GwU mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi mnR c×wZ|
L) MvwYwZK wnmve bv _vKvq mn‡R †evaMg¨ |
M) mgq AcPq Kg nq|
N) †h‡Kvb ai‡bi mvaviY avivi †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
Amyweav:
K) GUv Abygvb wbf©i c×wZ nIqvq e¯‘wbô bq|
L) aviv wbY©‡q `ÿ I AwfÁ M‡elK cÖ‡qvRb|
M) Gi †Kvb MvwbwZK wfwË †bB|
N) GwU Kvjxb mvwii MwZ cÖK…wZ wbY©q K‡i wKš‘ MwZi cwigvc K‡i bv|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 197

ii) Avav Mo c×wZ:

myweav: K) Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨ mij •iwLK n‡j G c×wZ‡Z wbf©i‡hvM¨ cwigvc cvIqv hvq|
L) Abygvb wbf©i bv nIqvq AwaK hyw³hy³|
M) GUv Pwjòy Mo c×wZ I b~¨bZg Mo c×wZ A‡cÿv mnR|
Amyweav: K) Kvjxb mvwii Z_¨ mij •iwLK bv n‡j G c×wZ‡Z mvaviY avivi mwVK cwigvc m¤¢e bq|
L) GB c×wZ‡Z MvwYwZK Mo e¨envi Kiv nq e‡j cÖvß djvdj cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
M) GB c×wZ‡Z Kvjxb mvwi Z_¨gv‡bi c~e©vfvm cy‡ivcywi wbf©i‡hvM¨ bq|
iii) Pwjòz Mo c×wZ:
myweav: K) Kvjxb mvwii Aci Dcv`vbmg~n we‡kølY GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
L) PjK¸‡jvi m¤úK© mij •iwLK n‡j G c×wZ mwVK mvaviY aviv wb‡`©k K‡i|
M) G‡Z e¨w³MZ SyuwK Kg _v‡K|
Amyweav: K) GB c×wZ‡Z Kvjxb mvwii cÖ`Ë mKj erm‡ii Rb¨ Pwjòz Mo wYY©q Kiv hvq bv|
L) Pwjòz Mo mg~n cÖvšÍxq gvb Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|
M) G‡Z AwbqwgZ ‡f` cy‡ivcywi `~i Kiv hvq bv|
iv) b~¨bZg eM© c×wZ:
myweav: K) GB c×wZ‡Z Kvjxb mvwi‡Z cÖ`Ë mKj mg‡qi Rb¨ mvaviY avivi gvb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e |
L) MvwYwZK wfwË _vKevi Kvi‡Y c×wZwU eûj cÖPwjZ|
M) GB c×wZ‡Z mij‣iwLK ev eµ‣iwLK Dfq cÖKvi mvaviY aviv cwigvc Kiv hvq|
Amyweav: K) Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ A‡cÿv MYbvKvh© A‡cÿvK…Z RwUj |
L) mg‡qi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L G c×wZ‡Z MvwYwZK AvKvi wba©viY Kiv †ek Kó Ki|
M) GB c×wZ‡Z c~e©vfvm cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kvjxb mvwii Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve D‡cÿv Kiv nq|
7.03 mvaviY aviv I mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ
Secular Trend and Different Method of Determine Secular Trend
Kvjxb Pj‡Ki DaŸ©g~Lx, wbgœg~Lx ev w¯’i mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ KZ¸wj c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
G‡`i‡K mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi c×wZ e‡j|
mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi c×wZ 4wU| h_v: (i) •jwLK c×wZ (ii) Avav Mo c×wZ (iii) Pwjòz Mo
c×wZ (iv) ÿz`ªZ g eM© c×wZ ev by¨bZg eM© c×wZ|
(i) •jwLK c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ QK KvM‡Ri x A‡ÿ mgq (t) Ges y
A‡ÿ Pj‡Ki gvb (y) emvBqv cÖwZwU mg‡qi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i we›`y cvIqv hvq| we›`y¸‡jv‡K
mij‡iLvi mvnv‡h¨ hy³ Kiv nq| AZtci e¨w³MZ AwfÁZv I wePvi eyw× Øviv we›`y¸‡jvi ga¨ w`‡q
GKwU mij‡iLv AvuKv nq †hb †iLvwU we›`y¸‡jv MwZi mvaviY †SvuK ev cÖeYZv wb‡`©k K‡i| GB
†iLvwU‡K mvaviY aviv †iLv ejv nq| x Aÿ n‡Z GB †iLvi `~iZ¡ Øviv †h †Kvb mg‡qi mvaviY
avivi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
198 Kvjxb mvwi

D`vniY: wb‡gœi Kvjxb mvwi n‡Z gy³ n¯Í †iLv c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ mvaviY aviv wbY©q Ki:
mvj 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
`ªe¨ (†gwUªK Ub) 80 100 95 110 130 175 200
gy³ n¯Í †iLv c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wbY©q :

Kvjxb †iLv

(ii) `xN©Kvjxb cÖeYZvi Avav Mo c×wZ :

mvaviY aviv cwigv‡ci Av‡iKwU mnR c×wZ nj Avav Mo c×wZ| Avav Mo c×wZ‡Z c`Ë Kvjxb
mvwi‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M wef³ Kiv nq (†Rvo msL¨K Z_¨mvwii †ÿ‡Î)| hw` Kvjxb mvwi‡Z we‡Rvo
msL¨K ermi _v‡K Z‡e gvSLv‡bi eQiwU‡K ev` w`‡q Kvjxb mvwi‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
cÖ_g As‡ki mg‡qi Mo I Pj‡Ki Mo wbY©q Kiv nq| Abyiæ‡c wØZxq As‡ki mgq I Pj‡Ki Mo
gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| GB Mo gvb‡K QK KvM‡R Dc¯’vcb K‡i `yBwU we›`y cvIqv hvq| G‡`i‡K
ms‡hvM Ki‡j †h mij †iLv cvIqv hvq Zv‡K mvaviY aviv †iLv ejv nq| G‡K mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi
AvavMo c×wZ ejv nq|
D`vniY: wb‡gœ Kvjxb mvwi n‡Z AvavMo c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wbY©q Ki|
mvj 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Drcbœ `ªe¨ 80 85 90 92 93 90 100 102 104
mgvavb: GLv‡b Z_¨msL¨v we‡Rvo msL¨v ZvB gv‡Si mb 1996 mvj‡K ev` w`‡q Z_¨mvwi‡K mgvb
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
cÖ_g Aa©Kvjxb mvwi 1992 n‡Z 1995 ch©šÍ Mo mvj = 1992 + 1993 + +1994 + 1995 = 1993 .5
4
80 + 85 + 90 + 92
Mo Drcv`b = = 86 .75
4
1997 + 1998 + 1999 + 2000
wØZxq Aa©Kvjxb mvwi 1997 n‡Z 2000 mvj ch©šÍ Mo mvj = = 1998 .5
4

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 199

90 + 100 + 102 + 104

Mo Drcv`b = = 99
4

Kvjxb †iLv

AvavMo c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wbY©q

(iii) Pwjòz Mo ev MwZkxj Mo c×wZ: GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡gB KZ ermi ev mgqKvj a‡i Pjgvb Mo †ei
Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wVK Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ 3, 4, 5 BZ¨vw` mgqKvj a‡i Pjgvb Mo wbY©q Kiv nq| wb‡gœ
mgqKvj we‡Rvo ev †Rvo msL¨v n‡j G c×wZ‡Z Kxfv‡e mvaviY aviv Ki‡Z n‡e Zv c„_Kfv‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
mgqKvj we‡Rvo msL¨v n‡j (3/5/7.....):
awi Pjgvb M‡oi mgqKvj 3 ermi| GLb Kvjxb mvwii 1g wZbwU gv‡bi Mo wbY©q K‡i Zv‡`i
ga¨eZ©x ermi A_©vr 2q erm‡ii wecix‡Z emv‡Z n‡e| Gici 1g Z_¨wU ev` w`‡q cieZ©x wZbwU
gv‡bi Mo wbY©q K‡i Z…Zxq erm‡ii wecix‡Z emv‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Dc‡ii w`K n‡Z GKwU GKwU K‡i
Z_¨gvb ev` w`‡q cieZ©x wZb Z_¨gv‡bi Mo wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv †kl Z_¨gvb †bIqv nq|
Gfv‡e 5 ermi, 7 ermi BZ¨vw` mgqKvj wfwËK QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿ mgq Ges y A‡ÿ Pjgvb Mo
ewm‡q cÖvß †iLvB n‡jv mvaviY aviv †iLv|
mgqKvj †Rvo msL¨v n‡j (4/6/8......):
awi, Pjgvb M‡oi mgqKvj 4 ermi| †h‡nZz mgqKvj †Rvo msL¨v| myZivs H mgqKv‡ji ga¨eZ©x †Kvb
ermi †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖvß Mo¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i ga¨eZ©x erm‡ii wecix‡Z emv‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz Mo¸‡jv †Kvb
wbw`©ó erm‡ii wecix‡Z _v‡K bv e‡j cÖvß Mo¸‡jv‡K Avevi `ywU `ywU K‡i Pjgvb Mo wbY©q K‡i, M‡oi 1g
gvb 3q ermi, 2q gvb 4_© erm‡ii wecix‡Z, Gfv‡e mKj Mo‡K emv‡Z n‡e| GB Mo¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxq
Pjgvb Mo ejv nq| Gfv‡e 6 ermi, 8 ermi BZ¨vw` mgqKvj wfwËK Pjgvb Mo wbY©q K‡i QK KvM‡R x
A‡ÿ mgq Ges y A‡ÿ †K›`ªxq Pjgvb Mo ewm‡q cÖvß †iLvB n‡jv mvaviY aviv †iLv|
D`vniY: wb‡gœi Kvjxb mvwi n‡Z 3 ermi mgqKv‡ji Pwjòy Mo wbY©q K‡i mvaviY aviv †`LvI:
mb 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
†jvKmsL¨v (wgwjqb) 412 438 446 454 470 483 490
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
200 Kvjxb mvwi

mgvavbt Pwjòz Mo wbY©‡qi ZvwjKv:

mb †jvKmsL¨v (wgwjq‡b) 3 ermi wfwËK Pwjòz Mo
1990 412
1991 438 412 + 438 + 446
= 432
3
1992 446 438 + 446 + 454
= 446
3
1993 454 446 + 454 + 470
= 457
3
1994 470 454 + 470 + 483
= 469
3
1995 483 470 + 483 + 490
= 481
3
1996 490

Kvjxb †iLv

7.04 Kvjxb mvwii e¨envi

Uses of Time Series
i) Kvjxb mvwii mvnv‡h¨ AZx‡Zi PjK wb‡q cixÿv wbixÿv Kiv m¤¢e Ges Gi mvnv‡h¨
we¯Í…wZi aiY Ges cÖK…wZ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
ii) Kvjxb mvwii wewfbœ Dcv`vb we‡kølY e¨emvqx‡`i Rb¨ fwel¨r cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b Ges
cÖkvmwbK e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z myweav nq|
iii) Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ Pj‡Ki cÖvß I cÖZ¨vwkZ gv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
iv) GwU fwel¨Z m¤ú‡K© c~e©vfvm w`‡Z mÿg, hv e¨emvqx‡`i cwiKíbvi Rb¨ LyeB
cÖ‡qvRbxq welq|
v) GwU mg‡qi I ¯’v‡bi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Pj‡Ki gv‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbvi Kv‡R mvnvh¨
K‡i _v‡K|
vi) Pvwn`v, Drcv`b, weµq, `vg BZ¨vw` Z‡_¨i c~e©vfv‡mi Rb¨ Kvjxb mvwi we‡køl‡Yi
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 Aóg Aa¨vq
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb
PUBLISHED STATISTICS IN BANGLADESH

†Kvb GKwU cÖwZôvb ev ivóª ev AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v, hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Zvi myôz Z`viwK Ges wµqv
Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ cÖ‡qvRb| GB Z‡_¨i Øviv H cÖwZôvbwUi mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v Abyaveb Kiv
hvq Ges cÖ‡qvRbgZ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv m¤¢eci nq| evsjv‡`‡kI †Zgwb wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi Øviv wewfbœ
(†hgb: A_©‣bwZK, wkÿv, wPwKrmv I ¯^v¯’¨, e¨emvq, A_©bxwZ cÖf„wZ welqK) Z_¨ msM„nxZ, m¼wjZ
I cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K|

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv−

• cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb I evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z cvi‡e|
• Drm Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖKvi‡f` eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi DrKl©Zv e„w×i Rb¨ KwZcq mycvwik cÖavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †`vl-ÎæwU `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
• me©‡kl Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ (RbmsL¨v m¤úwK©Z) e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

8.01 cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb I evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb

Published Statistics & Published Statistics In Bangladesh

cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb:
†Kvb cÖwZôvb †`‡ki wewfbœ Ae¯’vi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK I Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †h mg¯Í
Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb e‡j|
D`vniY:
i) Year book agricultural statistics of Bangladesh.
ii) Bangladesh Bank Bulletin.
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb:
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ miKvix, Avav miKvix ev †emiKvix cÖwZôvb I ms¯’v Ges wewfbœ cÎ cwÎKv
†`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡b †h mg¯Í cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ msMÖn, msKjb, we‡kølb I cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K
Zv‡`i‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb e‡j|
D`vniY:
i) Foreign Trade statistics of Bangladesh.
ii) The Year book of Agricultural statistics of Bangladesh.
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
202 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb

8.02 Drm Abymv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi cÖKvi‡f` eb©bv

Defferent Types of Source Published Statistics In Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb‡K msM„nxZ Dr†mi wfwˇZ wZb †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb−
K. miKvix cwimsL¨vb L. Avav miKvix cwimsL¨vb M. †emiKvix cwimsL¨vb |
K) miKvwi cwimsL¨vb (Official Statistics): †h mKj cwimsL¨vb wewfbœ miKvix cÖwZôvb ev gš¿Yvjq
KZ„©K msM„nxZ, msKwjZ I cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K miKvix cwimsL¨vb e‡j| Gme cÖwZôvb †`‡ki wewfbœ
welq †hgb t K…wl, Lv`¨, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, wkí, Av`gïgvix I bvbvb wel‡qi Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i ey‡jwUb AvKv‡i
cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| miKvix cwimsL¨v‡b cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK Dfq ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
GB cwimsL¨vb mvaviYZ miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM I Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i msMÖn Kiv
nq| D`nib− evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb e~¨‡iv (BBS)|
L) Avav miKvix cwimsL¨vb (Semi Official Statistics): †h mKj cwimsL¨vb wewfbœ ¯^vqZ¡ kvwmZ
ev Avav miKvix cÖwZôvb KZ©„K msM„nxZ, msKwjZ I cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K Zv‡K Avav miKvix cwimsL¨vb
e‡j| GB RvZxq cwimsL¨v‡b cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi Pvwn`vi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Z_¨ msMÖnxZ n‡q
_v‡K| Avav miKvix cwimsL¨v‡b I cwimvswLK Z_¨mg~n cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK Dfq ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb: evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv BbwówUDU (BRRI) KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b|
M) †emiKvix cwimsL¨vb (Non-Official Statistics): †h mKj cwimsL¨vb wewfbœ †emiKvix
cÖwZôvb †hgb−†m›Uvi di cwjwm WvqvjM (CPD), [Link].I (eªvK, cÖwkKv), ewYK mwgwZ, óK
G·‡PÄ, wewfbœ e¨vsK ev exgv cÖwZôvb| AvšÍRvwZ©K ms¯’¨v (UNESCO, UNICEF,
WHO,WB, ILO) ev Ab¨ †Kvb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb KZ…©K msMÖnxZ, msKwjZ I cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K
†emiKvix cwimsL¨vb e‡j| †hgb ICDDRB KZ…©K cÖKvwkZ ¯^v¯’¨ welqK wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb|
8.03 evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv
Limitation Of Published Statistics In Bangladesh
wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †h mg¯Í mxgve×Zv ev Amyweav i‡q‡Q Zv wb‡gœ cÖ`Ë n‡jv:
K) wbf~©j Z‡_¨i Afve: evsjv‡`‡ki cwimsL¨v‡bi Z_¨ msMÖ‡n wbhy³ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Z_¨msMÖn
I we‡kølY c×wZ wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv I wek¦vm †hvM¨Zvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
L) Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖwZiƒcZv: evsjv‡`‡k cwimsL¨vb Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Z_¨ msMÖn
I we‡kølY c×wZi wbf©i‡hvMZv I wek¦vm †hvM¨Zvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
M) Z‡_¨i Kvh©‡ÿ‡Îi mxgve×Zv: evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZôvb mg~n †KejgvÎ Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i
cÖ‡qvR‡b Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| d‡j Bnvi Kvh©‡ÿÎ mxwgZ|
N) Z‡_¨i Am¤ú~Y©Zv: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZôvbmg~n wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi d‡j Zv‡`i
Am¤ú~Y©Zv †_‡K hvq|
O) •eÁvwbK c×wZi Afve: Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î •eÁvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv|
P) Z‡_¨i Am¤ú~Y© Dc¯’vcb: AwaKvsk cwimsL¨vb weeiYx‡Z Z‡_¨i D‡Ïk¨, Zvrch©, AbymÜvb‡ÿÎ I
msKjb c×wZ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v bv _vKvq Zv‡`i Dc¯’vcbv Am¤ú~Y© †_‡K hvq|
Q) cÖKvkbv wej¤^ : AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB msMÖnxZ Z_¨ cÖKvkbvq A‡nZzK wej¤^ N‡U|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 203

8.04 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi DrKl©Zv e„w×i Rb¨ KwZcq mycvwik

Some Proposals of Increasing Quality Of Published Statistics In Bangladesh

(K) `ÿ, AwfÁ I cÖwkÿbcÖvß cwimsL¨vbwe`‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ msMÖn, Dc¯’vcb I we‡kølY Kiv|
(L) •eÁvwbK c×wZi mvnvh¨ Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølY Kiv|
(M) Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cybive„wËi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k Z_¨ msMÖnKvix GKwU c„_K weÁvbm¤§Z cÖwZôvb
cÖwZôv Kiv DwPZ|
(N) evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡b AZ¨vaywbK gy`Yª hš¿ e¨envi Ki‡j cÖKvkbvi •kwíK gvb
A‡bK †e‡o hv‡e|
(O) Z_¨ msMÖnKvix wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv|
(P) Z_¨ msMÖ‡n Z‡_¨i GKK wba©viY, mwVKZvi gvÎv wba©viY, mwVK cÖkœgvjv cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ|
(Q) cwimvswL¨K c×wZ¸‡jvi h_v_©Zv cixÿv Kivi Rb¨ †`‡k AwaK msL¨K cÖwZôvb I M‡elYv
ms¯’v ¯’vcb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
(R) msM„nxZ Z_¨ we‡kølY I wi‡cvU© cÖKv‡k wej¤^Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
(S) Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni c~‡e© msMÖnKvix‡K msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© Dchy³ cÖwkÿY ‡`qv DwPZ|

8.05 evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †`vl-ÎæwU `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq

Suggestions For Removal of Errors Of Published Statistics In Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv Ges †`vl ÎæwU `~i Kivi Rb¨ wb‡gœ ewY©Z c`‡ÿcmg~n
MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
(K) cwimsL¨vb ev Z_¨ msMÖn I cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk †emiKvix
cÖwZôvbI M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
(L) cwimsL¨vb cÖKvkbvmg~n wbqwgZ Ges h_vh_ mg‡q cÖKv‡ki e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
(M) Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni A`ÿZv `~i Kivi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
(N) cwimsL¨vb cwi‡ekbKvix wewfbœ ms¯’vi g‡a¨ mgš^‡qi e¨e¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|
(O) Z_¨ msMÖn wel‡q M‡elYvi Rb¨ †`‡k AwaK msL¨K M‡elYv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
(P) cwimsL¨vb ev Z‡_¨i h_v‡hvM¨ e¨env‡ii cÖwZ RbM‡Yi `„wófw½i cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
(Q) Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡køl‡Y •eÁvwbK c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(R) msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv e„w×i Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖnKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni `ÿZv e„w×i
e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
(S) Z_¨ mwVKfv‡e msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ AviI AwaK msL¨K cÖwZôvb M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
204 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨vb

8.06 me©‡kl Av`gïgvix Abyhvqx cÖKvwkZ Z_¨ (RbmsL¨v m¤úwK©Z)

Published Information According To Last Census Survey

cwiKíbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cwimsL¨vb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Yvaxb evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv (BBS)
KZ©„K 2011 mv‡ji 15 †_‡K 19 gvP© ch©šÍ cÂg Av`gïgvix I M„n MYbv AbywôZ nq| 16 RyjvB
2011 G Av`gïgvixi cÖv_wgK wi‡cvU© cÖKvk Kiv nq|

†hfv‡e MYbv:

15 †_‡K 19 gvP© 2011 ch©šÍ cÖkœcÎ e¨envi K‡i †`‡ki me M„n I gvby‡li †g․wjK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv
nq| gvV ch©v‡q `yB jvL 96 nvRvi 718 Rb MYbvKvix cÖkc
œ Î c~iY K‡ib Ges 48 nvRvi 531 Rb
mycvifvBRvi Zv‡`i Z`viK K‡ib| G Kv‡R Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q‡Q RvwZmsN RbmsL¨v
Znwej (UNFPA) I BDGmAvBwW| cÂg Av`gïgvixi e¨q aiv n‡q‡Q 250 †KvwU UvKv| Gi
g‡a¨ miKv‡ii wbR¯^ Znwe‡ji 150 †KvwU UvKv Ges cÖKí mnvqZv †_‡K 100 †KvwU| Av`gïgvix
myôzfv‡e †kl Ki‡Z †`‡ki cÖwZwU MÖvg I gnjøv‡K g¨v‡ci gva¨‡g 3 jvL 30 nvRvi MYbv GjvKvq
fvM Kiv nq|

wi‡cv‡U©i Z_¨ wbgœiƒc:

†gvU RbmsL¨v 14,23,19,000 Rb
cyiæl: 7,12,55,000 Rb; gwnjv: 7,10,64,000 Rb

• RbmsL¨v e„w×I nvi : 1.34%

• RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ (cÖwZ eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i) : 964 Rb
• cyiæl I bvixi AbycvZ : 100.3: 100
• RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi †ewk : wm‡jU
• RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi me‡P‡q Kg : ewikvj wefvM

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 e¨envwiK
PRACTICAL

cixÿY bs : 01
wewfbœ mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b :
wbgœwjwLZ wewfbœ mgxKi‡Yi †jL A¼b Ki :
(i) y = a + bx
c
(ii) y=
x2
(iii) y = a + b logx
(iv) y = x2
(v) y = ebx
(vi) y = a + bx + cx2
(vii) y = 2x
1
(viii) y =
x
mgvavb :
i) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = a + bx
= 3 + 4x [ awi, a = 3, b = 4]
GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
x −2 −1 0 1 2
y −5 −1 3 7 11

wPÎ: y = 3+4x
GKwU wWwRUvj K¨vgweªqvb cÖKvkbv
206 e¨envwiK

GLb QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 2 GKK a‡i Dc‡iv³
cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g †¯‹j Øviv †hvM
K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
c
ii) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y =
x2
1
= 2 awi, c = 1
x
GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
x −1 −2 −3 1 2 3
y 1 0.25 0.11 1 0.25 0.11

1
wPÎ : y =
x2
GLb QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 0.2 GKK a‡i
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³
n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
iii) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = a + b logx
= 2 + 3 logx awi, a = 2, b=3
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 207

GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 2.90 3.43 3.81 4.10

wPÎ: y = 2+3 log x

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK a‡i Dc‡iv³
cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM
K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
iv) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = x2

GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

x −2 −1 0 1 2
y 4 1 0 1 4
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
208 e¨envwiK

wPÎ: y = x2

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 Ni‡K 1 GKK a‡i Dc‡iv³
cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM
K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|

v) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = ebx

⇒ y = e-3x awi, b = − 3
GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y 1 0.55 0.30 0.17 0.09 0.05
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 209

wPÎ : y = e −3 x

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 25 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 25 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK a‡i
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³
n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
vi) †`Iqv Av‡Q,

y = a + bx + cx2
⇒ y = 1 + 2x + 3x2 awi, a = 1, b = 2, c=3

GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y 1 1.52 2.28 3.28 4.52 6

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

210 e¨envwiK

wPÎ : y = 1+2x+3x 2

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 25 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK a‡i
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³
n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
vii) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y = 2x
GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:

x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 4 6 8 10

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 211

wPÎ : y = 2x

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni‡K 2 GKK a‡i
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g †¯‹j
Øviv †hvM K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
1
viii) †`Iqv Av‡Q, y =
x
GLb, x Gi K‡qKwU gvb wb‡q y Gi gvb wbY©q K‡i wb‡æi ZvwjKvq Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv :
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 1 0.5 0.33 0.25 0.2
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
212 e¨envwiK

1
wPÎ : y =
x

GLb, QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿi cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK Ges y A‡ÿi cÖwZ 25 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK a‡i
Dc‡iv³ cÖwZ †Rvov gvb‡K we›`yi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| Zvici we›`y¸‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g gy³
n‡¯Í †hvM K‡i wb‡Y©q †jLwU cvIqv hvq|
cixÿY bs : 2
50 Rb Qv‡Îi cwimsL¨vb wel‡qi cÖvß b¤^i n‡jv:
98 65 78 49 51 82 42 92 83 66
59 76 88 84 78 62 59 47 95 89
60 77 99 58 66 88 93 48 54 64
74 84 94 69 85 81 94 76 59 41
61 82 63 75 80 90 50 96 62 82
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 213

(i) Dchy³ †kªYxe¨vwß wb‡q MbmsL¨v web¨vm •Zix Ki|

(ii) MYmsL¨v eûfyR, MYmsL¨v †iLv, AvqZ‡jL I AwRf †iLv A¼b Ki|
i) mgvavb : cÖ`Ë Z_¨ mvwii m‡e©v”P gvb = 99
Ges me©wbæ gvb = 41

cwimi (R) = m‡e©v”P gvb − me©wbgœ gvb

= 99 − 41 = 58
Avgiv Rvwb,
†kªYxmsL¨v mvaviYZ 5 n‡Z 25 Gi g‡a¨ nq|
R 58 R 58
myZivs †kªYx e¨eavb = = 2.32 Ges = = 11.6
25 25 5 5
Gi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb myweavRbK msL¨v‡K aiv nq|
awi, †kªYx e¨eavb 10
ewnf©y³ c×wZ‡Z GKwU MYmsL¨v web¨vm •Zwi Kiv n‡jv:
wbY©q ZvwjKv :
†kªYx U¨vwj wPý MYmsL¨v
40 Ñ 50 5
50 Ñ 60 7
60 Ñ 70 10
70 Ñ 80 7
80 Ñ 90 12
90 Ñ 100 9
N = 50
ii) MYmsL¨v eûfyR, MYmsL¨v †iLv, AvqZ‡jL I AwRf‡iLv AsK‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ZvwjKv:
†kªYx †kªYx ga¨we›`y MYmsL¨v µg‡hvwRZ MYmsL¨v
40 − 50 45 5 5
50 − 60 55 7 12
60 −70 65 10 22
70 −80 75 7 29
80 −90 85 12 41
90 −100 95 9 50
N = 50
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
214 e¨envwiK

MYmsL¨v eûfyR AsKb: MÖvd †ccv‡ii evgcÖv‡šÍ X Aÿ I Y Aÿ wbY©q Kwi| X A‡ÿ †kªYx ga¨we›`y
I Y A‡ÿ MYmsL¨v emvB| X A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 10 GKK Ges Y A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 2
GKK wbB| D³ †¯‹j Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë Z_¨‡K MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vcb Kwi| cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv †¯‹‡ji mvnv‡h¨
†hvM Kwi| AZGe, Aw¼Z wPÎ MYmsL¨v eûfyR|

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 215

MYmsL¨v †iLv A¼b: MÖvd †ccv‡ii evgcÖv‡šÍ X Aÿ I Y Aÿ wbY©q Kwi| X A‡ÿ †kªYxi ga¨we›`y
I Y A‡ÿ MYmsL¨v emvB| X A‡ÿ 5 eM© Ni = 10 GKK Ges Y A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni = 2 GKK wbB|
D³ †¯‹j Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë Z_¨‡K MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vcb Kwi| cÖv ß we›`y¸‡jv gy³ n‡¯Í †hvM Kwi| AZGe,
Aw¼Z wPÎ MYmsL¨v †iLv|

AvqZ‡jL A¼b:
MÖvd †ccv‡ii evg cÖv‡šÍ X Aÿ I Y Aÿ wbY©q Kwi| X A‡ÿ †kªYx e¨vwß I Y A‡ÿ MYmsL¨v
emvB| X A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 10 GKK Ges Y A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 2 GKK wbB| D³ †¯‹j
Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i cÖwZwU †kªYxi Rb¨ MYmsL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i AvqZ‡jL AsKb Kwi|
AZGe, Aw¼Z wPÎ GKwU AvqZ‡jL|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
216 e¨envwiK

AwRf‡iLv A¼b:
MÖvd †ccv‡ii evgcÖv‡šÍ X I Y Aÿ wbY©q Kwi| X A‡ÿ †kªYxq D”Pmxgv I Y A‡ÿ µg‡hvwRZ
MYmsL¨v emvB| X A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 10 GKK Ges Y A‡ÿ cÖwZ 5 eM©Ni = 5 GKK wbB|
D³ †¯‹j Abyhvqx cÖ`Ë Z_¨‡K MÖvd †ccv‡i ¯’vcb K‡i KZK¸‡jv we›`y cvB| cÖvß we›`yM‡jv gy³ n‡¯Í
†hvM Kwi| AZGe, Aw¼Z wPÎ AwRf‡iLv|
cixÿY bs : 3
wb‡gœi Z_¨ n‡Z
(i) MvwYwZK Mo
(ii) R¨vwgwZK Mo
(iii) Zi½ Mo
(iv) ga¨gv
(v) cÖPziK I
(vi) PZz_©K wbY©q Ki|

†kªYx 0−5 5−10 10−15 15−20 20−25 25−30 30−35 35−40 40−4
e¨eavb 5
MYmsL¨v 3 8 10 12 15 11 9 6 4

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 217

cÖ‡qvRbxq MYbvi ZvwjKv

mgvavb:
†kªYx MYmsL¨v †kªYxi xi − A f i ui f i log xi fi µg‡hvwRZ
e¨eavb ( fi ) ga¨we›`y ui = ( xi MYmsL¨v
c
( xi ) ( FC )
A = 22.5
c =5 )
0-5 3 2.5 −4 −12 1.194 1.2 3
5-10 8 7.5 −3 −24 7.000 1.07 11
10-15 10 12.5 −2 −20 10.969 0.8 21
15-20 12 17.5 −1 −12 14.916 0.686 33
20-25 15 22.5 = 0 0 20.283 0.67 48
A
25-30 11 27.5 1 11 15.833 0.4 59
30-35 9 32.5 2 18 13.607 0.277 68
35-40 6 37.5 3 18 9.444 0.16 74
40-45 4 42.5 4 16 6.514 0.094 78
∑f i =N ∑ f u = −∑5 f
i i i log xi ∑f i / xi
=78 =99.791 = 5.35
(i) Avgiv Rvwb,

MvwYwZK Mo, x = A +
∑fu i
×c
i

N
−5
= 22 .5 + ×5
78
= 22 .5 − 0.320 = 22.18
(ii) Avgiv Rvwb,

R¨vwgwZK Mo, GM = Anti log  ∑

f i log xi 


N 
 
 99 .791 
= Anti log  
 78 
= Anti log (1.138 ) = 19 .02

(iii) Avgiv Rvwb,

N
Zi½ Mo, HM =
∑ f i xi
78
= =14 .58
5.35
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
218 e¨envwiK

N
(iv) ga¨gvi Ae¯’vb = Zg ivwki gvb
2
78
= = 39 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 20−25 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
2
myZivs ga¨gv †kªYx (20−25)

Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,

N
− FC L1 = 20
ga¨gv, M e = L1 + 2 ×c FC = 33
fm
39 − 33 f m = 15
= 20 + ×5 c=5
15
6
= 20 + = 20 + 2 = 22
3
(v) GLv‡b, 20−25 †kªYxi MYmsL¨v †ewk e‡j GB †kªYx‡Z cÖPziK Av‡Q|
myZivs cÖPziK †kªYx 20−25|

Avgiv Rvwb,
GLv‡b,
∆1
cÖPziK, M o = L1 + ×c L1 = 20
∆1 + ∆ 2
∆1 = 15 − 12 = 3
3
= 20 + ×5 ∆ 2 = 15 − 11 = 4
3+ 4
15 c=5
= 20 +
7
= 20 + 2.14
= 22 .14
(vi) Avgiv Rvwb,
N
× i − FC
i Zg PZz_©K, Qi = L1 + 4 ×c
fm
N
cÖ_g PZz_©‡Ki Ae¯’vb = Zg ivwki gvb
4
78
= = 19 .5 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 10-15 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
4
myZivs cÖ_g PZz_©K †kªYx (10−15)|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 219

Avgiv Rvwb, GLv‡b,

N L1 =10
− FC
1g PZz_©K, Q1 = L1 + 4 ×c FC = 11
fm
f m = 10
19 .5 − 11
= 10 + ×5 c=5
10
8 .5
=10 +
2
= 10 + 4.25
= 14.25

N
wØZxq PZz_©‡Ki Ae¯’vb = × 2 Zg ivwki gvb
4
78
= × 2 = 39 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 20−25 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
4
myZivs wØZxq PZz_©K †kªYx (20−25)|

Avgiv Rvwb,
N
× 2 − FC GLv‡b,
2q PZz_©K, Q2 = L1 + 4 ×c L1 = 20
fm
FC = 33
39 − 33
= 20 + ×5 f m = 15
15
6 c=5
= 20 +
3
= 20 + 2
= 22

N
Z…Zxq PZz_©‡Ki Ae¯’vb = × 3 Zg ivwki gvb
4
78
= × 3 = 58 .5 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 25−30 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
4
myZivs Z…Zxq PZz_©K †kªYx (25−30)|

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

220 e¨envwiK

Avgiv Rvwb,
N
× 3 − FC GLv‡b,
3q PZz_©K, Q3 = L1 + 4 ×c L1 = 25
fm
58 .5 − 48 FC = 48
= 25 + ×5 f m = 11
11
10 .5 c=5
= 25 + ×5
11
= 25 + 4.77
= 29 .77
cixÿY bs : 4
wb‡gœi MYmsL¨v wb‡ek‡bi
(i) cwimi (ii) PZz_©K e¨eavb (iii) Mo e¨eavb (iv) cwiwgZ e¨eavb I
(v) we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki|

†kªYx 5−15 15−25 25−35 35−45 45−55 55−65 65−75 75−85

e¨eavb
MYmsL¨v 8 15 22 30 18 12 9 6
cÖ‡qvRbxq MYbvi ZvwjKv
mgvavb:

x −A
†kªYxi ui = i µg‡hvwRZ
†kªYx MYmsL¨v c 2
ga¨we›`y f i ui f i ui f i | xi − x | MYmsL¨v
( fi )
( xi ) ( A = 40
e¨vwß
( FC )
c = 10 )
5−15 8 10 −3 −24 72 251.36 8
15−25 15 20 −2 −30 60 321.30 23
25−35 22 30 −1 −22 22 251.24 45
35−45 30 40 =A 0 0 0 42.6 75
45−55 18 50 1 18 18 154.44 93
55−65 12 60 2 24 48 222.96 105
65−75 9 70 3 27 81 257.22 114
75−85 6 80 4 24 96 231.48 120
∑f i ∑fu i i = 17 ∑fu i i
2
∑f i | xi − x |
=N =120 =397 = 1732.6
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 221

GLv‡b,

x =A+
∑fu i i
×c
N
17
= 40 + × 10
120
= 40 + 1.416
= 41.42

(i) Avgiv Rvwb,

cwimi, R = me©‡kl †kªYxi D”P mxgv − me©cÖ_g †kªYxi wbgœmxgv,
= 85 − 5
= 80
(ii) Avgiv Rvwb,
Q3 − Q1
PZz_©K e¨eavb, Q.D = ......................................... (i )
2
N
cÖ_g PZz_©‡Ki Ae¯’vb = × 1 Zg ivwki gvb
4
120
= = 30 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 25-30 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
4
myZivs cÖ_g PZz_©K †kªYx (25−30)|

GLv‡b,
GLv‡b,
N L1 = 25
× 1 − FC FC = 23
Q1 = L1 + 4 ×c
fm f m = 22
30 − 23 c = 10
= 25 + × 10
22
= 25 + 3.18
= 28 .18
N
Z…Zxq PZz_©‡Ki Ae¯’vb = × 3 Zg ivwki gvb
4
120
= × 3 = 90 Zg ivwki gvb, hvnv 45−50 †kªYx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
4
myZivs Z…Zxq PZz_©K †kªYx (45−50)|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
222 e¨envwiK

N
× 3 − FC GLv‡b,
Ges Q3 = L1 + 4 ×c
fm L1 = 45
90 − 75 FC = 75
= 45 + × 10
18 f m = 18
= 45 + 0.833 ×10 = 53.33 c = 10
Q − Q1
∴PZz_©K e¨eavb, Q.D = 3
2
53 .33 − 28 .18
=
2
25 .18
= = 12 .575
2
(iii) Avgiv Rvwb,

Mo e¨eavb, MD =
∑f i | xi − x |
N
1732 .6
=
120
= 14 .43833
= 14 .44
(iv) Avgiv Rvwb,
2
∑fu  ∑ f i ui
2
cwiwgZ e¨eavb, σ = c. i i
−


N  N 
 
2
397  17 
= 10 − 
120  120 
= 10 3.308 − 0.020
=10 3.288
= 10 × 1.82
= 18 .2
(v) Avgiv Rvwb,
we‡f`vsK, σ
c.v = × 100
x
18 .2
= × 100
41 .42
1820
= = 43 .94
41 .42
∴we‡f`vsK, 43.94%
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 223

cixÿY bs : 5
wb‡Pi Z_¨ †_‡K (i) cÖ_g 4wU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ;
(ii) cÖ_g 4wU †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ;
(iii) β1 I β 2 wbY©q Ki I gšÍe¨ Ki|
†kªYx 10−20 20−30 30−40 40−50 50−60 60−70
e¨eavb
MYmsL¨v 10 18 32 40 22 18
cÖ‡qvRbxq MYbvi ZvwjKv
mgvavb:
†kªYxi xi − A
MYmsL¨v ui = 4
†kªYx e¨vwß ga¨we›`y c f i ui 2 3 f i ui
( fi ) f i ui fiui
( xi ) (A=45
c=10)
10−20 10 15 −3 −30 90 −270 810
20−30 18 25 −2 −36 72 −144 288
30−40 32 35 −1 −32 32 −32 32
40−50 40 45 = A 0 0 0 0 0
50−60 22 55 1 22 22 22 22
60−70 18 65 2 36 72 144 288
∑f i =N ∑fu i i ∑fu i i
2
∑fu ∑fu
i i
3
i i
4

=140 = −40 =288 = -280 =

1440
cÖ_g PviwU A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ wbY©q:

µ1′ =
∑fu ×c
i i

N
− 40
= × 10
140
= − 2.86
∑
2
f i ui
µ 2′ = × c2
N
288
× (10 )
2
=
140
288
= × 100
140
= 205 .71
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
224 e¨envwiK

∑fu
3

µ′ = × c3
i i
3
N
− 280
× (10 )
3
=
140
− 280
= × 1000
140
= −2000
∑fu
4

µ 4′ = × c4
i i

N
1440
× (10 )
4
=
140
1440
= × 10000
140
= 102857 .14
cÖ_g PviwU †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ wbY©q:
µ1 = 0
µ 2 = µ 2′ − µ1′2
= 205 .71 − (− 2.86 )
2

= 205 .71 − 8.1796

= 197 .53
µ 3 = µ 3′ − 3µ 2′ µ1′ + 2 µ1′3
= − 2000 − 3 × 205 .71 × ( −2.86 ) + 2( −2.86 ) 3
= − 2000 + 1764 .99 − 46 .78
= − 281 .80
µ 4 = µ 4′ − 4 µ 3′ µ1′ + 6 µ 2′ µ1′2 − 3µ1′4
=102857 .14 − 4 × (−2000 )( −2.86 ) + 6 × 205 .71 × (−2.86 ) 2 − 3(−2.86 ) 4
= 102857 .14 − 22880 + 10095 .75 − 200 .72
=112952 .89 − 23080 .72
= 89872 .17 (cÖvq)|
β1 I β 2 wbY©q:
2
β1 = µ 3 3 = (−281 .80 )3 = 0.0103 |
2

µ2 (197 .53)

β 2 = µ 42 = 89872 .172 = 2.3033 |

µ 2 (197 .53)

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 225

µ3 − 281 .80
gšÍe¨ : β1 = 3
= = −0.1015
µ2 (197 .53)3
†h‡nZz, β1 < 0 ∴FYvZ¥K ew¼gZv we`¨gvb|
Avevi, β 2 < 3 ∴AbwZ m~uPvjZv we`¨gvb|
cixÿY bs : 6
wb‡gœ x Ges y D”PZv Bw‡Z †`Iqv n‡jv:
K. we‡ÿc wPÎ AuvK Ges gšÍe¨ Ki|
L. ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|
M. wbf©ivsKØq I wbf©iY mgxKiY wbY©q Ki|
N. D”PZv x = 60 Bw n‡j y-Gi D”PZv KZ?
O. µg ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki|
x 65 66 67 71 68 69 70 72
y 67 68 65 70 72 73 69 71
mgvavb:
K. GLb QK KvM‡R x A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni = 5 GKK Ges y A‡ÿ 5 eM© Ni = 5 GKK a‡i x Aÿ
eivei x Ges y Aÿ eivei y ¯’vcb K‡i cÖvß we›`y¸‡jv‡K we‡ÿc wP‡Î AswKZ n‡jv| we‡ÿc wPÎ
ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h we›`y¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e mij †iLvq bv †_‡K QK KvM‡Ri evgcv‡ki
wbgœcÖvß n‡Z µgk Wvbcv‡ki Da©cÖvšÍ eivei cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| m~Zivs PjK؇qi g‡a¨ AvswkK abvZ¥K
ms‡køl we`¨gvb|

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

226 e¨envwiK

L. cÖ‡qvRbxq MYbvi ZvwjKv

d
x y x2 y2 xy R(x) R(y) d2
= R(x)–R(y)
65 67 4225 4489 4355 8 7 1 1

66 68 4356 4624 4488 7 6 1 1

67 65 4489 4225 4355 6 8 −2 4

71 70 5041 4900 4970 2 4 −2 4

68 72 4624 5184 4896 5 2 3 9

69 73 4761 5329 5037 4 1 3 9

70 69 4900 4761 4830 3 5 −2 4

72 71 5184 5041 5112 1 3 −2 4

∑x ∑y ∑x2 ∑y2 ∑xy ∑d2

=548 = 555 = 37580 = 38553 = 38043 = 36

Avgiv Rvwb,
ΣxΣy
∑ xy −
ms‡kølvsK, r = n
 2 ( Σ x )   2 ( Σy ) 2 
2

Σx − Σy − 
 n  n 
548 × 555
38043 −
= 8
 (548 ) 
2
(555 )2 
37580 − 38553 − 
 8  8 
38017 .5
38043 −
= 8
{37580 − 37538 }{38553 − 38503 .13}
25 .5
=
42 × 49 .88
25 .5
=
45 .77
= 0.56
PjK؇qi g‡a¨ AvswkK abvZ¥K ms‡kølY we`¨gvb|
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 227

M. x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©ivsK
ΣxΣy
Σxy −
byx = n
(Σ x) 2
Σx 2 −
n
548 × 555
38043 −
= 8
(548 ) 2
37580 −
8
38043 − 38017 .5
=
37580 − 37538
25 .5
=
42
= 0.61

Avevi,
y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©ivsK
ΣxΣy
Σxy −
bxy = 8
( Σ y)2
Σy 2 −
n
548 × 555
38043 −
= 8
(555 ) 2
38553 −
8
38043 − 38017 .5
=
38553 − 38503 .13
25 .5
=
49 .88
= 0.51
x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY,
y = y + byx(x− x ) x=
Σx 548
= = 68 .5
= 69.38 +0.61 (x−68.5) n 8
= 69.38 + 0.61x−41.79 Σy 555
y= = = 69 .38
= 27.59 + 0.61x -------------- (i) n 8

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

228 e¨envwiK

y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY

x = x + bxy (y− y )
= 68.5 + 0.51 (y−69.38)
= 68.5 + 0.51y–35.38
= 33.11 + 0.51y
N. GLb D”PZv x = 60 Bw nq, Z‡e (i) bs mgxKiY n‡Z cvB,
y = 27.59 + 0.61×60
= 27.59 + 36.6
= 64.19
2
6Σd i
O. µg ms‡kølvsK ρ = 1 −
n(n 2 − 1)
6 × 36
= 1−
8{(8) 2 − 1}
216
= 1−
504
= 1–0.43
= 0.57

cixÿY bs : 7

wbgœwjwLZ Kvjxb mvwi n‡Z AvavMo c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wbY©q Ki :

mvj 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Drcbœ `ªe¨ 80 85 90 92 93 90 100 102 104
mgvavb:
GLv‡b Z_¨ msL¨v we‡Rvo msL¨v ZvB gv‡Si mb 1996 mvj‡K ev` w`‡q Z_¨mvwi‡K mgvb `yBfv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq|
1992 + 1993 + 1994 + 1995
cÖ_g Aa©Kvjxb mvwi 1992 n‡Z 1995 ch©šÍ Mo mvj = = 1993 .5
4
80 + 85 + 93 + 92
Mo Drcv`b = = 86 .75
4
wØZxq Aa©Kvjxb mvwi 1997 n‡Z 2000 ch©šÍ Mo mvj
1997 + 1998 + 1999 + 2000
= = 1998 .5
4
90 + 100 + 102 + 104
Mo Drcv`b = = 99
4
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 229

Ggb QK KvM‡R X A‡ÿ mgq I Y A‡ÿ Drcbœ `ªe¨ emvBqv Ges X A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni 1 GKK I Y
A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni 5 GKK a‡i Kvjxb mvwi wbY©q Kwi| Zvici QK KvM‡R X Aÿ eivie Mo mvj Ges
Y Aÿ eivei Mo Drcv`b wb‡`©k Kwi| Mo Drcv`b `ywU QK KvM‡R ewm‡q mshy³ K‡i †iLvwU‡K
mvg‡b I wcQ‡b ewa©Z Kwi| G‡Z †h †iLv cvIqv hvq Zv AvavMo c×wZ‡Z mvaviY aviv wb‡`©k K‡i|

cixÿY bs : 8

wb‡gœ Kvjxb mvwi n‡Z 3 ermi mgqKv‡ji Pwjòz Mo wbY©q K‡i mvaviY aviv †`LvI Ges mvaviY
aviv I Kvjxb mvwii †iLv †j‡L cÖ`k©b Ki|
mvj 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
†jvK msL¨v 412 438 446 454 470 483 490
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
230 e¨envwiK

(wgwjqb)
mgvavb: Pwjòz Mo wbY©‡qi ZvwjKv:
mvj †jvK msL¨v (wgwjqb) 3 ermi wfwËK Pwjòz Mo
2000 412
2001 438 412 + 438 + 446
= 432
3
2002 446 438 + 446 + 454
= 446
3
2003 454 446 + 454 + 470
= 457
3
2004 470 454 + 470 + 483
= 469
3
2005 483 470 + 483 + 490
= 481
3
2006 490
Ggb QK KvM‡Ri X A‡ÿ mgq I Y A‡ÿ †jvKmsL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i Ges X A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni‡K 1 GKK
I Y A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni‡K 10 GKK a‡i Kvjxb mvwi Ges 3 eQi wfwËK Pwjòz Mo mg~n wb‡`©k K‡i
GKB QK KvM‡R Kvjxb‡iLv I mvaviY avivi MwZ‡iLv AsKb Kwi|

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 231

cixÿY bs : 9

wb‡gœ b~¨bZg eM©cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g mvaviY aviv wbY©q Ki Ges mvaviY aviv I Kvjxb mvwii MwZ‡iLv
GKB QK KvM‡R †`LvI:
mvj 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
†jvK msL¨v 1000 1050 1120 1180 1230 1260 1305
mgvavb:
GLv‡b Z_¨msL¨v n =7 A_©vr we‡Rvo
∴ga¨eZx© msL¨v‡K g~j a‡i A_©vr 2004 mvj‡K g~j awi,
g‡b Kwi, t = x–2004
mvaviY aviv
2
eQi (x) †jvK msL¨v (y) t ty t Yc =
1163.57+51.61t
2001 1000 –3 –3000 9 1008.74
2002 1050 –2 –2100 4 1060.35
2003 1120 –1 –1120 1 1111.96
2004 1180 0 0 0 1163.57
2005 1230 1 1230 1 1215.18
2006 1260 2 2520 4 1266.79
2007 1305 3 3915 9 1318.40
∑ y = 8145 ∑ ty = 1445 ∑ t 2
= 28

mvaviY avivi mgxKiY Yc = a +bt

b~¨bZg eM©c×wZ‡Z cvB,

a= y= ∑ y = 8145 = 1163 .57

n 7

Ges bt = ∑
ty 1445
= = 51 .61
∑t 2
28
∴ cÖvß •iwLK g‡Wj Yc = 1163.57 + 51.61t
†hLv‡b g~j n‡jv 2004 Ges t = 1 eQi
2004 mvj n‡Z h_vµ‡g t = – 3, –2, –1. 0, 1, 2, 3
2001 mvj n‡Z 2007 mvj ch©šÍ mvaviY avivi gvb mg~n Dc‡ii mviYx‡Z me©‡kl Kjv‡g †`Iqv n‡jv|
Ggb QK KvM‡R X A‡ÿ mgq I Y A‡ÿ †jvK msL¨v wb‡`©k Kiv n‡jv| X A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni 1
GKK Ges Y A‡ÿ 5 eM©Ni 25 GKK a‡i Kvjxbmvwi I mvaviY avivi MwZ‡iLv GKB QK
KvM‡R †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
232 e¨envwiK

¸iæZ¡c~Y© †evW© cÖkœvejxmg~n

XvKv †evW©-2010
cwimsL¨vb (ZË¡xq)
cÖ_g cÎ
mgq: 3 N›Uv c~Y©gvb: 75
[`ªóe¨:- Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK]
b¤^i
1| (K) cwimsL¨v‡bi •ewkó¨ I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4+3=7
(L) MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb ej‡Z wK eyS? A‡kªYxK…Z Z_¨ n‡Z MYmsL¨v wb‡ekb mviYx •Zwii c×wZ
Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+2+5=8
A_ev,
(K) R¨vwgwZK Mo I Zi½ M‡oi msÁv `vI| KLb R¨vwgwZK Mo MvwYwZK Mo A‡cÿv AwaK
cQ›`bxq? 1+6=7
(L) †Kvb PjK x-Gi n msL¨K gv‡bi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb PjK y-Gi Abyiƒc n msL¨K gvb _vK‡j, cÖgvY
Ki †h Dnv‡`i ¸Yd‡ji R¨vwgwZK Mo PjK `ywUi wbR wbR R¨vwgwZK M‡oi ¸Yd‡ji mgvb| 4
(M) †`LvI †h, MvwYwZK Mo g~jwe›`y I gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj| 4
2| (K) we¯Ív‡ii Ab‡cÿ I Av‡cwÿK cwigv‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| Ab‡cÿ we¯Ívi cwigvcmg~‡ni weeiY
`vI| 2+5=7
n2 −1
(L) †`LvI †h, cÖ_g n msL¨K ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi †f`vsK | 4
12
(M) −1, 0, 1 Z_¨¸‡jvi †f`vsK I Mo e¨eavb wbY©q Ki| 4
A_ev,
(K) †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ I A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi cv_©K¨ wjL| PZz_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ‡K A‡kvwaZ cwiNvZ Øviv
cÖKvk Ki| 2+5=7
(L) β1 I β 2 h_vµ‡g ew¼gZv I m~uPvjZv cwigvc cÖKvk Ki‡j, cÖgvY Ki †h, β 2 ≥ β1 + 1 | 5
(M) †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi Mo I ga¨gv h_vµ‡g 20 I 17 Ges we‡f`vsK 25% n‡j wb‡ekbwUi ew¼gZvsK KZ? 3
3| (K) we‡ÿc wPÎ wK? Bnvi mvnv‡h¨ `yÕwU Pj‡Ki ms‡køl wKfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+5=6
(L) wbf©iY wK? ms‡køl I wbf©i‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ †jL| 2+3=5
(M) hw` y = 2 x + 1 nq Z‡e x I y -Gi ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki| 4
A_ev,
(K) Kvjxb mvwi‡Z mvaviY aviv wK? mvaviY aviv cwigv‡ci Aa©Mo c×wZ eY©bv Ki| 2+ 5=7
(L) evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ miKvwi cwimsL¨vb cÖKvkbvi †h-‡Kvb PviwUi weeiY `vI| 2×4=8
4| cv_©K¨ †jL:
(K) msL¨vevPK PjK I ¸YevPK PjK| 3
(L) PjK I aªæeK| 2
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 233

A_ev,
(K) cÖv_wgK Z_¨ I gva¨wgK Z_¨; 5
(L) GK-PjK Z_¨ I wØ-PjK Z_¨|
5| `yÕwU msL¨vi Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, AM ≥ GM ≥ HM | KLb AM = GM = HM ? 3+2=5
(ms‡KZ¸‡jv wPivPwiZ)|
A_ev,
cÖgvY Ki †h, 3+2=5
m n m n
(K) ∑∑ ( x
i =1 j =1
i + y j ) = n∑ xi + m∑ y j .
i =1 j =1

m n
 m  n 
(L) ∑∑ x y
i =1 j =1
i j =  ∑ xi  ∑ y j . 
 i =1  j =1 
6| †Kvb wb‡ek‡bi cÖwZwU gvb‡K 5 Øviv fvM K‡i cÖvß wb‡ek‡bi R¨vwgwZK Mo 5 cvIqv †Mj| g~j
wb‡ek‡bi R¨vwgwZK Mo KZ? 5
A_ev,
cwimi
`yÕwU ivwki Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, cwiwgZ e¨eavb = Mo e¨eavb = |
2
7| cÖPwjZ ms‡K‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, r = byx × bxy 5

A_ev,

cÖPwjZ ms‡K‡Z cÖgvY Ki †h, Gc = G1G2

8| ew¼gZv ej‡Z wK eyS? wewfbœ cÖKvi ew¼gZvi eY©bv `vI| ew¼gZvi •ewk󨸇jv †jL| 1+2+2=5
A_ev,
(K) x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK 0.5 n‡j a − 2x I c + 5 y -Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK KZ? 3
(L) †`LvI †h, rxy = 0, †hLv‡b x I y `yÕwU m¤úK©nxb PjK| 2

9| cÖgvY Ki †h, wbf©ivsK g~jwe›`y n‡Z ¯^vaxb wKš‘ gvcbxi Dci wbf©ikxj| 5
A_ev,
cÖgvY Ki †h, ms‡kølvs‡Ki gvb −1 n‡Z +1 Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

234 e¨envwiK

XvKv †evW©-2011
cwimsL¨vb (ZË¡xq) cÖ_g cÎ
mgq: 3 N›Uv c~Y©gvb: 75

[`ªóe¨t- `wÿY cvk¦©¯’ msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK]

b¤^i
1| (K) cwimsL¨v‡bi msÁv `vI| Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó msL¨v Kx cwimsL¨vb? gšÍe¨
Ki| 2+4+3=9
(L) Z_¨ ej‡Z Kx eyS? cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †h †Kvb cuvPwU c×wZ eY©bv Ki| 1+5=6
A_ev
(K) †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi cwigvc ej‡Z wK eyS? †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi †Kvb cwigvcwU me‡P‡q fvj? †Kb?
1+1+4=6
(L) MvwYwZK M‡oi ag©¸‡jv eY©bv Ki| R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©‡qi jMwfwËK m~ÎwU cÖwZôv Ki| 3+3=6
(M) a , a + d, a + 2d, ..........., a + 2d avivwUi MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki| 3
2| (K) we¯Ívi cwigvc ej‡Z wK eyS? †f`vsK I we‡f`vs‡Ki cv_©K¨ wjL| we‡f`vs‡Ki e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+3+3=7
(L) cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, x n − 1 ≥ σ. 4
(M) 4, 7, 10, .............., 91 avivwUi cwiwgZ e¨eavb I we‡f`vsK wbY©q Ki| 2+2=4
A_ev
(K) cwiNvZ ej‡Z wK eyS? †K›`ªxq cwiNv‡Zi Dci g~jwe›`y I gvcbxi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve cixÿv Ki|
PZy_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ‡K A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 1+3+3=7
(L) m~Puv‡jv ej‡Z wK eyS? wPÎmn wewfbœ cÖKvi m~PuvjZvi eY©bv Ki| 1+3=4
(M) GKwU ga¨g m~Puvj web¨v‡mi Mo 40 Ges we‡f`vsK 25%| web¨vmwUi PZz_© †K›`ªxq cwiNv‡Zi gvb
wbY©q Ki| 4
3| (K) ms‡køl I wbf©iY ej‡Z wK eyS? ms‡køl I wbf©i‡Yi cv_©K¨ wjL| 2+4=6
(L) ms‡kølvs‡Ki msÁv wjL| Gi ag© eY©bv Ki| cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, r = b yx × b xy . 1+2+3=6
(M) ax + by + c = 0 n‡j x I y -Gi ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki| 3
A_ev
(K)Kvjxb mvwi ej‡Z wK eyS? Kvjxb mvwii Dcv`vb¸‡jv D`vniYmn Av‡jvPbv Ki| Kvjxb mvwii
e¨envi wjL| 2+6+3=11
(L) evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi mxgve×Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 4
4| D`vniYmn Z_¨we‡k¦i msÁv `vI| wew”Qbœ I Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki cv_©K¨ wjL| 2+3=5
A_ev
†kªYxe×KiY ej‡Z wK eyS? †kªYxe×Ki‡Yi wfw˸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+4=5
5| gva¨wgK Z_¨ ej‡Z wK eyS? gva¨wgK Z‡_¨i Drmmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+4=5

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 235

A_ev
MvwYwZK M‡oi msÁv `vI| cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, 2+3=5
n n

∑ fi (x i − x) 2 ≤ ∑ fi (x i − a )2 ;
i =1 i =1
a ≠ x.

6| R¨vwgwZK M‡oi msÁv `vI| cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, G c = G1.G 2 ; G c = mw¤§wjZ
R¨vwgwZK Mo Ges n1 = n 2 | 2+3=5
A_ev
evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi †kªYxweb¨vm Ki Ges g~j¨ cwimsL¨v‡bi eY©bv `vI|
7| †f`vs‡Ki msÁv `vI| †f`vs‡Ki Dci g~jwe›`y I gvcbxi cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve cixÿv Ki| 1+4=5
A_ev
cwigvcb ej‡Z wK eyS? †kªYxm~PK cwigvvc‡bi eY©bv `vI| 2+3=5
8| GKwU wb‡ek‡bi 55 †Kw›`ªK cwiNvZ¸‡jv h_vµ‡g − 1, 10, 36 I 178 n‡j Dnvi we‡f`vsK I
1 1
ewégZvsK wbY©q Ki| 2 +2 =5
2 2
A_ev
†Kvb †Kvb Ae¯’vq MvwYwZK Mo A‡cÿv (K) ga¨gv, (L) R¨vwgwZK Mo †ewk Dc‡hvMx? 3+2=5
9| b~¨bZg eM©c×wZ‡Z x -Gi Dci y -Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY wbiƒcY Ki| 5
A_ev
PjK x -Gi gvb¸‡jv 1g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨v Ges Gi MYmsL¨v wbR gv‡bi mgvb n‡j PjKwUi †f`vsK
wbY©q Ki|
XvKv †evW©-2012
cwimsL¨vb (ZË¡xq) cÖ_g cÎ
mgq: 3 N›Uv c~Y©gvb: 75

[`ªóe¨t- `wÿY cvk¦©¯’ msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK]

b¤^i
1| (K) cwimsL¨v‡bi A_© e¨vL¨v Ki| Gi •ewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+5=7
(L) MYmsL¨v web¨vm ej‡Z wK eyS? Aweb¨¯Í Z_¨ n‡Z GKwU AweiZ MYmsL¨v web¨vm •Zixi c×wZ
Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+6=8
A_ev,

GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv

236 e¨envwiK

(K) †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZv ej‡Z wK eyS? †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi GKwU fvj cwigv‡ci wK wK •ewkó¨ _vKv DwPZ?
Zi½ Mo I ga¨gvi eY©bv `vI| 2+4+4=10
(L) mw¤§wjZ MvwYwZK M‡oi m~ÎwU cÖwZôv Ki| KLb R¨vwgwZK Mo wbY©q Kiv hvq bv? 3+2=5
2| (K) cwimsL¨vb Z‡_¨i we¯Ívi ej‡Z wK eyS? we¯Ív‡ii cig cwigvc¸‡jvi eY©bv `vI| 2+4=6
(L) cwiwgZ e¨eav‡bi msÁv `vI| KLb cwiwgZ e¨eavb me©wbgœ gvb MÖnY K‡i? `ywU Amgvb Z_¨gvb x1
R
I x2 Gi Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, MD = SD = 2 ; †hLv‡b cÖZxK¸‡jv wPivPwiZ| 2+1+4=7

(M) GKwU web¨v‡mi we‡f`vsK 20% | web¨vmwUi Mo I ga¨gv h_vµ‡g 50 I 45 n‡j Dnvi
ew¼gZvsK wbY©q Ki| 2
A_ev,
(K) †Kw›`ªq cwiNv‡Zi msÁv `vI| A‡kvwaZ I †K›`ªxq cwiNv‡Zi cv_©K¨¸‡jv wjL| cwiNv‡Zi e¨envi
wjL| 1+3+2=6
(L) ew¼gZv ej‡Z wK eyS? wPÎmn ew¼gZvi cÖKvi‡f` Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+4=6
(M) cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, µ3 = µ©3 − 3µ©2µ©1 + 2(µ©1)3| 3
3| (K) we‡ÿc wPÎ ej‡Z wK eyS? ms‡kø‡li e¨vL¨vq we‡ÿc wPÎ wKfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Ki|
1+5=6
(L) wbf©ivs‡Ki msÁv `vI Ges Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU a‡g©i cÖgvY Ki| 1+3=4
(M) cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, −1 < r < 1| 5
A_ev,
(K) Kvjxb mvwi we‡kølY ej‡Z wK eyS? Kvjxb mvwi we‡køl‡Y e¨eüZ g‡Wj¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 1+3=4
(L) mvaviY aviv ej‡Z wK eyS? mvaviY aviv wbY©‡qi AvavMo c×wZwU Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+5=7
(M) evsjv‡`‡k cÖKvwkZ cwimsL¨v‡bi DrKl©Zv e„wׇZ †Zvgvi mycvwik wjL| 4
4| PjK I aªæe‡Ki msÁv `vI| ¸YevPK I cwigvYevPK Pj‡Ki cv_©K¨ wjL| 2+3=5
A_ev, ZvwjKve×KiY Kx? GKwU Av`k© ZvwjKvi wewfbœ Ask eY©bv Ki| 2+3=5
5| Z_¨ ej‡Z wK eyS? Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki| 2+3=5
A_ev,
cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h,
m n m n
(K) ∑∑ ( xi + y j ) = n∑ xi + m∑ y j
i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1

m n
 m  n 
(L) ∑∑ x y
i =1 j =1
i j =  ∑ xi  ∑ y j 
 i =1  j =1 
D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb
 D”P gva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb-cÖ_g cÎ 237

6| Z‡_¨i •jwLK Dc¯’vcb ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+3=5

A_ev, †j‡Li mvnv‡h¨ ga¨gv I cÖPziK wbY©‡qi c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki| 5
7| cÖgvY Ki †h, ga¨gv †Kw›`ªK Mo e¨eavb ÿz`ªZg| 5
A_ev, `ywU Ak~b¨ abvZ¥K ivwki Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, A.M > G.M > H.M 4+1=5
8| we‡f`vs‡Ki msÁv `vI| we¯Ív‡ii Ab‡cÿ I Av‡cwÿK cwigv‡ci g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 1+4=5
A_ev, cÖPwjZ cÖZx‡K cÖgvY Ki †h, β 2 ≥ β1 + 1 |
9| Ôg~j¨ cwimsL¨vbÕ I Ôevsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivÕi eY©bv `vI| 5
A_ev, ms‡kølvs‡Ki msÁv `vI| hw` rxy = 0.75 Ges u = 3 − 2x I v = 2 + 3y 1+4=5

XvKv †evW©-2013
cwimsL¨vb (ZË¡xq) cÖ_g cÎ
mgq: 3 N›Uv c~Y©gvb: 75

[`ªóe¨t- `wÿY cvk¦©¯’ msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK]

b¤^i
1| (K) cwimsL¨vb ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki| 3+4=7
(L) cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 5
(M) wew”Qbœ I Awew”Qbœ Pj‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 3
A_ev,
(K) †Kw›`ªq cÖeYZvi cwigvc ej‡Z wK eyS? MvwYwZK Mo I R¨vwgwZK M‡oi eY©bv `vI| 2+2+2=6
(L) MvwYwZK M‡oi ag©¸‡jv wjL Ges †h‡Kv‡bv `ywU a‡g©i cÖgvY `vI| 2+2+2=6
(M) `ywU abvZ¥K msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo 25 I Zi½ Mo 16| R¨vwgwZK Mo I msL¨v `ywU wbY©q Ki| 3
2| (K) †f`vs‡Ki msÁv `vI| we‡f`vs‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Ki| †`LvI †h, Mo e¨eavb cwiwgZ
e¨eavb A‡cÿv eo n‡Z cv‡i bv| 1+2+4=7
(L) cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi MYmsL¨v Zv‡`i wbR wbR gv‡bi mgvb n‡j wb‡ekbwUi cwiwgZ e¨eavb
wbY©q Ki| 5
(M) `ywU msL¨vi MvwYwZK Mo 7 Ges †f`vsK 1| msL¨v `ywU wbY©q Ki| 3
A_ev,
(K) cwiNvZ ej‡Z wK eyS? 4_© †K›`ªxq cwiNvZ‡K A‡kvwaZ cwiNv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Ki| 2+3=5
(L) m~uPvjZv wK? m~uPvjZvi wfwˇZ wewfbœ cÖKvi MYmsL¨v †iLvi eY©bv `vI| 2+4=6
(M) cÖgvY Ki †h, β1 I β 2 DfqB g~j I gvcbxi cwieZ©‡bi Dci ¯^vaxb| (†hLv‡b cÖZxK¸‡jv
wPivPwiZ) 2+2=4
GKwU K¨vgweªqvb wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv
238 e¨envwiK

3| (K) ms‡køl ej‡Z wK eyS? wewfbœ cÖKvi ms‡kø‡li eY©bv `vI| 2+5=7
(L) ms‡kølvsK I wbf©ivs‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 3
(M) x Gi Dci y Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY 8x − 5y − 30 = 0 Ges y Gi Dci x Gi wbf©iY mgxKiY
20x − 9y − 107 = 0 | x I y Gi g‡a¨ ms‡kølvsK wbY©q Ki| 5
A_ev,
(K) Kvjxb mvwi ej‡Z wK eyS? Gi Dcv`vbmg~n D`vniYmn eY©bv Ki| 2+8=10
(L) ms‡ÿ‡c evsjv‡`‡ki miKvwi cwimsL¨v‡bi Drm¸‡jvi eY©bv `vI| 5
4| cwimsL¨v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I e¨envi Av‡jvPbv Ki| 5
A_ev,
†kªwYe×KiY wK? wewfbœ cÖKvi †kªwYe×Ki‡Yi eY©bv `vI| 1+4=5
5| cwigvcb †¯‹j wK? wewfbœ cÖKvi cwigvcb †¯‹jmg~n D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki| 1+4=5
A_ev, †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó †kªwY‡Z 150 Rb wkÿv_x©i Mo IRb 60 †KwR| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Qv·`i Mo IRb 70 †KwR
Ges QvÎx‡`i Mo IRb 55 †KwR| H †kªwYi QvÎ I QvÎxmsL¨v wbY©q Ki| 5
6| cÖ_g n ¯^vfvweK msL¨vi Mo Ges cwiwgZ e¨eavb wbY©q Ki| 2+3=5
A_ev,
n msL¨K AFYvZ¥K Z_¨gv‡bi Rb¨ cÖgvY Ki †h, C.V < 100 n −1 ; †hLv‡b C.V = we‡f`vsK|
5
7| wewfbœ cÖKvi †jL I wP‡Îi bvg wjL| AvqZ‡jL I `ÐwP‡Îi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjL| 2+3=5
A_ev, GKwU wb‡ek‡bi 3 Gi wfwˇZ wbY©xZ cÖ_g wZbwU cwiNv‡Zi gvb h_vµ‡g −1, 5 I 9| wb‡ekbwUi
ew¼gZv¼ wbY©q Ki Ges wb‡ekbwUi AvK…wZ m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Ki| 4+1=5
8| Kvwjbmvwii mvaviY aviv wbY©‡q b~¨bZg eM© c×wZwU Av‡jvPbv Ki| 5
A_ev,
¸iæZ¡ cÖ`Ë M‡oi msÁv `vI| cwimsL¨v‡b Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2+3=5
9| cÖPzi‡Ki msÁv `vI| Gi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wjL| 2+3=5
A_ev,
(K) we¯Ívi cwigv‡ci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjL| 3
(L) 32wU msL¨vi cwiwgZ e¨eavb 5 Ges msL¨v¸‡jvi e‡M©i mgwó 1000| MvwYwZK Mo wbY©q Ki| 2

D”Pgva¨wgK cwimsL¨vb