Addis Ababa institute of Technology 1
REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES 1(CENG3121)
CHAPTER TWO-LIMIT STATE DESIGN
FOR FLEXURE
November 26, 2015
Presentation Outline
2
Content 1. Introduction
2. Ultimate Limit State for Flexure
3. Types of Flexural Failures
4. Analysis of Beams for Flexure at the
ULS
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 26, 2015
3 Introduction
• Statics of Elastic Beam Action
• Reinforced Concrete Beam
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Statics of Elastic Beam Action
4
A beam is a structural member that supports
applied loads and its own weight primarily by
internal moments and shears.
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Statics of Elastic Beam Action
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Internal actions:
Addis Ababa institute of Technology November 26, 2015
Statics of Elastic Beam Action
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From equilibrium of force
perpendicular to the section:
C-T=0 or C=T
From equilibrium of moment/couple
at the section:
M=C x z=T x z
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Statics of Elastic Beam Action
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In 2D-Stress Distribution
Conventional elastic beam theory
gives the following stress distribution
across a section exposed to bending.
In 3D-Stress Block
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Statics of Elastic Beam Action
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Then we can express the bending moment as a
function of the stress distribution across the section.
C
z
T
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Reinforced Concrete Beam
9
Reinforced concrete beam section is different elastic
beam section as shown below.
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Reinforced Concrete Beam
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1. The triangular stress distribution applies when the
stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains,
which generally occurs at the loading levels
encountered under working conditions and is,
therefore, used at the serviceability limit state.
2. The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the
distribution at failure when the compressive strains are
within the plastic range, and it is associated with the
design for the ultimate limit state.
3. The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified
alternative to the rectangular parabolic distribution.
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Stress Distribution across RC Beam
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Section
The rectangular-parabolic stress
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Stress Distribution across RC Beam
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Section
The Bi-Linear stress block
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Stress Distribution across RC Beam
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Section
The rectangular stress block
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14 Ultimate Limit State For Flexure
• Basic assumptions for Flexure at ULS
• Possible range of strain distributions at ULS
• Limiting compression strain at ULS
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Basic assumptions for Flexure at ULS
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The theory of flexure for reinforced concrete is based on
three basic assumptions, which are sufficient to allow one
to calculate the moment resistance of a beam.
1. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are
plane before bending remain plane after bending.
2. The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in
the concrete at the same level.
3. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be
computed from the strains by using stress-strain curves
for concrete and steel.
4. The tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
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Possible range of strain distributions at ULS
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in EN 1992-1-1-2004
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Possible range of strain distributions at ULS
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Reagion-1 Reagion-2
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Possible range of strain distributions at ULS
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Region State of Stress Material to fail
1 • Pure tension or Steel
• Tension and Bending
2 • Bending and/or axial load Steel and/or concrete in compression
3 • Bending Steel and/or concrete in compression
4 • Bending and/or axial load concrete in compression
5 • Pure compression or Loss of bond between concrete and
• compression and Bending reinforcement
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19 Break-Something Different
Everything You Need to Know About Planet Earth
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20 Types of Flexural Failures
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Types of Flexural Failures
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There are three types of flexural failures of
reinforced concrete sections: tension, compression
and balanced failures. These three types of failures
may be discussed to choose the desirable type of
failure from the three, in case failure is imminent.
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Tension Failure
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If the steel content As of the section is small, the
steel will reach fyd before the concert reaches its
maximum strain of εcu
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Compression Failure
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If the steel content As is large, the concrete may
reach its capacity before steel yields.
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Balanced Failure
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At balanced failure the steel reaches fyd and the
concrete reaches a strain of εcu simultaneously.
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25
Analysis of Beams for Flexure at the
ULS
• Types of Problems in RC
• Analysis of Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam
Sections
• Simplified Equations
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Types of Problems in RC
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Two different types of problems arise in the study
of reinforced concrete:
Analysis – Given a cross section, concrete strength,
reinforcement size and location, and yield strength,
compute the resistance or strength. In analysis there
should be one unique answer.
Design – Given a factored design moment, select a
suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete
strength, reinforcement, and so on. In design there
are many possible solutions.
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Analysis of Singly RC Beam Sections
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Two requirements are satisfied throughout the
flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete
beams and columns:
1. Stress and strain compatibility: The stress at any
point in a member must correspond to the strain at
that point
2. Equilibrium: Internal forces must balance the
external load effects
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Analysis of Singly RC Beam Sections
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Procedure:
1. Assume the type of failure (i.e. Tension,
Compression and Balanced)
2. Draw the strain profile corresponding to the type
of failure
a. Tension failure b. Compression failure c. Balanced failure
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Analysis of Singly RC Beam Sections
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Procedure:
3. Take any of the three possible stress strain relationships for
concrete to define the stress block. (i.e. Parabolic-rectangular, Bi-
linear or Equivalent Rectangular)
4. Take the stress strain relationship for the reinforcement bar
5. Apply condition of equilibrium to the given stress block and
conditions of compatibility to the strain profile to estimate the
neutral axis depth.
6. Calculate the strain in the reinforcement bar and check if the
assumed type of failure is correct
7. If the assumption is correct, apply the moment equilibrium to the
stress block and estimate the moment capacity
8. If it is not correct, assume another type of failure and repeat steps
2 to step 6 until the assumption is proven to be true
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Simplified Equations
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A. Using Parabolic rectangular stress – strain relationship
1. For
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Simplified Equations
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A. Using Parabolic rectangular stress – strain relationship
2. For
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Simplified Equations
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B. Using Bi-linear stress-stress relationship
1. For
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Simplified Equations
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B. Using Bi-linear stress-stress relationship
2. For
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Simplified Equations
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C. Using simplified rectangular block
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