Gusau Journal of

Accounting and Finance

(GUJAF)

Vol. 5 Issue 1, April, 2024 ISSN: 2756-665X

A Publication of
Department of Accounting and Finance,
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences,
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State -Nigeria
 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

© Department of Accounting and Finance

Vol. 5 Issue 1
April, 2024
ISSN: 2756-665X

A Publication of
Department of Accounting and Finance,
Faculty of Management and Social Sciences,
Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State -Nigeria

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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor-in-Chief:
Prof. Shehu Usman Hassan
Department of Accounting, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State.

Associate Editor:
Dr. Muhammad Mustapha Bagudo
Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State.

Managing Editor:
Umar Farouk Abdulkarim
Department of Accounting and Finance, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State.

Editorial Board

[Link] Modu Kumshe

Department of Accounting, University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

Prof Ugochukwu C. Nzewi

Department of Accounting, Paul University Awka, Anambra State.

Prof Kabir Tahir Hamid

Department of Accounting, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State.

Prof. Ekoja B. Ekoja

Department of Accounting, University of Jos.

Prof. Clifford Ofurum

Department of Accounting, University of PortHarcourt, Rivers State.

Prof. Ahmad Bello Dogarawa

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.

Prof. Yusuf. B. Rahman

Department of Accounting, Lagos State University, Lagos State.

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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

Prof. Suleiman A. S. Aruwa

Department of Accounting, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nasarawa State.

Prof. Muhammad Junaidu Kurawa

Department of Accounting, Bayero University Kano, Kano State.

Prof. Muhammad Habibu Sabari

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Prof. Okpanachi Joshua

Department of Accounting and Management, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna.

Prof. Hassan Ibrahim

Department of Accounting, IBB University, Lapai, Niger State.

Prof. Ifeoma Mary Okwo

Department of Accounting, Enugu State University of Science and Technology,
Enugu State.

Prof. Aminu Isah

Department of Accounting, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State.

Prof. Ahmadu Bello

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Prof. Musa Yelwa Abubakar

Department of Accounting, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto State.

Prof. Salisu Abubakar

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Kaduna State.

Prof. Sunusi Sa'ad Ahmad

Department of Accounting, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State.

Prof. Isaq Alhaji Samaila

Department of Accounting, Bayero University, Kano State.

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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

Dr. Fatima Alfa

Department of Accounting, University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

Dr. Nasiru A. Ka’oje

Department of Accounting, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto State.

Dr. Aminu Abdullahi

Department of Accounting, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, State.

Dr. OnipeAdebenege Yahaya

Department of Accounting, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna State.

Dr. Saidu Adamu

Department of Accounting, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State.

Dr. Nasiru Yunusa

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.

Dr. Aisha Nuhu Muhammad

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.

Dr. Lawal Muhammad

Department of Accounting, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.

Dr. Farouk Adeza

School of Business and Entrepreneurship, American University of Nigeria, Yola.

Dr. Bashir Umar Farouk

Department of Economics, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State.

Dr Emmanuel Omokhuale
Department of Mathematics, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara. State

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ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS

Prof. Kabiru Isah Dandago, Bayero University Kano,Kano State.

Prof A M Bashir, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto State.

Prof. Muhammad Tanko, Kaduna State University, Kaduna.

Prof. Bayero A M Sabir, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto State.

Prof. Aliyu Sulaiman Kantudu, Bayero University Kano, Kano State.

Editorial Secretary
Yazid Kabir Ibrahim
Department of Accounting and Finance, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State.

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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

CALL FOR PAPERS

The editorial board of Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance (GUJAF) is

hereby inviting authors to submit their unpublished manuscript for publication. The
journal is published in two issues of April and October annually. GUJAF is a
double-blind peer reviewed journal published by the Department of Accounting and
Finance, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Federal University Gusau,
Zamfara State Nigeria The Journal accepts papers in all areas of Accounting and
Finance for publication which include: Accounting Standards, Accounting
Information System, Financial Reporting, Earnings Management, , Auditing and
Investigation, Auditing and Standards, Public Sector Accounting and Auditing,
Taxation and Revenue Administration, Corporate Governance Issues, Corporate
Social Responsibility, Sustainability and Environmental Reporting Issue,
Information and Communication Technology Issues, Bankruptcy Prediction,
Corporate Finance, Personal Finance, Merger and Acquisitions, Capital Structure,
Working Capital Management, Enterprises Risk Management, Entrepreneurship,
International Business Accounting and Finance, Banking Crises, Bank’s
Profitability, Risk and Insurance Issue, Islamic Finance, Conventional and Islamic
Banks and so forth.

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The submission language is English and must be a well-researched original
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Edition publication manual. Finally, manuscript should be send to our email
address elfarouk105@[Link] and a copy to our website on
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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

PUBLICATION PROCEDURE

After receiving a manuscript that is within the similarity index threshold, a

confirmation email will be send together with a request to pay a review proceeding
fee. At this point, the editorial board will take a decision on accepting, rejecting or
making a resubmission of the manuscript based on the outcome of the double-blind
peer review. Those authors whose manuscript were accepted for publication will
be asked to pay a publication fee, after effecting all suggested corrections and
changes made on the manuscript. All corrected papers returned within the specified
time frame will be published in that issue.

PAYMENT DETAILS
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FOR INQUIRY
The Head,
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Federal University Gusau, Zamfara State.
elfarouk105@[Link]
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT

The Editor-in-Chief on +2348067766435
The Associate Editor on +2348036057525
OR visit our website on [Link] or [Link]

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CONTENTS

Impact of Audit Quality on Earnings Management of Consumer Goods Firms in

Nigeria
Sirajo Bappah, Auwal Saad, Shehu Usman Hassan PhD, Saidu Adamu PhD

Board Characteristics and Corporate Social Responsibility of Listed Oil and Gas
Companies in Nigerian.
Aliyu Abubakar, Yunusa Nasiru PhD, Dr. Umar Abubakar

Board Characteristics and Audit Quality of Listed Consumer Goods

Firms in Nigeria
Aliyu Shehu Usman, Danson Andrew, Abdullahi Bala Ado PhD,

CEO Characteristics and Financial Reporting Quality in Listed Consumer Goods

Companies in Nigeria
Okika Nkiru Philomena, Oyeneye Temitope Esther, Adedeji Daniel Gbadebo

Liquidity Risk and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in

Nigeria
Bashir Abdulrauf Mohammed, Aliyu Ahmed Abdullah PhD, Prof. Salisu
Mamman Ibrahim Yusuf PhD, Suleiman Salami PhD

Information Asymmetry and Cost of Capital: A Review of Empirical Evidence

Sunusi Ridwan Ayagi PhD, ACA, Rashida Lawal, PhD

Ownership Structure and Female Inclusion of Listed Financial Firms in Nigeria

Gbemigun Catherine Omoleye , Alade Muyiwa Ezekiel Phd

CSR Initiatives and Sustainability Resilience in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry: A
PLS-SEM Approach from Local Communities' Perspective
Tajudeen Alaburo, Rofiat Bolanle, Abdussalam, Abdulrahman Abubakar,
Tajudeen, Akeem Olamilekan Babatunde

Capital Structure and the Financial Performance of Listed Information and

Communications Technology Firms in Nigeria
Nasiru Adamu Kanoma, Nurudeen Usman Miko, Augustine Ayuba, Idris
Mohammed, Mark G, Tagwai
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Profitability and Turnover Appraisal of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

Odogu, Terry Keme Zuode (PhD) and Koroye, Amapamo Stephen

Board Attributes and Timeliness of Financial Reports of Listed Non-Financial

Firms in Nigeria
Rashida Lawal PhD and Prof. Kabir Hamid Tahir

Board Independence and Financial Reporting Quality of Listed Oil and Gas
Companies in Nigeria: Moderated by Firm Size
Adamu Lawal Bello, Prof. J. Okpanachi, Prof. T. Nyor and Lateef Olumude
Mustapha (Ph.D)

Does ESG Investment Impact the Financial Sustainability of Nigerian Energy

Companies: A Panel Regression Approach?
Tajudeen Alaburo, Abdulsalam and Adedeji Daniel Gbadebo

Board Attributes and Sustainability Reporting of Listed Firms in Nigeria

Idris Mohammed, Bejamin K, Gugong PhD, Rofiat Adedokun, Abdulrahman
A, Olorunloga and Mark, G, Tagwai

Mediating Effect of Internal Auditors’ Ethical Conduct on The Relationship

Between Usage of Information Technology, Management Support for Internal
Audit Department, and Internal Audit Effectiveness: A Conceptual Framework
Nura Badamasi, Adura Binti Ahmad

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 Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, April, 2024

CSR INITIATIVES AND SUSTAINABILITY RESILIENCE IN

NIGERIA'S OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: A PLS-SEM APPROACH FROM
LOCAL COMMUNITIES' PERSPECTIVE

Tajudeen Alaburo, Abdulsalam

Department of Accounting and Finance,
Kwara State University of Malete, Kwara State,
alaburotajudeenabdulsalam@[Link],
[Link]

Rofiat Bolanle, Tajudeen

Department of Marketing,
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria,
bolanlemuhammed1@[Link],
[Link]

Abdulrahman Abubakar
Department of Accounting,
Ahmed Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State,
abtsauni@[Link]

Akeem Olamilekan Babatunde

Department of Accounting and Finance,
Kwara State University of Malete, Kwara State,
babatundea930@[Link]

Abstract
Despite its potential for economic growth and sustainable development, Nigeria faces social
challenges including poverty, environmental degradation, and economic decline. In 2023, it ranked
146th out of 166 on the SDG index, with a poverty headcount of $2.15/day. Over the past two
decades, Nigerian oil and gas companies have faced sustainability criticism, emphasizing the
importance of CSR initiatives for triple bottom line sustainability. This study examines how the
CSR initiatives of Nigerian energy companies impact the sustainability and resilience of the Niger
Delta region. By using an explorative research design guided by positivism philosophy, 460 survey
responses were collected from Niger Delta community members via Google Form and analyzed
using PLS-SEM since the research framework of the CSR and COM-R model comprises five
primary dimensions each. The study discovered that CSR initiatives have a significant impact on
sustainability and resilience in the Niger Delta. This underscores that integrating socially
responsible initiatives not only enhances the ethical standing of these businesses but also generates
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high strategic value, bolstering their sustainability and resilience. The research recommendations
include reassessing CSR initiatives, increasing community engagement, and collaborating with
regulatory bodies. This will foster community cohesion, adaptability, and voluntary compliance
with industry standards and social norms within the community. The research's descriptive value
lies in its empirical demonstration of the connection between CSR and sustainability resilience.
Firms can use these findings to enhance their CSR efforts and improve sustainability and resilience
in future business practices. The research acknowledges potential biases in data collection stemming
from unequal online access among the members of Niger Delta communities, resulting in a partial
representation of the diverse range of respondent behaviours across the continent, as various
cultural, economic, and social factors can influence their survey responses.

Keywords: CSR Initiative, Niger Delta, Oil and Gas Companies, Sustainability Resilience, Triple
Bottom Line

1. Introduction
Nigeria, a dominant force in Africa due to its abundant resources, has played a
significant role in the global oil industry since its discovery in 1954 in Oloibiri,
Niger Delta (Kanyako, 2020). Despite its potential for economic prowess and
sustainable development, Nigeria faces substantial challenges, including poverty,
environmental degradation, and deteriorating economic conditions. For instance,
Nigeria ranks 146 out of 166 on the SDG index, with a poverty headcount of
$2.15/day in 2023 (World Bank, 2023). Alarmingly, Nigeria has experienced over
4 million deaths from 2017 to the present, with 23% of deaths among adults, 26%
among children, and over 40% among the elderly attributed to various causes of oil
spills (Pona et al., 2021). This is mainly due to corrosion (50%), sabotage by restive
youths (28%), and operational mishaps during oil production activities (21%), with
a minimal 1% from engineering drills and machine inefficiencies (Ndubuisi-Okolo,
Anekwe, & Ekwochi, 2020). Unsustainable environmental practices in Nigeria are
linked to 85 out of 102 categories of diseases and injuries in the Niger Delta,
according to the World Health Organization, (2018). While serving as the backbone
of the economy, contributing over 75% of investment revenue and inflow, activities
including banditry, corruption, and oil extraction contribute to over 80% of the
depletion in natural resources, national wealth, and income, leading to significant
environmental harm like banditry due to hunger. This situation underscores the
urgency of implementing sustainable resilience strategies to address the country's
reliance on oil and the resulting environmental issues, including air pollution, which
could burden future generations.

For over two decades, Nigerian oil and gas companies have faced significant
sustainability criticism due to their social repercussions, highlighting the critical
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role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a dimension of triple bottom line

sustainability. This fosters transparency and positive societal impacts, supporting
the long-term sustainability development goals (SDGs) of these firms (Onuoha &
Nkwor, 2021). CSR shapes not only corporate relationships but also reduces
conflicts and enhances stakeholders’ loyalty and support, as companies
significantly contribute to environmental and community causes (Yadav,
Bhudhiraja, & Gupta, 2021). According to Angela et al., (2021) and Babajide et al.,
(2021), mining operations in Niger Delta have negatively affected the livelihoods
of farmers and fishermen through pipeline vandalism, resulting in adverse impacts
on the companies' sales and sustainability. As a result, the concept of sustainability
resilience is gaining traction as a replacement for "CSR initiatives" in policymaking
and political discourse. This is true as CSR focuses need to be sustainable within
the community context. For example, Babajide et al., (2023) note the need for oil
and gas companies to understand how communities respond and adapt to their
environmental, economic, and societal changes, using concepts like
marginalization, vulnerability, and resilience as key frameworks. Resilience, within
the context of adaptive capacity, focuses on a system's ability to adjust, moderate
effects, and cope with disruptions (Koliou et al., 2022). Systems characterized by
diversity, potential for change, and connectivity, such as feedback and flexibility,
exhibit good adaptive capacity, allowing them to respond effectively to both
internal and external disturbances.

There is a growing call for CSR practices and sustainability among researchers,
driven by the increasing demand for ethical corporate behavior. Kwarto et al.,
(2022) emphasize the crucial role of a robust oil and gas industry in economic
strength, while Ezejiofor and Emeneka (2022) advocate for the public disclosure of
CSR and sustainability reports to enhance understanding of the industry's social
responsibility and its impact on sustainability. Muruviwa, Akpan, and Nekhwevha
(2020) posit that CSR strategies are efficacious in fostering community
development through collaborative engagement with stakeholders. Igwe and
Nwadialor (2015) acknowledge the benefits associated with CSR in terms of
enhancing national and international visibility and garnering government support.
Kumar, Gupta, and Das (2022) observe that CSR practices in India prioritize
sustainable development and societal welfare. Ismail et al., (2015) highlight CSR’s
role in assessing its social, economic, and environmental impacts on communities.
While these studies provide valuable insights into CSR practice on community
welfare, they lack critical exploration within the context of community resilience,
which is crucial for sustainable action, efficacy, adaptation, and the SDGs index in
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Nigeria. The study explores how CSR initiatives impact the sustainability resilience
of the Niger Delta region. The specific objectives include:

i. Evaluate the effectiveness of the CSR initiatives and sustainability resilience

strategies adopted by Nigerian oil and gas firms in the Niger Delta region,
ii. Analyse the influence of Carrol's CSR pyramid on the various aspects of
sustainability resilience in Nigeria,
iii. Propose actionable plans that can foster the efficacy of sustainability practices
among the Niger Delta community’s populace.

The study holds significance in Nigeria's present-day context for several reasons.
Despite residing below the poverty line of $2.56 SDG (Klarman et al., 2017),
resilience encompasses vital aspects of a prosperous community future, including
recovery and growth through adaptation and sustainability measures. McCrea et al.
(2014) emphasized this concept, stating that sustainable resilience is crucial for
assessing and fostering community capacity to uphold well-being in the face of
challenges, including adversity, climate change, and risk. Despite recent empirical
evidence indicating that asset ownership (physical, social, and natural) and
governmental intervention contribute to community well-being in terms of food
security (Manlosa et al., 2019), there is a scarcity of studies on CSR within the SDG
index. Additionally, Adu et al., (2017) found that mining and farming communities
are particularly vulnerable to the effects of global warming and weather instability,
leading to challenges in food production and water supply, which in turn have
negative impacts on health and economic well-being. This is evident in Nigeria,
where issues such as killings and kidnappings prevail due to hunger and poverty.
Lastly, the research serves as a valuable reference for global academic researchers
in accounting, marketing, and other management-related disciplines who wish to
explore similar or related topics in their current or future research. Thus, the
practical value of this study lies in the guidance it provides to stakeholders on
making informed decisions when faced with various situations.

2. Review of Literature
Pyramid in CSR Initiative: Conceptual Clarification
CSR has a rich and varied history, spanning centuries and cultures, reflecting the
deep integration of societal concerns with business practices (Uduji et al., 2021;
Ogunode & Adegbie, 2020). The evolution of this concept has been marked by
significant milestones and shifts in perspective, culminating in its current
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prominence. Despite its contemporary significance, the origins of CSR can be

traced back to various points in history, with some indications suggesting its
presence as early as the 1930s and 1940s. Notable scholarly works including J. M.
Clark's "Social Control of Business," Chester Barnard's "The Function of the
Executive," and Theodore Kreps' "Measurement of Social Performance in
Business" hinted at the early inklings of CSR (Silva-Junior et al., 2023, 2020).
However, CSR gained formal recognition and began to take shape in the mid-20th
century (Nalband & Kelabi, 2014; Saleh, 2022). This is evident in the
groundbreaking book by Howard R. Bowen, "Social Responsibilities of the
Businessman," published in 1953, which marked a significant starting point for
formal literature on CSR. Keith Davis emerged as a prominent figure during this
era, contributing extensively to defining CSR (Joncourt et al., 2019; Masoud,
2017). His perspective, focusing on the interplay between social responsibility and
business influence, gained widespread acceptance and laid the foundation for
subsequent discussions. Carroll (1991) support this notion by talked about how
corporations have a social obligation to the legal, ethical, economic, and
discretionary (philanthropic) organizations in society at large. Because of its widely
acknowledged application, the aforementioned definition has been applied in
business and society (Carroll, 2015). Businesses ought to answer for their impact
on local communities and the surroundings in which they operate. Carroll, (1991)
introduced CSR framework, outlining four key dimensions: economic, legal,
ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities. He argued that companies must
understand and fulfil these fundamental CSR obligations. Stakeholders, according
to Carroll, are individuals or groups with whom companies share bonds of
responsibility or dependence. In contrast, Dusuki, (2008) emphasized the economic
role of businesses, asserting that their primary function is to provide goods and
services to society while maintaining responsible principles. Carroll's (2015) CSR
pyramid represents the spectrum of societal expectations regarding corporate
responsibilities, encompassing legal, economic, philanthropic, and ethical
dimensions. Carroll, (2015) emphasized that the economic dimension is
foundational, supporting the other dimensions. In this model, companies are
expected to fulfil market requirements, prioritizing profit while also addressing
societal responsibilities. Profit is deemed the primary concern, followed by other
responsibilities.

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Pyramid in Sustainability Resilience: Conceptual Clarification

Amidst its increasingly important for businesses globally, community sustainability
is a newly discussed theme in management literature. This concept gained traction
in the 1980s due to corporate scandals and environmental degradation, leading to
the adoption of the triple bottom line approach (Enuoh, 2015; Mogaji et al., 2021).
This approach urges companies to uphold ethical standards and engage with
communities. Although investing in sustainability may incur costs, many
companies view it as an investment in their reputation, which can yield significant
financial benefits. In Nigeria, sustainability awareness was initially low in the early
20th century, with firms prioritizing profit without considering social or
environmental impacts (Amran et al., 2015; Amuyou et al., 2016). However,
globalization and economic expansion have led to an increased focus on
sustainability, especially among multinational firms with significant economic
influence. This shift in focus reflects changing societal expectations following
financial crises in developed countries.

Lim, (2022) coined community resilience (COM-R) as the collective capacity of a

community to respond to change. This discusses how community members
deliberately cultivate their ability, which enables them to influence and adapt to
change, thereby shaping the future trajectory of their community. Resilience depicts
the adaptive capacity of individuals to navigate changes in their socio-economic
and environmental ecosystems, which are in a constant state of flux. Social capital
is highlighted as a crucial element in developing COM-R, as it facilitates
community cohesion and resilience-building efforts (Aman et al., 2023). Resilient
communities are characterized as proactive and self-sufficient, empowering their
members to impact local life (Kwarto et al., 2022). To thrive in changing
environments, communities require capital investments to enhance their resilience.
According to Asuah and Ankoye, (2016), communities possess various forms of
capital that contribute to their productivity, stability, and resilience against external
shocks. Rose and Krausmann, (2013) identifies three types of capital—social,
environmental, and economic—that are essential for maintaining community
cohesion and resilience. These forms of capital are crucial for understanding
resilience at the community level. Steiner and Markantoni, (2014) propose that the
dimensions of COM-R include social capital, information and communication,
networked resource economic development, and community competence.
However, the subsystems of resilience encompass economic, ecological,
governance, civil society, and physical infrastructure (Xu, Marinova, & Guo,
2015). This emphasizes the significance of ecological and physical infrastructure,
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even though Walton et al., (2017) argue that community adaptation, collective
efficacy, and community action are crucial dimensions for adapting to future
changes. These dimensions are seen as key components for building resilience in
real-world applications, as highlighted by Magis, (2010).

Theoretical Framework
The research is anchored on Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, used by Boon
et al., (2016) to measure intervention effectiveness in enhancing community
resilience. This framework focuses on individual characteristics including
economic, social, infrastructure, institutional, and community capitals that foster
resilience among community members (Cutter et al., 2008). Stewart et al., (2009)
support this, suggesting that communities lacking these indicators are not secure
against natural disasters. Resilience, from a socioecological perspective, entails
adaptive capacity, where communities proactively transform and adapt for growth,
preservation, mitigation, relief, and reorganization (Mayunga, 2007). This
approach encourages community members to develop effective actions to mitigate
problems, as argued by Norris et al., (2021), who state that community resilience
theory encompasses capacities and strategies for recovery preparedness.

According to Triple bottom line theory coined as sustainable livelihood framework,

communities possess various assets supporting their livelihoods, including
financial, human, physical, natural, and social resources that can be acquired,
developed, improved, or passed down through generations. McCrea et al., (2014)
identified seven valuable community resources: cultural, social, political,
intellectual, financial, natural, and built capital, which can enhance community
resilience and well-being. Steiner and Atterton, (2015) argue that rural businesses
contribute to community resilience. Therefore, if a company's strategy includes
CSR in community development, it directly impacts community resilience.

Stakeholder theory, as discussed by Freeman, (2010) and expanded in strategic

management, suggests that stakeholders are individuals or groups affected by or
influencing the organization's objectives. This implies that a company's operations
affect the community. This suggests that companies engage in CSR to meet moral,
ethical, and societal obligations to stakeholders, while also strategically advancing
the company's objectives for the benefit of local communities (Freeman &
Dmytriyev, 2017). Managing stakeholders is associated with positive financial
outcomes, although this perspective alone is not sufficient to fully support
stakeholder theory (Russo & Perrini, 2010). Freeman et al., (2010) emphasize that
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a firm's effective management of stakeholder demands and expectations which are

crucial to its overall social performance. Establishing positive relationships with
local communities as stakeholders can provide a competitive advantage, setting
apart companies that respect stakeholder requests. Similarly, Kivits et al., (2021)
highlight a normative approach to stakeholders, focusing on moral behavior
narratives and philosophical principles guiding stakeholder engagement and
corporate management. This perspective emphasizes recognizing stakeholders as
individuals or groups with legitimate interests in both the procedural and
substantive aspects of corporate activities. However, the decision-making process
regarding stakeholder relationships in Nigeria's oil and gas industry is complex,
often involving a delicate balance between the interests of the firm and
stakeholders. This can result in trade-offs and moral dilemmas when allocating
benefits and burdens among individuals (Theodoulidis et al., 2017). Moreover,
firms exercising power and self-interest may clash with traditional morality, which
emphasizes responding to stakeholders with legitimacy. As such, organizations
must adhere to societal norms and boundaries, rooted in the social contract between
corporations and society (Kumar & Singh, 2022), to ensure their CSR initiatives
and sustainability resilience are effective and well-received by local communities.

Empirical Review and Hypotheses Development

The scholarly literature underscores the multifaceted CSR’s impact on various
aspects of society. Ismail et al., (2015) highlighted the positive effects of CSR on
education programs, while Brew et al., (2015) found that CSR activities were linked
to education, health, livelihood, and community aid in Ghana. Degie and Kebede,
(2019) emphasized CSR's role in enhancing community capabilities and well-
being, serving as a crucial link between local communities and the government.
Sarmila et al., (2015) demonstrated the economic welfare benefits of CSR projects,
such as providing income sources, employment opportunities, and asset financing.
Similarly, Al-Zyoud, (2017) emphasized the philanthropic and ethical influence of
CSR on sustainable development. Kim et al., (2019) argued that businesses utilizing
natural resources have a responsibility to enhance community capacity and
resilience. Gibson and Klinck, (2005) stressed the role of markets in driving
industry and supporting sector development, highlighting the importance of
society's ability to negotiate these changes. Buikstra et al., (2010) noted the
relationship between community development and social impact assessments,
providing insights into community quality and assets for successful adaptation to
major changes. Rudito, (2014) argued that practicing CSR through community
development leads to positive changes in sustainability, economic aspects,
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community well-being, and enhances resilience. Moreover, Soetanto et al., (2017)

highlighted the importance of social responsibility in safeguarding-built
environments during floods and other changes, emphasizing the need for collective
community action.

Table 1: Pyramid of CSR and COM-R Model

Construct (s) Pyramid (s) Reference
CSR Initiative Economic, Legal, Ethic, and Carroll
Philanthropic Index (1979)
Sustainability Community Adaptability, Efficacy and Magis (2010)
Resilience Action
Source: Researcher (2024)

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COM-R
CSR Pyramid
Dimension
H1
Communi
Women- ty
Youth H6 H10 Cohesion
Empower
ment H2
Gender H7 Social
Regulatory Inclusio
Performance
Infractions n
H3 Outcome
Employm
ent &H8
Compliance
Insuranc H5
to Industry
Standard

Flood
H9
Actio
Scholarship H5 n
/ Tuition
funding

Housing
Corporate & Food
Legitimacy Provisio
n

Figure 1: Hypothesis Development (Author, 2024)

Despite the acknowledged benefits of CSR activities, none of these studies assess
CSR with resilience pyramids within Niger Delta. Oryani et al., (2022) call for
scrutiny regarding their long-term sustainability in Niger Delta realm. This is
necessary as today’s Nigeria security dynamics criticize whether short-term

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charitable projects genuinely address the root causes of societal challenges or

merely serve as transient remedies. Therefore, the CSR and COM-R model
dimension is proposed based on the below proxies as shown in Table 1:

The proposed hypotheses aim to operationalize and test the relationship between
the CSR and COM-R dimension based on the conceptual framework presented,
focusing on Niger Delta community. This is essential to assess the efficacy of CSR
initiatives and resilience landscape in addressing societal and sustainability
challenges in the Niger Delta. This helps to determine if these initiatives are
genuinely addressing root causes or merely providing short-term solutions. By
testing these hypotheses, researchers can contribute valuable insights into the
development of more impactful CSR strategies that promote long-term community
development and resilience, benefiting not only the Niger Delta but also other
communities facing similar challenges worldwide.

3. Methodology
The research employed online survey to collect insights from Niger Delta
community members, aiming to capture a comprehensive range of perspectives and
facilitate a thorough understanding of the subject. This approach is justified by its
ability to reach a large sample size and its cost-effectiveness, particularly when
studying widely dispersed populations like Nigerians (Wu et al., 2022).
Additionally, it provides a platform to explore sensitive topics, ensuring the
acquisition of reliable and unbiased responses (Andrade, 2020). To this end, the
researcher developed a questionnaire comprising a series of questions with
predefined response options and incorporated an assessment scale, enabling
respondents to express their preferences. As demonstrated by Geldsetzer, (2020),
this method allows researchers to rate responses using a five-point Likert scale,
ranging from "Strongly Support (SS)” rated as 5, "Support (S)" rated as 4, "Neutral
(N)" rated as 3, "Oppose (O)" rated as 2, to " Strongly Oppose (SO)" rated as 1.
This approach is ideal for accommodating a large number of participants while
facilitating diverse and quantifiable data collection.

The research focused on the host communities in the Niger Delta region. This
comprises around 70 oil and gas companies, with 18 classified as Major Oil
Companies (MOCs), employing approximately 10,000 individuals (Uwadiae-
Oyegun, 2023). In contrast, the Niger Delta host communities are estimated to have
a population of about 28.8 million people, with a nearly equal gender distribution
of 49.5% male and 50.5% female, as of 2006. These communities also include 3462
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community leaders, according to the Uwadiae-Oyegun, (2023). The decision to

focus on these respondents was based on their relevance to the research topic, as
they are considered to have essential information due to their interactions within
the shared environment of the oil industry and the host communities. Their
geographical alignment in the Niger Delta region and their shared business
activities also justify their inclusion in the study. The study used “Taro Yamane
Sample Frame Model” based on 5% confidence interval level to determine the
sample size of 520 communities’ members to partake in the research. This is
considered ideal for avoiding bias, streamlining the research process, and saving
time compared to investigating every element in the population (Clements, 2020).

n = N/1+ N (e) 2 …………………………………… i

Where:
‘n’ represents the sample size selected from the target population.
‘N’ stands for the finite target population.
‘e’ indicates level of significance (or limit of tolerable error i.e. 5% for humanities
research like this).
Therefore,
n = 28.81m/1+ 28.81m (0.05) 2
n = 400 respondents
n = 400 respondents + tolerable errors @30%
n = 400 + (30% **400)
n = 520 respondents

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) is

deemed appropriate for analyzing the effect of this study moderating variable, as
suggested by Sarstedt et al., (2023). This is necessary since the research framework
of CSR and COM-R model comprises six primary dimensions: community
adaptability, efficacy and action, legal and ethical, economic, and philanthropic,
which are developed by composite indices measured as a second-order reflective
construct. PLS-SEM is ideal as it allows for the simultaneous analysis of multiple
structural equations, accommodating numerous dependent and independent
variables. It is particularly useful for examining direct and indirect impacts,
including the presence of mediating variables. Moreover, PLS-SEM facilitates the
evaluation of the reliability and validity of study constructs by calculating statistical
tools such as mean, median, adjusted regression (R2), and correlation statistics of
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the variables. Finally, PLS-SEM does not require data normality and can handle
large sample sizes, making it a suitable choice for this study.

4. Analysis and Result Presentation

The study generated 460 electronic responses via Google Form from members of
host communities in the Niger Delta, representing 88.4% of the estimated sample
size. Additionally, more than 40 responses were not generated, while they are still
needed to reach the estimated sample size. Therefore, this study's analysis and
results are based on the 460 responses received, using the partial least squares
equation supported by structural equation modeling.

4.1 PLS-SEM Outer model

Individual item reliability assesses the consistency of an item's score with its
underlying construct. Standardized loadings (λ), representing the correlation
between an indicator and its corresponding latent variable, are used for evaluation.
A loading exceeding 0.707 indicates satisfactory individual item reliability
(Carmines & Zeller, 1979). In this study, all loadings surpassed 0.776,
demonstrating strong individual item reliability (see Table 1, bolded values).
Construct reliability, also known as internal consistency, examines whether
multiple indicators consistently measure the same construct. Two common metrics
are utilized: Cronbach's alpha (Castro & Roldán, 2013) and composite reliability
(ρc) (Hair et al., 2014). Nunnally and Bernstein, (1994) suggest a threshold of 0.7
for both, indicating acceptable reliability, especially for exploratory research. All
constructs in this study exceeded 0.6, confirming internal consistency (see Table
4).

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Table 3: Loadings and Cross Loadings for the Measurement Model

Complia Emplo Housin

Comm nce to Corpor yment Gende g and Regulat Scholars Woman
unity Industry ate and r Food ory hip and and Youth
Cohesi Standar Legitim Insura Flood Inclusi Provisi Infracti Tuition Empower
Item on d acy nce Action on on ons Funding ment

Q1 0.813 0.495 0.100 0.445 0.081 0.279 0.383 0.541 0.139 0.085

Q2 0.962 0.495 0.025 0.562 0.069 0.179 0.267 0.407 0.535 0.169

Q19 0.850 0.495 0.252 0.242 0.121 0.401 0.337 0.254 0.385 0.269

Q20 0.928 0.495 0.391 0.074 0.109 0.013 0.381 0.072 0.352 0.517

Q1 0.013 0.895 0.222 0.207 0.389 0.340 0.370 0.437 0.517 0.173

Q2 0.223 0.848 0.219 0.374 0.219 0.452 0.342 0.294 0.489 0.580

Q4 0.105 0.819 0.118 0.160 0.521 0.091 0.288 0.064 0.199 0.086

Q5 0.375 0.904 0.375 0.341 0.071 0.478 0.252 0.427 0.369 0.625

Q8 0.399 0.746 0.424 0.479 0.124 0.465 0.328 0.432 0.400 0.639

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Q1 0.215 0.359 0.978 0.513 0.355 0.281 0.354 0.292 0.279 0.248

Q2 0.215 0.359 0.776 0.259 0.219 0.219 0.314 0.223 0.198 0.291

Q3 0.185 0.364 0.865 0.316 0.486 0.203 0.473 0.169 0.297 0.133

Q13 0.116 0.326 0.830 0.214 0.658 0.143 0.290 0.083 0.252 0.056

Q2 0.443 0.336 0.429 0.911 0.137 0.682 0.318 0.485 0.420 0.530

Q13 0.416 0.364 0.403 0.874 0.201 0.534 0.375 0.426 0.425 0.494

Q17 0.288 0.350 0.310 0.915 0.322 0.425 0.320 0.255 0.291 0.287

Q19 0.262 0.286 0.194 0.869 0.443 0.195 0.279 0.145 0.286 0.148

Q8 0.262 0.286 0.194 0.369 0.843 0.118 0.247 0.451 0.582 0.164

Q9 0.550 0.134 0.038 0.476 0.893 0.238 0.328 0.166 0.191 0.798

Q15 0.037 0.341 0.447 0.380 0.934 0.381 0.280 0.585 0.134 0.213

Q20 0.442 0.131 0.378 0.585 0.853 0.105 0.020 0.363 0.341 0.317

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Q2 0.215 0.054 0.121 0.454 0.193 0.824 0.198 0.313 0.120 0.380

Q7 0.421 0.145 0.209 0.593 0.206 0.870 0.333 0.124 0.412 0.506

Q16 0.504 0.364 0.094 0.261 0.321 0.854 0.560 0.271 0.200 0.062

Q18 0.344 0.234 0.347 0.538 0.313 0.881 0.280 0.166 0.498 0.632

Q2 0.579 0.113 0.105 0.476 0.129 0.305 0.870 0.585 0.320 0.210

Q8 0.017 0.231 0.289 0.383 0.113 0.470 0.856 0.343 0.395 0.099

Q9 0.128 0.278 0.117 0.203 0.610 0.135 0.923 0.466 0.421 0.041

Q14 0.296 0.220 0.221 0.234 0.097 0.106 0.851 0.051 0.055 0.408

Q1 0.128 0.278 0.058 0.281 0.127 0.149 0.237 0.947 0.421 0.668

Q2 0.359 0.472 0.568 0.333 0.372 0.310 0.408 0.893 0.366 0.338

Q6 0.177 0.496 0.252 0.206 0.342 0.150 0.275 0.876 0.241 0.152

Q8 0.008 0.428 0.077 0.162 0.448 0.080 0.243 0.817 0.170 0.005

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Q1 0.407 0.332 0.429 0.371 0.090 0.487 0.307 0.384 0.930 0.483

Q2 0.385 0.398 0.374 0.379 0.296 0.605 0.370 0.480 0.917 0.437

Q7 0.385 0.398 0.374 0.321 0.148 0.054 0.332 0.017 0.874 0.280

Q20 0.250 0.019 0.328 0.350 0.410 0.354 0.599 0.476 0.848 0.275

Q1 0.203 0.055 0.328 0.036 0.424 0.308 0.527 0.382 0.348 0.923

Q2 0.235 0.102 0.328 0.470 0.097 0.575 0.127 0.038 0.348 0.862

Q10 0.275 0.032 0.328 0.350 0.469 0.354 0.474 0.177 0.348 0.831

Q11 0.103 0.380 0.182 0.249 0.186 0.107 0.433 0.166 0.193 0.846

Q12 0.161 0.392 0.182 0.210 0.329 0.156 0.435 0.187 0.193 0.837

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Convergent validity evaluates the degree to which indicators truly measure the
intended construct. Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is employed to assess this.
AVE reflects the proportion of variance in a construct explained by its indicators,
compared to measurement error. According to Fornell and Larcker (1981), AVE
values exceeding 0.5 indicate that at least 50% of the variance is explained by the
construct (Hair et al., 2014). This study fulfils this requirement (see Table 4).
However, discriminant validity assesses the distinctiveness of constructs from each
other. Two approaches are employed: The Fornell-Larcker Approach which
compares the square root of AVE for each construct with its correlations with other
constructs. The square root of AVE should be greater than all inter-construct
correlations. In this study, all constructs meet this criterion (see Table 4). The
Cross-Loading Analysis which examines whether items load higher on their
intended construct compared to other constructs. It involves comparing correlations
between construct scores and standardized item data. Table 4 demonstrates that this
requirement is also satisfied in this study. Evaluating these criteria helps to ensure
a robust measurement model in their PLS-based research, establishing a solid
foundation for further analysis and interpretation.

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Table 4: Composite Reliability (ρᴄ), Convergent and Discriminant Validity Coefficients

WY
ρᴄ Α AVE CC CIS CL EI FA GI HFP RI STF
E

Community
Cohesion 0.825 0.765 0.675 0.822
(CC)

Compliance to
Industry
0.727 0.709 0.635 0.754 0.797
Standard
(CIS)

Corporate
Legitimacy 0.742 0.674 0.517 0.646 0.794 0.719
(CL)

Employment
and Insurance 0.841 0.818 0.788 0.813 0.748 0.643 0.888
(EI)

Flood Action
0.777 0.736 0.678 0.251 0.673 0.303 0.375 0.823
(FA)

Gender
0.796 0.752 0.594 0.732 0.730 0.624 0.541 0.319 0.771
Inclusion (GI)

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Housing and
Food 0.87
0.891 0.802 0.760 0.774 0.692 0.612 0.844 0.607 0.692
Provision 2
(HFP)

Regulatory
0.83 0.80
Infractions 0.770 0.720 0.650 0.624 0.720 0.514 0.807 0.343 0.763
1 6
(RI)

Scholarship
and Tuition 0.81 0.66 0.76
0.718 0.694 0.583 0.791 0.784 0.561 0.817 0.449 0.682
Funding 5 4 4
(STF)

Woman and
Youth 0.72 0.70 0.73
0.741 0.685 0.652 0.524 0.710 0.699 0.792 0.202 0.749 0.808
Empowermen 0 1 4
t (WYE)

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Note. The square root of the variance shared by the constructs and their
measurements is shown by the diagonal components (bold) (AVE). The
correlations between constructs are considered off-diagonal elements. Diagonal
elements need to be bigger than off-diagonal elements in order to maintain
discriminant validity.

4.2: PLS-SEM Inner model

To predict the ability of endogenous constructs (variables influenced by other
variables in the model) to ascertain the postulated links within the model, the path
coefficients (β) and significance level (@) was assessed. Standardized path
coefficients (β) indicate the strength and direction of the relationships between
constructs. Following Chin, (1998), coefficients with absolute values less than 0.2
suggest negligible influence. Conversely, values exceeding 0.2, ideally surpassing
0.3, provide stronger evidence for a significant relationship. To assess statistical
significance, researcher employed bootstrapping (460 resamples) to obtain standard
deviations and t-statistics (Hair et al., 2011; Henseler et al., 2009). This allows us
to evaluate the strength and reliability of the proposed links (Castro & Roldán,
2013). The specific path coefficients and their confidence intervals will be
presented in detail within Table 3.
Also, the predictive strength (R-squared) was reported. The R-squared (R²) value
reflects the proportion of variance in the dependent latent variables (variables
explained by other variables) accounted for by the model. Higher R² values indicate
greater predictive power. While specific thresholds vary, values greater than or
equal to 0.1 for individual paths are generally considered acceptable (Gallardo-
Vázquez & Sánchez-Hernández, 2014). Overall Model Fit (R-squared) explanatory
power of the model is assessed by the aggregate R² value for all endogenous
constructs. Hair et al., (2014) suggest interpreting R² values as substantial (≥ 0.75),
moderate (0.50 - 0.75), or weak (0.25 - 0.50) based on their magnitude. As depicted
in Figure 1, the model's R² values fall within the range of 0.1 to 0.95, signifying
varying degrees of predictive power across the endogenous constructs. These
criteria helps to assess the inner model's structure and effectiveness in capturing the
relationships between the variables of interest.

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Table 5: Hypotheses Testing

H Β Standard Deviation t Statistics Accepted
Ho5 0.233* 0.055 4.248 Yes

Ho6 1.092* 0.118 9.294 Yes

Ho10 0.608* 0.046 13.307 Yes

Ho9 0.398* 0.068 5.872 Yes

Ho4 0.621* 0.052 11.868 Yes

Ho3 0.527* 0.054 9.724 Yes

Ho7 -0.484* 0.162 2.988 Yes

Ho8 0.474* 0.075 6.344 Yes

Ho1 0.377* 0.044 8.637 Yes

Ho2 0.375* 0.056 6.720 Yes

Note: t (0.05, 4999) = 1.645158499, *p < 0.05

Lastly, endogenous constructs are evaluated for predictive significance using a

reflective measurement model (Roldán & Sánchez-Franco, 2012) and the Stone-
Giesser test or Cross-validated redundancy index (Q2) (Wang et al., 2015).
Consequently, it refers to determining the predictive usefulness of the inner model
(Hair et al., 2014). This test shows how effectively the model and its estimate
parameter reproduce the observed values. For endogenous reflective constructs, the
cross-validated redundancy measure (Q2) is employed (Castro & Roldán, 2013).
Whereas a Q2 less than 0 indicates that the model is deficient, a Q2 more than 0
indicates that the model has predictive value (Hair et al., 2014). Given that a
positive Q2 value is attained, it was realized that the constructions' predictions are
significant (see Figure 2). According to Vázquez and Sánchez (2013), one must
take into account all consequences, both direct and indirect. Table 4 illustrates these
impacts.

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Β
=

Β R2
2
= =Q =0.2
Β
22
=

Β
Β
=
= Β Β
= =

Β R2
2
Β =Q =0.3
=
= 08

Β
=

R2
2
R2 R2 =Q =0.1
2
=Q =0.2
2
=Q =0.3 91
37 30

Figure 2: Result of Hypotheses Testing

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Table 4: Full effects (Direct and Indirect).

Relationship Between Standard t

β
Constructs Deviation Statistics

Compliance to Industry Standard -

0.233* 0.055 4.248
> Employment and Insurance

Compliance to Industry Standard -

1.092* 0.118 9.294
> Flood Action

Corporate Legitimacy ->

0.608* 0.046 13.307
Community Cohesion

Corporate Legitimacy -> Housing

0.398* 0.068 5.872
and Food Provision

Regulatory Infractions ->

0.621* 0.052 11.868
Employment and Insurance

Regulatory Infractions -> Gender

0.527* 0.054 9.724
Inclusion

Scholarship and Tuition Funding - -

0.162 2.988
> Flood Action 0.484*

Scholarship and Tuition Funding -

0.474* 0.075 6.344
> Housing and Food Provision

Woman and Youth Empowerment -

0.377* 0.044 8.637
> Community Cohesion

Woman and Youth Empowerment -

0.375* 0.056 6.720
> Gender Inclusion

Note: t (0.05, 4999) = 1.645158499, *p < 0.05

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All of the relationships developed in the study model were validated by these
findings. It is evident that CSR programs have a significant impact on the
sustainability resilience of the oil and gas businesses operating in the Niger Delta
area of Nigeria. According to previous research (Usman, & Amran, 2015), the study
can also see that there are direct effects of CSR activities factors on sustainability
resilience (see Table 4). However, since the β value establish the evidence of such
causation, the study must reject all of the null hypothesis (H01 to H10). Moreover,
the null hypotheses must be rejected also since its significant level is sufficient and
adequate, indicating that the CSR initiatives’ variables directly impact the various
aspects of sustainability resilience in Niger Delta.

4.3 Findings’ Discussion and Result Implication

CSR represents the commitment and responsibility of a company to use natural
resources in a way that enhances the quality of life, provides economic benefits,
and promotes the well-being of workers, communities, and the nation. In Nigeria,
natural resource management, like oil and gas operations, is a key source of
government revenue and development policies aimed at bringing about economic,
social, and environmental improvements. This industry needs to strengthen society,
encourage community action, and build community capacity to address various
challenges and changes, including those related to exploration and refining. Nigeria
Energy Company’s CSR initiatives must aim to sustain the well-being of
surrounding communities and contribute to their well-being. Therefore, the
implementation of CSR initiative by oil and gas companies has had a positive and
significant impact on sustainability resilience in Niger Delta. This study's results
conform to previous findings by Yadav et al., (2021) and Wang et al., (2015) that
CSR investments enhance individual capacity and promote collaboration among
community members. Magis, (2010) and Hanaysha, (2020) also supports this,
suggesting that changes brought about by company activities leveraging natural
resources improve society's capacity to achieve resilience through community
action. As a result, CSR investments can enhance community capacity and
cooperation, leading to community endurance and resilience.

The study's findings offer significant insights across multiple dimensions. The
research contributes empirically and theoretically by deepening the understanding
of how CSR impacts sustainability resilience, particularly from local community
perspectives. The usage of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling
(PLS-SEM) as an analytical framework enhances the methodological repertoire in
the marketing and accounting field. Moreover, the findings enrich theoretical
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discussions on CSR and sustainability by emphasizing the importance of

community perspectives. Industrially, the results suggest that effective CSR
initiatives can enhance sustainability resilience, guiding companies to align their
strategies with local community needs. Community engagement is highlighted as
crucial, suggesting companies prioritize building strong relationships with local
stakeholders. From a policy standpoint, the research underscores the need for
regulatory frameworks that support meaningful CSR initiatives in the oil and gas
sector, aiding policymakers in developing incentivizing policies. On a managerial
level, the study emphasizes integrating CSR into overall business strategy to
enhance reputation, build stronger community relationships, and improve long-
term sustainability and resilience. In overall, the study's implications are significant
for academia, industry, policymakers, and managers, emphasizing CSR's role in
promoting sustainability resilience in Nigeria's oil and gas industry

5. Conclusion and Recommendations

Over the past two decades, Nigerian oil and gas companies have faced significant
scrutiny for their sustainability practices in the Niger Delta region. CSR has
emerged as a crucial aspect of their sustainability efforts, aiming to promote
transparency and positive societal impacts in line with the global sustainable
development goals. The research motion that integrating socially responsible
initiatives not only enhances the ethical standing of these businesses but also
generates high strategic value, bolstering their sustainability and resilience. In light
of these findings, it is imperative for oil and gas companies to review and enhance
their CSR programs to better meet the needs of Niger Delta communities. This
should involve a reassessment of initiatives including women-youth empowerment,
regulatory compliance, scholarship-tuition funding, and corporate legitimacy.
Furthermore, increased engagement with local communities is essential to tailor
CSR efforts that have a more significant impact on community cohesion, gender
equality, employment rates, flood response, and provision of housing and food. By
collaborating closely with regulatory bodies, firms can ensure compliance with
industry standards which is also critical. This collaborative approach can enhance
CSR initiatives, thereby improving their impact on communities and ultimately
enhancing sustainability resilience. Finally, regular monitoring and evaluation of
CSR initiatives are necessary to gauge effectiveness and make necessary
adjustments to enhance their future impact.

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5.1 Research Contribution, Limitation, Further Areas

The research descriptive value stand by its empirical and reliable demonstration of
the connection between CSR and COM-R model in the Niger Delta region. From a
practical standpoint, as CSR initiatives directly affect the sustainability resilience
of companies, firms can use the study's findings to enhance their CSR efforts based
on the analyzed initiative factors and leverage the synergies between them and
sustainability resilience factors. However, the research is limits by relying on the
PLS-SEM assumptions including linearity, multivariate normality, and correct
model specification. By failure to meet these assumptions, a biased or misleading
results can set in. Moreover, the research does not consider changes in the strategies
of oil and gas companies over time which could potentially impact the effectiveness
of CSR initiatives and their effects on communities. Despite these limitations, the
research is highly relevant to the oil and gas sector and addresses the gap identified
in existing literature. However, further research should focus on the exploration of
the role of stakeholder engagement in enhancing the impact of CSR initiatives.
Stakeholder engagement is critical for ensuring that CSR programs are aligned with
the needs and expectations of local communities. Further research can investigate
the best practices for engaging with stakeholders, including local communities,
government agencies, and non-governmental organizations, to maximize the
positive impact of CSR initiatives. Additionally, there is a need for research that
examines the long-term sustainability of CSR initiatives in the oil and gas industry
in Nigeria. Many CSR programs are short-term and focused on immediate
community needs. However, sustainable development requires long-term planning
and commitment. Finally, further research can explore strategies for ensuring the
continuity and sustainability of CSR initiatives over time, including the
development of partnerships with local organizations and the integration of CSR
into companies' core business strategies. Through this, better exploration of CSR
long-term impact on community and environment can be achieve.

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