∫ 1
a −a
2
da
1
6
3
=2 z −62+3 ln | |
z−1
z+ 1
+C
| |
1
Case no. 1:
( ) −6 ( a )+3 ln
1 3 1
6 6 a 6 −1
=2 a +C
z = √n a or z n=a 1
6
a +1
1 1
| |
2 6
a −a 1
1 1
2 6 a 6 −1
n=6 =2 a −6 a +3 ln 1
+c
6
z = √6 a a +1
a = z6
Given
5
da = 6 z dz
The integrand contains fractional powers of x only
1 so I am going to use case no. 1
a =z3
2
1 The LCD of the powers 1/2 and 1/6 is 6. Therefore
a 6 =z n=6 . when you use z= √n a or z n=a then z 6=a
da ; getting the derivative of a = z 6 which is 6
=∫ 1 1 5
1
a −a2 6 z dz . Then a 2 =z3 and
5 1
6 z dz a 6 =z .
=∫ 3
z −z
5
z dz
=6 ∫ ¿
z( z¿¿ 2−1)
4
z dz
=6 ∫ ¿
( z ¿¿ 2−1)
Substituting the values of , da = 6 z 5dz ,
a 2 =z3 , a 6 =z
z2 - 1 1 1
z2 – 1 z4
z4- z2
- z2
z2 + 1
1
From the basic integration formula
2
[
=6 ∫ z −1+ 2
1
z −1]ⅆz ∫ auⅆx =a ∫ uⅆx where a = 6. Factor out z we
get z(z2-1) then cross out z , therefore
4
z dz
6∫ ¿
2 ⅆz ( z ¿¿ 2−1)
=6 ∫ z ch−6 ⅆz + 2
z −1 Simplify using long division and we get
[ | |]
1
( )
3 2
z 1 U −a z −1+
=6 −6 z+ 6 ln +c 2
z −1
3 2 u+ a
5 3
z 1 z
= + × +C
5 2 3
5 3
Integrate the faction using the power formula . z z
= + +c
5 6
5 3
=
( √1+ 4 a ) ( √ 1+ 4 a )
+ +c
5 6
Finally , substitute the original value of z in the
equation .
∫ ( 8 a+6 ) √ 1+ 4 a ⅆa
Case no. 2
z=√ a+ bx
n
n
z =a +bx
Let ; z=√ 1+4 a
2
z =1+ 4 a Given
2
z −1 4 a
= We use case 2 because the integrand contains fractional
4 4 powers of a + bx .
2
z −1
a=
4 Let z = √ 1+4 a , from the given equation
1
ⅆa = zⅆz To get the value of z2= 1 +4a , move the positive 1 to the
2
¿ left , where it give us z2-1 = 4a . After that , divide both
2
¿ z −1 .
side s by 4 , resulting to a=
= ∫ ( 8 a+6 ) √ 1+ 4 a ⅆa 4
[( ) ]
2
z −1
2
1 Get the derivative of a=
z −1
=∫ 8 +6 ( z ) zⅆz 4
4 2
2
z
= ∫ [ ( 2 z 2−2 ) + 6 ] ⅆz
2
Substituting the values of a and da in the equation where
2
2
z z −1 and ⅆa= 1 zⅆz ,
= ∫ ( 2 z 2 +4 ) ⅆz in a=
2 4 2
then we replace √ 1+4 a ¿ z since z=√ 1+ 4 a
4 2
2 z +4 z
=∫ ⅆz
2 2
= ∫ z 4 ⅆz + ∫ 2 z 2 ⅆz
1 −1
Canceling 8 and 4 which gives 2 . Then we multiply z to
2
2
z ⅆx =
1
3 ( )( ) 1 2
2
( z −1 ) 2 ( 2 z ) ⅆz
z z
which gives
2 ⅆx = 1
3 ( 2 −1 )
2 2
2
Adding -2 and 6 which gives 4 , then we distribute
z
2
( ) ( )( (
3
√ z 2−1
)
z
=∫ z 1
ⅆz
3
3 z −1 )
2 2
Distribute the integral sign to both side
3
Integrating the equation using power formula z2 ( z 2−1 ) 2
=∫
[ ]
1
27 3 ( z −1 ) 2 2
z 2 ( z 2−1 )
=∫ ⅆz
Substitute the value of z which is √ 1+4 a 81
4 2
z −z
=∫ ⅆz
81
1 4 1 2
= ∫ z ⅆz − ∫ z ⅆz
81 81
( ) ( )
5 3
1 z 1 z
= − +c
81 5 81 3
5 3
z z
= − +C
405 203
5 3
= √ 1+ 9 x
( 2
) ( √1+9 x 2 )
− +C
405 2∞
∫x
3
√1+ a x 2 ⅆx
m=3
n=2
m+1 3+1
= =2
n 2
Case no. 3
z=√ 1+9 x 2 ; z 2=1+9 x
2 2
z −1=9 x
2
z −1 2
=x Given
9
x=
√ z −1
9
√ z −1
Since the integrand contain
n q n
x z =a+b x and m, p, q and are all
m+1
x= integers and is an integer then we will
3 n
use case 3 .
m+1 p −2+1 −2
To get the value of x we must transpose 1 to
+ = + =−1
n q 3 3
the other side then divide both sides by 9 the Case no. 4:
get its square root since the x is raised into 2 . n q n
x z =a+b x
x z =4+ z → z =
3
3 3 3 3 4+x
3
x
3
z=
√
3
4+ x
x
3 3 3
Get the derivative x z −x =4
x3 ( z 3−1 ) 4
3
= 3
z −1 z −1
√ z−1 and the value of dx
√3 x 3= 3 34
√
z −1
1
Substitute all terms of x by 4
3 3
−1
x= 1
by
( 13 )( 12 ) ( z −1)
2 2
( 2 z ) ⅆz then replace ( z 3−1 ) 3
( −13 ) ( z −1) (3 z ) ⅆz
1
3 2
√ 1+9 x 2
to z since z=√ 1+9 x
2 ⅆx =4 3
1 −4
ⅆ x =−4 ( z −1 ) ( z 2 ) ⅆz
3 3 3
( −23 )
∫ x (4 + x )
−2 3
ⅆx
Simplifying by canceling like terms =
[ ][ ( )]
1 −2 1 −2
[−4 ( z −1) ( z ) ] ⅆz
Simplify by combining like terms 3 1 4
4 43 3
3 3 3
∫ 1
4+ 1
1 ( z −1 )
3 3
( 2 −1 )
3 3
Isolating then distribute the integral sign
81 = ∫ ¿¿
=
[ ] [ 4 (1+( z −1) )][−4 ( z ) ( z −1) 43 ] ⅆz
−2 −1 −2 −2 2 1
Integrate using the power formula 2
∫ 4 3
( z −1 )3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3
−2 −2
=
−4 ∫ z [ z −1 ]
−1 2 3 3
[ 1+( z −1 ) ]3 −1 3
ⅆz
( z −1 ))
−2 −2
Replace z with its original value which is
√ 1+9 x 2
=
−1 2 [ 3 ]
4
∫ z z −1
3
( 1
1+ 3
3
ⅆz
( )
3 −2 −2
−1 2 3 3 z −1+1
= ∫ z [ z −1 ] 3
ⅆz
4 z 3−1
−2
−2
−1 2 [ 3 ] (z ) 3
3 3
= ∫ z z −1 ⋅ −2
ⅆz
4 3
( z−1 )
−1 2 −2
ⅆx = ∫ z ⋅ z ⅆz
∫ 4
2
−1
x ( 4+ x ) ⋅
2 3 3
= ∫ ⅆz
4
m=-2, p=-2
n=3, q=3
−1
= z+ c
4 Simplify the fraction term to canceling like terms .
1
= −1 ⋅ ( 4 + x ) +C
3 3
Simplifying further by combining like terms we will get
4 x −1
ⅆz
4
Integrate using the basic integration formula which is the
formula 1
Replace the value of z to its original value or form .
Given
Since the integrand has an irrational
function so the case 4 is applicable for this ⅆx
∫
form .
√
23
x ( 2+5 x )
3 2
Case no. 5
Let x n z q equal to a+ b x n which will become
1 −1 −2
3 3
x z =4+ z
3
x= =z ; ⅆ x =−z
z
−2
−z ⅆz
( )
2
Get the value of x isolating the terms that = 1 5 3
2
2+ 3
contains variable x , hence we get z z
1
4
x=
3
, afterwards we will differentiate
ⅆz
1 2
( z −1 )
3 3 = ( 2 z +5 )
3 3
it −∫ 2
z
2
z ⅆz
=∫ 2
( 2 z +5 )
3 3
3
u=2 z + 5
ⅆu=6 z 2 ⅆz
1
nf =
We make the equation in product form it will be much 6
easier to integrate , substitute the value of x and dx in
terms of z and dz .
ⅆu
Distribute the exponents inside the function that’s in = −nf ∫ 2
3
product form and factor out 4 + 4 ( z 3−1 )
−1
so you can ( u)
[]
1
distribute the exponent .
3
−1 u
Combine like terms and put the variable z2 in front so it = 6 1 +c
is easy to simplify .
3
[ ] Using u substitution , let u=2 z 3 +5 then we
1
= −1 3 u 3 + c
6 get the derivative ⅆu=6 z 2 ⅆz and a
neutralizing factor of 1/6 .
1
3
= u +C Integrate by using the power rule or the I.4
2 formula I basic integration formulas .
= ( 2 z +5 ) +c
3 3
(( ) )
1
1
2 3 +5 3
= x
+c
2
( )
3 1
2+5 x 3
3
= x
+C Replace the z with its original value .
2
1
( 2+5 x ) 3 3
Simplify further .
= x
+c
2
=
√3 2+5 x 3 + c Divide the whole equation by x
x
2
Given
We will be using case 5 since the integrand
can be evaluated by letting
1 −2
x= ; hence ⅆ x =−z .
z
1
Substitute in all the x variable as well
z
as ⅆ x ¿−z−2.
Simplify the equation by canceling same
variable
Simplify by multiplying z 2 to the whole
equation in order to cancel z 2 in the
denominator .
