Shirdi Book Book Deer7 lj A fe, Introduce AQ ‘ 4 Wer < Realizing various ~ needs anid the importance of teaching grammar from the primary classes, we ~ introduce these graded books of grammar- “A Functional English Grammar for Beginners.” Care has been taken to focus them on to children’s own vocabulary and simpligity*but they are comprehensive according to the grade for which they are intended. _ We are confident that these books | to VIII of “A Functional English ‘for Beginners” would have a prominent place in all schools which in turn would fulfil the various needs and aspirations of students. _ There is no gain saying that there are a number of books Grammar available. Yet it also is an attempt to meet ‘ing in others. We do hope they would be useful and teachers who involve in the task of m7 for improvement would be 4 + PUBLISHERS10. Ate 12. 238 14, 15. Parts of Speech - A Revision The Sentence Kinds of Nouns - Proper Nouns Common Nouns . Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns Abstract Nouns - Names of Ideas . Collective Nouns ._ Material Nouns Singular and Plural forms of Nouns Singular and Plural forms of Vers Agreement of the Verb with the Subject Kinds of Pronouns - Personal Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns and Demonstrative Adjectives .. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns Relative Pronouns V7 20 99 24 28 30 32 35 38 41 sea ee | en TQS PPSSSSOS SISOS ISIS FISTS ISIS SOSH IIIS PID See e TeeEE AEs re ea O PSSSSSESSSSESOCSELESOSOSSECESEETEOREE OU OD . + j 16. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs a 43 S| I 3 17... Gomiplements-of Verbs >: scons ieee 45 | ‘ 18. Active Voice and Passive Voice i 47 | 19. Direct and Indirect Speech aan 50 | 20. Letter-Writing - A Leave Letter By 53 | COMPOSITION 1 ATOR ASE eo ridin a My ee 59 | 2. EveryPotterPraisesHisPot 85 63 3. God Helps Those Who Help Themselves __...... 66 | 4. Kindness Pays ee ere Oo | 5. Unity Never Fails eae 72 6, ATTAIN SOUITIEY sa es io Sale Rage uD 7 Personal ethers ae ws Ee posers oe Ne i 8. Official Letters Bie 79I. A sentence is a combination of words that give us a complete idea. Eg. 1. India is our motherland. 2. She works hard, . The old man could not walk fast. The aeroplane flew high. . Where do you study ? May I open the window ? - Oh! Sad ! He failed in the exam ! . Oh, my God ! Where is my purse ! ONAN Dw Remember : Every sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a fullstop (.) or a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!) Il. A sentence has two parts. They are: 1. The Subject 2. The Predicate 1. The Subject : The subject is the person or thing who does the action or about whom or which we speak. Eg. 1. The birds fly in the air. Here, ‘The birds’ — is the subject who does the action of ‘flying’. 2. The kites are flying. Here, ‘kites’ — is the subject which does the action of flying. 2. The Predicate : What we speak about the subject is called the predicate. In other words, if we remove the subject, the rest of the words form the Predicate. Eg. Subject Predicate 1. We love our country. ae sleep daily at 11 o'clock. 3. Usha studies in class V. eeFINCTONA ENGUSH GAMMIAR 5 4. Our English teacher teaches well. 5. The tired labourer slept soon. 6. Reading story books —_is my hobby. In the above sentences we get subjects with one word and also subjects with more than one word. (Numbers 4.5) EXERCISE) 1. Write down the subjects and predicates in the following sentences. 1. Rekha wrote to me a long letter. 2. Rahim has two sisters. 3. Lakshmi sings and dances well. 4. Our brave soldiers protect our country. ; 5. The policeman keeps law and order. 6. A lazy man avoids all opportunities. 7. Every good doctor takes care of the patients. 8. The sun shines brightly. 9. Small babies play with dolls. 10. Good behaviour spreads joy.There are eight different types of words in English language according to the purpose served by them and they are called parts of speech. Parts of Speech Function (or) The work that they do. t | | | t | Examples L Ravi, Hari, Delhi, town, Short form : (adj) about a noun. It describes a noun. The articles — a, an, the are also called adjectives. . Noun A noun is a naming Short form : (n) word. Itnamesaperson, | city, boy, girl, man,) thing, animal, quality or | friend, beauty, joy,| an idea. Christianity, Hinduism, | family, army. | 2. Pronoun Pronoun is a word used | 1 my me mine | Short form: (Pron) | instead of a noun to | you your your yours) avoid repetition. we our us ours | they their them theirs he his him his she her her hers | ftieeite. it | 3. Verb A verb is a word that | write, play, enjoy, am, is,| Short form : (v) shows action, state of | are, was, were, has, have, | being or possession. had, do, does, did,| discuss, eat, sleep. 4. Adjective An adjective tells more | good, wonderful, cheer-| ful, joyful, bright, heavy, | ‘one, two, many, several, a, an, the, my, our, their, her. | oo 7 oe5. Adverb Short form ; (adv) 6. Preposition Short form ; (prep) speech : PUNCTIONAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR An adverb describes an action or a verb, It tells how, when, or where an action is done, A preposition shows the re- lation between two things, Itis placed before a noun, Any noun that comes after a preposition is called the object of the A conjunction is a join- ing word, It joins two words or sentences, An interjection expresses sudden emotions or feelings of the mind. It ends with exclamation mark (!) an 1. Mark all the words of the "| Hello ! Oh ! Good Heav- slowly, fast, correctly, yesterday, today, ago, before, here, there, at, on, near, to, in, along, by, beyond, of, into, over, up, with, in front of, out of, and, because, but, till, that, which ens ! Alas ! Hurrah | following sentences and tell their parts of: PARTS OF SPEECH - A REVISION i and Vinod are intelligent students. L +o 4 L Con cn) v) tardy fs) has given me her book. beac beh ab esaaytv) [Uc Prisay/Pundand 7. We met them several times. Loud 4 L ¥) (Pan) ni) co) L) 1s) Berea eae cy ed Chiviren trust their teachers. tea 2 aes (n)__¢v) fap spires) 6) 9. Alas! we missed the train! band 4 44 Gaby) Prana) /ajya) 10. She failed in her examinations. 4 bobs L gon) cv) (Pare9) (P5122) _¢n) 11. The children flew kites. L 4 een. @ @p fy) ©) 12.1 have a meeting tomorrow. ey 1 (P2an)cv) (9) 13. The train was late yesterday.| A Proper Noun is the name of a particular or specific person, place or thing Eg. Vimala goes to St. John’s High School, in Chennai. Here, the words that began with capital letters are proper nouns, Remember these : 1. All proper nouns begin with capital letters. Tom, Jolly, Hyderabad, America. 2. Names of months, days are proper nouns. Monday, Tuesday, April, May. 3. Names of languages are proper nouns. Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, French. 4. Names of news Papers, magazines, titles of books are proper nouns. The Indian Express, The Hindu, The Bible, The Bhagavad Geeta, The Quran. 5. Names of festivals are proper nouns. Deepavali, Christmas, Muharram. 6. Names of great buildings are Proper nouns. The Taj Mahal, The Charminar, The Red Fort, The White House. 7. Names of religions and people who belong to particular religion are proper nouns. Christianity — Christians Hinduism - Hindus Bhudhism —- Bhudhists 8. Names of countries and people who belong to that particular country are proper nouns. Russia -— Russians India - IndiansPs MO PS ee oo KINDS OF NOUNS - PROPER NOUNS 9. The pronoun ‘I’ is a proper noun. I study in class V. I have many friends. (EXERCISE ) Write the names of 3 books, 3 news papers, 3 national leaders and 3 countries. Books ges 2 News papers a National leaders ———_______. —_——__ Countries eee |. Re-write the following sentences using capital letters wherever necessary. 1. asha got a prize on the christmas day. 2. peter's dog’s name is browny. 3. the british people ruled india for many years. 4. i read the bible daily. 5. anita went to hyderabad on friday. 6. the train, “new delhi express” is very late today. 7. i went to mumbai last april. 8. it is very cold in assam in december. . 9. the taj mahal is built by the mugal emperor, shajahan. 10. hindus, muslims and christians are all children of the same god. —ee ll eeA common noun is a name used for any unspecified person, place or thing of the same class or group Examples : boy, girl, uncle, table, pen, town, city, garden, country, poet, sweeper, _ star. Remember these : 1. We usually write common nouns in small letters unless they are used as the first word of a sentence. 2. Allcommon nouns will have singular and plural forms. We must use a or an or the with singular nouns. Eg. 1. Please buy a book forme. / (correct) Please buy book for me. X (wrong) 2. Eatan apple daily. / y (correct) Eat apple daily. (wrong) 3. Call the man here. / (correct) Call man here. X (wrong)COMMON NOUNS LEXERCISE} 1, Pick out common nouns in the following sentences. Answers Common Nouns 1, The train will leave the station soon, 2. Some children are playing on the road. —— _ —_— & Many people came from the town. nnn 4. A woman is milking the cow. ee 5. The dog is a faithful animal. 6. We bought some chairs for our office. 7. Birds make nests. 8. Our car is kept near the gate. 9. A catis sleeping on the cot. 10. Parents love their children. 11. I wear uniform and go to school. 12. She is cooking dinner for the guests. 13. They will buy a new house in the city. 14. Keep your room and things neat. 15. The river flows into the sea. 16. Bad children will not accept their mistakes. 17. My friend gave these flowers. 18. The policeman caught the thief. 7? 135. CORE NOUNS AND ve ee Y 1. Countable Nouns : Nouns that can be counted are called Countable Nouns. (a) All the countable nouns will have singular and plural forms. (b) Countable nouns are also often called Concrete nouns. A concrete noun is something which can be seen, touched or felt, A pen is a concrete noun because it can be seen and touched. (c) We must use a, an or one before a countable / concrete singular noun. a book a table a flower an axe an ant an elephant one picture one towel one room Il. Uncountable Nouns : Nouns that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns. (a) Uncountable Nouns do not have plural forms. (b) We cannot use a, an and one with uncountable nouns. But we must use some, any, plenty of, a little, no. etc with them. (c) Some of the commonly used - uncountable nouns are : water oil tea coffee | meat milk dust knowledge education health news wood bread smokeCOUNTABLE NOUNS AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: (d) With uncountable nouns we must use only singular verbs. Such as is or was, has or had, does or did and ‘S' - ending verbs. Note : Had and did are past forms of have and do. They are used with singular and plural subjects. Read the following examples carefully : Wrong 1. I kept two breads on the table. Her hairs are, beautiful. Many advices are given. All furnitures are good. All news are good. Musics are enjoyable. I drank a water this morning. So many luggages are kept on the bench. 10. She has many works to do. $0 600 SU Cts 300 ND Yesterday's weathers were good. Right 1. I kept some bread on the table. (or) I kept two slices or loaves of bread on the table. . Her hair is beautiful. . Much advice is given. . All furniture is good. . Yesterday's weather was good. All news is good. . Music is enjoyable. . I drank some waiter this morning. PArNAuhwWN . So much luggage is kept on the bench. 10. She has much work to do. |. Pick out countable and uncountable nouns from the box. pen furniture | blood oil farmer water gold tree cow stone sand book leaf Ox dust desk chair meat milk wood music bread air pencil smoke flower table luggage | wisdom | sugar —ee 15 co—FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR - 5 Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Pen. loaf) Baia ahs Sel Sit ed aya Pee iat i hase _Furniteme fl i A; 2 3. 4. ore 6. z 8. 9. 11.6. ABSTRACT NOUNS - NAMES OF IDEAS An Abstract Noun is the name of an idea or a quality. We can neither see it nor touch it but we can understand or feel it. Examples : wisdom cheerfulness beauty honesty love faithfulness truth sincerity peace joy happiness wealth (a) Abstract Nouns can be formed from adjectives. adjective abstract nouns 1. sad ee sadness 2. angry > anger 3. wise ‘ wisdom 4. strong = strength 5. cheerful — cheerfulness 6. bright ~ brightness (b) Abstract Nouns can be formed from verbs. verbs abstract nouns 1. believe - belief 2. admit rad admission 3. choose <3 choice 4. die tn death 5. collect - collection 2 17 oePUNCHONAL PHAN CHASAAAR sis 6, decide ” decision 7, judge - Judgement 8, serve * service 9, think * thought 10. speak ~ speech () Abstract Nouns can be formed from common nouns. common nouns abstract nouns 1. friend - friendship 2. child > childhood | 3, boy * boyhood i 4, mother motherhood 5, infant (child) + infancy (=childhood) 6. thief » theft 7, minister ~ ministry 8. owner > 9. agent ~ >ABSTRACT NOUNS - NAMES OF IDEAS 6. Music brings joy to alll. 7. He took an agency for the Hindu. 8. Good judgement makes one happy. 9. All people respect motherhood. 10. There was a theft yesterday in the city. 11. Freedom brings happiness. 12. She made a correct choice. 13. Make decisions properly. 14. We must have belief in God. 15. Do service to all people. 16. He has enormous strength. 17. I remember my childhood days. 18. I respect his judgement. 19. Work for human goodness. 20. His service is loyal. 21. Show kindness to the poor. 22. Infancy is very much attractive. 23. Pray for wisdom. 24. She spoke with courage. 25. That is a noble thought. 26. His admission is granted. 27. He got ownership certificate of this building. 28. The bravery of the minister is well known. bsnvens 2e-rhlanernee anette A Calteetive Noun vefere to a group or collection ef persone GF things A collation oun fs (nuiatly considered atone thing and 6.119 stigiilay jy fuer andl take a singuhn var, (Sometimes plural verbs Are possibly That will be learned in Higher clawea,) Examples» 4. AW aD © @ group of soklion: Quy at & strong, (ie singular verb) ‘An any of ants & erating over the cake piece, (is crawling = singular verb) & An audience = @ ahoup of people gathered to listen oF see something The audience has got excited during the meeting. (has got = singular verb) XA flock = @ group of animals like sheep or sparrows: A Hoek of sheep is found with the shepherd, A Rock of bids flew away trom the hee, ‘The following are some of the commonly used collective nouns, family feet management bouquet quequeCOLLECTIVE NOUNS [EXERCISE } . Fillin the blanks with suitable collective nouns, a bas LCh __reys ts ost (group / buneh) 2. Ow _feanr will play today (club / team) 3. ee 2___ is there to buy the cinema ticket, (team / queue) 4. a—tihneny of books is a great thing (library / class) 5. On cbchasl __ is having Christmas holidays. (school / herd) 6A = eaigset is presented to the chief guest, (bundle / bouquet) 7. A—Gang of thieves is arrested. (club / gang) 8. ADOT a _ of cattle is in the field, (herd / crowed) 9. Our eee has eleven members. (group / team) 10. A__C2wiJd is found at the accident place. (crowd / gang) 11. Indian Wf _is on alert. (army / police) 12. Our _povetlnwcat— is demanding people's participation. (government / team) 13. Our Schaal ___is having science fair. (school / team) 14, Respect the Aan gies hibt the institution. (management / eam) 15. There was £01) <)____ to meet the film actress (crowd / gang) 16. Our__ClafS is having a test. (class / team) 17. Their_b @arA ___ is working hard. (team / club) 18. A__fundle of clothes is sent. (bundle / bunch) 19. He gave mea ba get — of flowers. (bundle / bouquet) ¢ SO 2 0\ whicl 7 Material Nouns are names of some substance or matter out of which some. thing is made. Examples 1. Tables are made from the material of wood. 2. A chain is made from the material of gold or silver. 3. A pot is made from the material of clay. 4. A book is made from the material of paper. A smooth flooring is made from the material of marble. Her dress is made from the material of silk. Remember these : [L. Material nouns do not have plural forms] We should not say : woods, golds, silks, cottons, clays, papers, marbles, glasses, wools, coppers, irons. Study these examples : Wrong expression Right expression 1. These statues are made of marbles. These statues are made of marble. 2. These bottles are made of glasses. These bottles are made of glass. 3. These sweaters are made of wools. These sweaters are made of wool, 4. These pots are made of clays. These pots are made of clay. 5. These chains are made of golds. These chains are made of gold. i Material Nouns are considered to be singular in form and they take a singular verb. Examples : 1. Marble is sold here. (is = singular verb) 2. This wood is of poor quality. (is = singular verb) Ce cote a on ro__MATERAL NC 3. Plenty of cotton is grown here. ri caper vel 4. Iron is a hard matel. (is = singular verb) EXERCISE) 1. Correct the mistakes. 1. Trons are costly now a days. tment 54 Ty: 2. These tables are madé of woods es These tables are Mack OF long 3. Cottons are grown in our field. Cot kar8S Gnawa ‘Mau Field 4. Woods are used‘for furniture. r locod {5 USed Fr? Bos pi tome 5. | want some papers. Xe wet same Da 6. Clays are used to make bricks. Cis uted beldaKe barichs a Colhs i lte opbe tate a ne & 0 2 8. Marbles are not available here. tanble iS pot a Jatlab Je hone 9. Glasses are used to make mirrors. ‘ Glas 1S ped b ik g 10. Wools are used to make blankets. Vlad speed ts nced ke puke Wankel 11. He 100 grams of golds. tie Teugata Pas oF geld 12. Coppers are capper S CnSth : 13. Steels are used in building construction. Steel 54 id_borldige Cats tea ctaan e+ 2 ee aULAR AND PLURAL 9. SING FORMS OF NOUNS Nouns are either singular or plural in number. 1. Singular Noun : When we talk about one abook, apen, a family ahouse oneman an elephant oe | [Remember thi : aor an means © 1. Plural Noun : When we talk about more than one person or one thing, we call ita plural noun, ten books five chairs two houses three brothers many people several ideas Ill. Rules for making plural nouns : 1. Add “S to the singular nouns. person or one thing, We call it a singular noun, : singular plural | book + s > books j dog + s > dogs ' tree +s = frees i letter +s + letters i dats > days 2. Sometimes we add ‘es’ to the singular nouns. box + es a boxes : bench+es > benches hero+es > heroes mango+es > — mangoes church +es > churchesSINGULAR ANO PL 3. If the singular nouns end in ‘y, then remove y and add ies. lady > ladies baby > babies city - cities family = families duty a duties Exceptions : These words do not change. day > days toy * toys ray > rays key 4 keys monkey > monkeys 4. Nouns ending in f or fe change into ves. life om lives knife = knives thief ce thieves wife ge wives wolf > wolves calf > calves loaf = loaves shelf > shelves Exceptions : belief oh beliefs roof > roofs proof Ed proofs chief oe chiefs relief + reliefs 5. Some singular nouns have irregular Plurals. Singular Plural child 3: Children man oe menwoman goose tooth ox mouse foot ree t + + dt louse FUNCTIONAL ENGUSH GRAMMAR=5_—__ aceite women geese teeth oxen mice feet lice | | 6. Some nouns have the same form in singular and plural. sheep = deer cod > fish > aircraft > swine > sheep deer cod fish (fishes) aircraft swine 7. If a noun has more than one word, then add S to the main word. | father - in - law mother - in - law | daughter - in - law | maid - servant general - manager arm - chair Ox - cart man - servant Passer - by 8. Plurals of pronouns { I > ei you he / she / it this that eva myself = fathers - in - law =2 mothers - in - law Se daughters - in - law eo maid - servants > general managers a arm - chairs i Ox - carts = men - servants a passers - by we me > us you mine > ours they you = you these yours > yours those him/her > them ourselves his > theirsSINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS yourselves this is > these are yourself > himself Se themselves herself > themselves itself = themselves (EXERCISE ) 1, Change the following sentences into plural sentences. 1, Aman - servant is painting. Eg. Men servants are painting. 2. A woman is sweeping. 3. A boy caught a mouse. 4. A deer is a mild animal. 5. A cow eats grass. Il. Change into singular sentences. 1. Foxes are cunning animals. Eg. A fox is a cunning animal. 2. Teachers are teaching. 3. Girls are dancing. 4. Babies are crying. e0 27 +e | | | 5. Maid - servants are washing.Ce ae eT ene eee 10. SINGULAK AND PLURAL FORMS OF VERBS Verbs have singular and plural forms, Do not get confused by ‘S Remember that nouns ending in ‘S' are usually plural ‘S are singular, singular noun book house pen bat bird singular verbs A boy writes Agirl dances She plays A child cries He does She sings My friend agrees Remember these : ‘S' - ending verbs are used only in simple present tense, with third person singular subjects. In past tense and future tense, same verb is used with singular and plural subjects, eee 8 eS endings But verbs ending in plural noun books houses pens bats birds plural verbs Boys write Girls dance They play Children cry They do They sing Our friends agreeStudy these examples : Singular 1. A cat drank milk. 2. A little girl danced well. 3. She will come tomorrow. 4. He will write to me. SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF VERBS Plural Cats drank milk Little girls danced well. They will come tomorrow. They will write to me SE) 1. Choose correct verb forms from the brackets and fill in the blanks. 1. The sun brightly. (shine / shines) 2. He a race. (run / runs) 3. She well. (dance / dances) 4. My friends swimming. (likes / like) 5. A child care and love. (want / wants) 6. Birds in the air. (flies / fly) 7. A policeman order. (keep / keeps) 8. She __ to talk French. (know / knows) 9. A cobbler shoes. (repair / repairs) 10. Plumbers pipes. (repairs / repair) 11. Fishermen fish. (catches / catch) 12. Doctors for the patients. (cares / care) 13. A milkman milk. (bring / brings) 14. Donkeys (bray / brays) 15. Birds (sings / sing) 16. A cat (mew / mews) 17. His sister well. (write / writes) 18. Pilots aeroplanes. (flies / fly) 19. Birds nests. (builds / build) 20. Ships on water. (sail / sails) =O 29 0.11. AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBJECT I, Subjects and verbs must agree in number. That means, singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. Observe carefully these sentences in A and B A 1. Agi dances Sitgect Seat 2. Achild is sleeping. a ir ([Link]) _([Link]) 3. The boy is running. B 1, Girls dance. (plural (plural Subject) verb) 2. Children are sleeping. (plsubj) —__(plverb) 3. The boys are running. ([Link]) _([Link]) {plsubj) (plverb) 4. Abird flies 4. Birds fly. (plsubj) ([Link]) 5. My friends go to school. (plsubj) (pLverb) (sing subj) ([Link]) 5. My friend goes to school. (sing subj) (sing. verb) We know that subjects of group A sentences are in the singular number and their verbs are also singular. In group B, the subjects are in the plural number and their verbs are also plural. Il. When a sentence has two singular subjects joined by the conjunction “and” the verb is plural. 1. Vimala and Kamala are friends. ee toes 2. Suresh and Dilip play chess... (plsubj) ([Link]) —ee 30 +e—AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBJECT 3. The cat and the dog are natural enemies (plsubj) (piverb) (EXERCISE } 1, Use correct verb forms. 1. Apen on the table. 2. My friends __ playing. 3. An aeroplane hs high in the sky. Benes dancing. 5. We neighbours. 6. These my books. 7. They__________ students of class V. 8. The sun bright. 9. It___...___a beautiful building. 10. Somebody ____________ singing. 11. My father and mother _____ doctors. 12. She ______ absent yesterday. 13. Boys___ playing cricket yesterday. 14. Adeer ___ a mild animal. 15. This picture ___ beautiful. 16. These pictures ____ beautiful. 17. How many students ________ present yesterday ? 18. I correct ? 19. he a doctor ? 20. she working as a teacher ? — es 1 812. KINDS OF PRONOUNS- PERSONAL PRONOUNS A Pronoun stands for a noun. It is used to avoid repetition. Eg : Arun is a doctor. He works at G.G.H. Read the following examples carefully 1. Tam Usha. This is my table. My father gave me this table. These books are mine. teeing actameec sie rear] pronouns of the Ist person singular. 2. Wemadeamisake. = Our teacher told us to be careful. That mistake is ours. st Here, we, our, us, ours > are personal Pronouns of the 1st person plural. 3. You have a computer. Your father gave you the computer. The computer is yours. Here, you, your, you, yours > are personal pronouns of second person singular and plural. Note : Girl, You are walking slowly. (singular) Girls, You are walking slowly. (plural) Thus, there is no difference when we use you as singular and you as plural. The same word “you” is used both in singular and plural. MS 2 cc eeeeseseseSsSsse res ____ KINDS 0F PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS 4. He drives a car. This is his car. Anil bought him this car. | This car is his. [ Here, he, his, him, his > are personal | Pronouns of the 3rd person singular, masculine a 5. She bought a bag. j This is her bag. | Please give her this bag. This bag is hers. | Here, she, her, her, hers > are personal pronouns of the 3rd person singular, feminine gender. 6. Itisa table. Sunil bought it yesterday. But its leg is broken. Here, it, it, its > are personal pronouns of 3rd person singular, in neuter gender. 7. They have a garden. That is their garden. Many people speak to them. The garden is theirs. Here, they, their, them, theirs > are personal pronouns of 3rd person plural used o- 33 ee— | ' | instead of persons and things.I. Use personal pronouns wherever necessary. 1. Anil met Anil’s friends 2. Vinod always talks to Vinod’s neighbours. 3. Usha's sisters play with Usha. 4. Hari bought a book for Hari’s brother. 5. Vimala and Kamala went to Vimala and Kamala’s school. 6. Sita has driven Sita’s car. 7. Pradeep saw Pradeep’s face in the mirror. 8. Children played with children’s doll. 9. Mohan wrote to Mohan's friend. 10. Boys are sitting in boys’ room. 11. The monkey lost monkey's tail. 12. John is reading John’s book in John’s room. 13. Tom talked to Tom’s mother. 14. Ann is welcoming Ann's friends. ee 4 cc15. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES 1, Demonstrative Pronouns : The word “demonstrate” means to point out or to show. Thus, a demon- stvative pronoun points out persons or things for which they stand. Remem- ber, & pronoun stands for a noun. Examples ; 1, This is my friend's car Here, the word ‘this’ is used to point out the car. “This” stands for my friend’s car. Thus, “this” = is a pronoun. 2. That is Kamala’s house Here, the word “that” is used to point out “Kamala’s house”. ‘That stands for “Kamala’s house”. Thus, ‘that - is a pronoun. 3. These are my books. 4. Those are our neighbour's buildings. 5, Such are his mistakes. In sentences 3,4,5 the words, these, those and such are demonstrative pronouns because they point out books, buildings and mistakes. Il, Demonstrative Adjectives : The same words which are used as demonstrative pronouns — this, that, these, those, such — are used as Demonstrative Adjectives also. Hence, it is easy to get confused to decide whether a word is a demonstrative pronoun or demonstrative adjective. A Demonstrative Adjective points out which per- son or thing we speak about. Observe the following sentences : 1. This book is mine. In this sentence ‘book’ is a noun and ‘this’ describes the noun. Thus ‘this’ — is an adjective. But the word ‘this’ points out the noun. So we call it demonstrative adjective. é ee eeFUNC HORIAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR: 8 Fiyat house is Rama's al) (Haun) word ‘that! ponte out and deseribes the noun = "house* & that — isa demonstrative adjective 1 Sup bh ine penta often happen here, (demon adi) (rein) The word ‘such’ points out and describes the noun “incidents, g. such’ ~ is a demonstrative adjective, Remember these 1, Demonstrative adjectives are placed just before the nouns. Eq. This book, That man, Sueh things ete, 2. A Demonstrative pronoun ts placed before a verb. It is @ substitute for a Noun. TEpoints out the persons oF things for which they stand, Fa That idea is excellent, (that - demo. adj. placed before the noun-idea) brad (od) (noun) ‘That isan excellent idea, (that « demo, pron placed before the verb - i) 4 4 ([Link]) (verb) ‘Those cornputers are oll, (thowe « demo, eel. placed before the noun - computers) L (avcl)) Those are old computers, (those - demo. pron. placed before the verb - are) | L i ; (demo pro) (verb) (EXERCISE) |. Pick out demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives in the fol lowing sentences; And say why ¢ 1, This is a gift for you, Here, ‘this’ stands for gift. So, this ~ is a demonstrative Pronoun. 2. This man is our servant, 4 Here, ‘this’ points out and describes the noun ‘man’, So, this ~ is a demonstrative adjective. : —_ 6DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES Keep those books on the table. 4. This is my classroom. Those flowers are beautiful. a a . That girl is our neighbour, 8. Such are our conditions, 9. Such problems must be solved. 10. That is our gate. 1 = . That elephant belongs to the circus group. 12. Be careful about using that knife. 13. That is a beautiful bird. 14. My sister uses this scooter. o- 37 ce| 14, REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS I. Reflexive Pronoun : Pee Sh i for whe: A Reflexive Pronoun is a word used as 4 substitute ie verb are the same. Fo! ; u, him, her and it. subject and object of the this purpose we attach the word “self” to singular words : my, yo Eg. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself. And also we add “selves” to plural words : ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Observe these examples carefully : Eg: Hari saw Hari in the water. L 4 (subject) (object) Que : Hari saw what ? Ans : Hari (object) Here, subject is Hari; and object also is Hari. Since subject and object are the same person, we substitute it with a pronoun. That kind of Pronoun is called — Reflexive Pronoun. Hari saw Hari in the water. This sentence looks awkward and ugly. We can write this sentence in a better way as : Hari saw himself in the water. Here, ‘himself’ is the same as Hari or a reflexion or a “turning back” of Hari. Thus it is called Reflexive Pronoun. Now observe these carefully : 1. I saw myself in the water. I > subject myself > object Here, | and myself are the same. So ‘myself’ is called reflexive pronoun. 2. We saw ourselves in the water. We > subject ourselves > object Here the subject and the object are the same. So, “ourselves” is a reflexive pronoun. -@- 38 ce3. REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS You saw yourself in the water you + subject yourself object Here the subject (you) and the object (yourself) are the same. So yourself is a reflexive pronoun, . Children can see themselves in the water, (children) + subject (plural) themselves -* object (plural) Here the subject and the object are the same. So “themselves” = is a plural reflexive pronoun. . He saw himself in the water (himself - 1eflexive pronoun). . She saw herself in the water (herself - reflexive pronoun). 5. 6. 7. 8. It saw itself in water (itself - reflexive ponoun) . They saw themselves in the water (themselves - reflexive pronoun). ll. Emphatic Pronoun : In Emphatic Pronouns and Reflective Pronouns we use the same words such as myself, yourself, himself, herself and itself and ourselves, yourselves, themselves. But their functions are different. When we express something with a force or stress or emphasis, we call it emphatic. Emphatic Pronouns are words used to stress or to emphasize the importance of the subject. Emphatic pronouns come immediately after the subject. 9 8dee — ENGUSH GRAMMARS Examples : 1. I myself did that work Lis the su ee Here, “I myself” — means only Iand no one else 2. She herself has reported it She + subject herself > emphalic pronoun Here, “She herself” means only she and no one else. 3. They themselves are responsible for the work. They > subject themselves > emphatic pronoun Here, “They themselves” means only they and no one else. 4. Girl, you yourself should do it. (singular) 5. Girls, you yourselves should do it. (plural) For singular you > yourself For plural you > yourselves EXERCISE EXERCISE | 1 Pick out Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns in the following sentences. Answers 1. We enjoyed ourselves during the picnic. _Ourselves-reflexive _ 2. I myself went to meet him. SS 3. The servant cursed himself. eee 4. They themselves have got the prize. ae 5. Vinod blamed himself for the mistake. ee 6. The dog bit itself. pects 7. You have ruined yourself. ee 8. He has hurt himself. a 9. Hari himself said it. 10. We ourselves want to go there. 11. Vimala herself saw the snake. a 12. I hurt myself. ‘4 ee 13. Our dog itself is barking. 14. My mother herself cooked the food. 15. You yourself can decide it.15. RELATIVE PRONOUNS A Relative Pronoun relates or refers back to a noun which Is mentioned already. A relative pronoun does the work of a conjunetion by joining two sentences, Who, which and that are relative pronouns in English. Different forms of who are given below, subject object possessive who whom whose (who) 1, Who and whom + These pronouns are used only with persons, subject object _ possessive which which whose (that) (that) of which 2. Which / that or whose / of which are used for things or animals. Observe the following : 1. I saw a little girl. The little girl was crying. I saw a little girl who was crying. Here, ‘who’ - is a relative pronoun used instead of “a little git!”, 2. I bought this book. This book I wanted to buy earlier, I bought this book which I wanted to buy earlier, Here, ‘which’ — is a relative pronoun used instead of “this book”, 3. This is a costly watch. I got this watch as a gift. This is a costly watch that got as a gift. Here, that - is a relative pronoun used instead of watch. —_—————— OS orFUNCTIONAL ENGUSH GRAMMAR - 5 Remember these : 1. Who, which and that are used for singular as well as plural nouns. 2 noun takes a plural verb. Examples : 1. Call the girl who (singular (singular (singular noun) relative” verb) pronoun) 2. A singular relative pronoun takes a singular verb and a plural relative pro. stands near the gate. 2. Call the girls who stand near the gate. L (plural noun) (plural (pera Pronoun) eo) EXERCISE 1. Fill in the blanks, choosing correct relative pronouns from the brackets, 1. I knew the man stole my watch. (which / who) 2. He lost the book I gave him. (who / which) 3. Pradeep said something nobody could understand. (that / who) 4. This is an interesting novel Tread yesterday. (who / which) 5. Call the boy is at the door. (which / who) 6. I bought a pet dog ran everywhere. (who / that) 7. This is the girl won the match. (which / who) 8. This is the pen Tbought yesterday. (who / which) 9. These are the books you asked for. (who / that) 10. The house T bought is a costly one. (that / who) 11. The girl you want to meet is my sister. (whom / which) 12. We remember people help us. (which / who) EO FEF Ricken A16. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS I. Transitive verb ; A verb th. Verb. at requires an object to complete its full meaning is called a Transitive Read the following sentences : 1. Hecaught_______ (the ball) 2. Suresh killed F (a snake) 3. She lost (her purse) These sentences are incomplete. We are curious to know “What he caught”, or what Suresh killed or what she lost. When we add proper words to each sentence, we get a complete meaning as follows : 1. He caught the ball. 2. Suresh killed a snake. 3. She lost her purse. What we added are - “the ball”, “a snake”, “her purse”. These added words are objects of the verbs caught, killed and lost. Thus wherver objects are needed to complete the meaning of the verbs, we call them Transitive Verbs. Note : To find out the object of the verb, ask the question, “what ?” or “whom ?” to the verb. The answer is the object or just think who receives the effect of the action or to whom the action goes. That is called the object of the verb. Il. Intransitive Verb : A verb that does not need an object to give a clear and full meaning is called an Intransitive verb. —o- 43 ce 2 eeeFUNCTIONAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Read the following : 1. Itrained heavily, 2. The baby slept well Now ask the question, “What rained ?” “What the baby slept ?" “What she come ?” All such questions are awkward and look funny. We don't get any answer. Infact there is no receiver. So there is no object for these verbs “rained”, “slept” and “came”. They are Intransitive verbs. The words, “heavily, well and late” are not nouns (objects) but adverbs which tell how the actions are done. 3. She came late. whether the verbs are Transitive or Intransitive. Verbs Objects Intransitive . Vimala wrote a poem. wrote apoem_ ___ Transitive _ We went out. no object Intransitive _ . She is sleeping. Intransitive _ . Shalini bought a pen. Co i is Prem distributed the prizes. The teacher punished me. peer ta . She danced well. Hari sold his bike. 9. Sita showed a picture. 10. I shalll give it. 11. My mother prepared food. 12. We made a kite to play. 13. He stopped the car. 14. He cut his finger. 15. The cat caught a mouse. ONAN PWNThe word “complement” means that which completes the meaning — of certain verbs. Some verbs do not accept objects to complete their meanings; But fullness of meaning is brought by complements. Such verbs that accept complements are : am, is, are, was, were, feel, seem, look, become and appear. A complement can be a noun, a pronoun, an adjective, a participle, an adverb, an infinitive or a phrase. Read the following : 1. A cat is an animal. (Here, after the verb “is” we get the complement a noun - animal.) . It is he. (Here, after the verb “is” we get the complement, a pronoun — he.) . Ramesh is smart. (Here, after the verb “is” we get the complement, an adjective — smart.) . Anil seems worried. (Here, after the verb “seems”, we get the complement, past-participle — worried.) . The T.V. is on. (Here, after the verb “is” we get an adverb — on ~ as complement.) . The house is to let. (Here, after the verb ‘is’ we get an infinitive — to let — an infinitive — as complement.) . Akbar was a great king. (Here, after the verb ‘was’ we get a phrase — a great king — a phrase — as complement.) oe 45 cebe i 3. 4 De 6. 7. 8. 2 . 10. die 12. 13. 14. (bo 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist. 8. She became happy. (Here, after the verb ‘became’ we get an adjective as com| (EXERCISE } 1. Pick out the verbs and say what kind of complements ar She is sick. . Indians are intelligent. . He is an American. . Ramesh is absent. These are my questions. . Our room is air-conditioned. . Doctors are busy. . Vinod is my friend. . He is an engineer. She seems to be happy. The building was great. The manager will be angry. This chain is of great value. I feel tired. These children seem to be hurried. Those girls appear smart. His parents became happy. Our examination seems to be easy. They are merchants. plement.) e used, Complements Verbs is sick-adj. complement S16 oo sssSsSSS —18. ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE VOICE | __ Read the following sentences carefully : 1. Suresh drives our car, Both these sentences mean the same thing. In sentence 1, we stress the | subject, Suresh. We Give importance to the subject. That means, Suresh is the Doer of the action of drivin, call it Active Voice, ' | 2. Our car is driven by Suresh ig. Thus, when the subject is given importance, we In sentence 2, the subject, Suresh is taken to the last as unimportant. We give stress or importance to the action — “is driven”. When importance is given to the action — verb, we call it Passive Voice. Passive means unimpor- tant. In Passive Voice Sentences, subject is made unimportant. Rules of changing Active voice sentences into Passive voice sentences : 1. Find out the subject, verb and object of the active voice sentence. 2. Keep the object of the Active voice sentence as subject of the passive voice and use the verb according to the number of it, 3. Use different forms of the verb Be (i.e. am, is, are, was, were, being, been) plus past participle of the given verb. 4. Make the subject of the active - voice sentence as an agent. That means use by Suresh, by him, by them etc. But, sometimes we can leave out the by — expression, if we do not want to say who is the Agent of the action. 5. Use correct tense pattern. That means, if simple present tense is used in the active voice, then simple present tense — must be used in the Passive voice also. If simple past tense is used in the active voice, then simple past tense must be used in the passive voice and so on. ee 2 es ee. Study these examples : Active voice Passive voice Simple Present tense Simple Present tense 1. Everybody ; likes ; Dilip. Dilip | isliked by everybody, Present Continuous 2. Usha is writing a letter. Alletter , is being written , by Usha. t L 4 t c L ieubijact verb) object) objet | (ver Be + being (agent! ‘singular bocene 3 Present Perfect tense Present Perfect tense 3. Usha | has written jletters. Letters) have been written) by Usha. ed, 4 £4 +. | L | + isubject}| (verb) topes | jobect_ | have been + past | (agent) Gah | 4. She has done the work. (active voice) The work has been done by her. (passive voice) Simple Past tense Simple Past tense ae = a Aletter | was written | by Usha. bn (ver) | (object) | eet eee, oe oe ee ice by Usha. L rary (eect (obec te | a Continuous i Past Continuous Past ae rh Meni e being writen bv Ute, ode (vet) | (oss) wth di Bs, ° 48