By

:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

BI
O122:I
NTRODUCTORYBI
OLOGYI
I(3UNI
TS)EXAMI
NATI
ONTUTORI
ALQUESTI
ONS

SECONDSEMESTER

[Link]
onofi
dent
ical
sexcel
l
sdur
ingsexual
repr
oduct
ioni
nfungi
iscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link] b.I
sogamous [Link]
sogamous [Link]
asmogamy

[Link]
epi
nvi
ral
repl
i
cat
ioni
s..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
nthesi
sofpr
otei
nandnucl
eicaci
duni
ts [Link]
tachmentandent
rance

[Link]
easeofnewv
iral
par
ti
cles [Link]
heabov
e

[Link]
agi
bact
eruni
quear
etheol
destandmostabundantor
gani
sm

[Link]
eri
athatneedsoxy
genf
ort
hei
rrespi
rat
ionar
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
tat
iveanaer
obes [Link]
igat
eaer
obes [Link]
i
gat
eanaer
obes [Link]
nthet
ic

[Link]
rusesar
egr
oupedaccor
dingt
onucl
eicaci
dcomponent
,hostanddi
seasest
heycauseTRUE/
FALSE

[Link]
eri
arepr
oduceasexual
l
ybybi
nar
yfi
ssi
on

[Link]
eri
stheuni
tofmeasur
ementi
n..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
eri
a [Link]
gae [Link] [Link]
rus

[Link]
ingcel
l
sfor
minbact
eri
alcel
l
sar
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
es [Link]
es [Link]
es [Link]
diophor
es

9..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.pr
ovi
desr
igi
dit
yandchannel
sfort
ranspor
tat
ionofwat
er,
miner
alsandf
oodmat
eri
alsi
npl
ant

[Link]
lem [Link]
oem [Link]
dri
b [Link]

[Link]
rangement
sofv
einsandv
einl
eti
npl
ant
sleafi
scal
l
edv
enat
ion

11..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..i
sthepat
ter
nofl
eav
esar
rangementonst
em orbr
anchesi
npl
ant
s

[Link]
icul
ate [Link]
all
el [Link]
ll
otaxy [Link]
te

[Link]
chaebact
eri
aandeubact
eri
aar
etheki
ngdomst
hatr
epl
acet
heki
ngdom .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
a [Link]
oti
sta [Link] [Link]
ant
ae

13..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..ar
ethepr
imi
ti
vebact
eri
athati
nhabi
tshar
shenv
ironment

14.I
nthebi
nomi
alnomencl
atur
e..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..ar
esi
mil
aror
gani
smswi
thcl
oser
esembl
ance

[Link]
es [Link] [Link]
ass [Link]
der

[Link]
ootor
igi
nat
efr
om t
hebaseoft
hest
em t
ofor
mthe.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
yrootsy
stem [Link]
ti
aryr
ootsy
stem [Link]
ent
it
iousr
ootsy
stem [Link]
brousr
ootsy
stem

1
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
ent
it
iousr
ootar
eroot
sthatar
isef
rom pl
antpar
tsot
hert
hant
her
adi
clesTRUE/
FALSE

17..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hemodi
fi
edr
ooti
nRhi
zophor
athati
susedf
ort
aki
ngi
noxy
genf
orr
espi
rat
ion

[Link]
opr
oot [Link]
il
troot [Link]
ophor
es [Link]
oot

[Link]
oothai
rsi
nfl
ower
ingpl
ant
sisdev
elopedf
rom t
he.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
oft
her
ootsy
stem

[Link] [Link]
onofmat
urat
ion [Link]
onofel
ongat
ion [Link]
onofmer
ist
emat
ic

19..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hemodeofnut
ri
ti
oni
nfungi

[Link]
mbi
osi
s [Link]
asi
ti
c [Link]
ophy
tic [Link]
erophy
tic

[Link]
ascul
art
issusofpl
antusedf
orconduct
ingwat
eranddi
ssol
vedmat
eri
ali
scal
l
edxy
lem

[Link]
fi
edl
eav
est
hatcov
erandpr
otectt
hebudi
nfl
ower
ingpl
ant
siscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
ips [Link]
es [Link] [Link]
act
s

22..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..i
sthedi
ploi
dspor
epr
oduci
nggener
ati
oni
nmossesl
i
fecy
cls

[Link]
got
e [Link]
ophy
te [Link]
ophy
te [Link]
ocy
te

23.
Thepresenceofwaxycuti
cleandthedev
elopmentofgamet
angi
aar
ethecommonf
eat
urest
hat
makesbr
yophytet
oadaptl
andhabi
tat TRUE/
FALSE

[Link]
eri
aar
epr
okar
yot
es TRUE/
FALSE

[Link]
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snotaf
unct
ionofst
em

[Link]
er,
miner
alsal
tsandphot
osy
nthesi
s [Link]
orageoff
oodandsuppor
t

[Link]
eadi
ngoutbr
anchesbear
ingl
eav
es,
flower
sandf
rui
ts [Link]
heabov
e

[Link]
chpar
toft
hepot
atopl
anti
smodi
fi
edt
ost
oref
ood

[Link] [Link]
em [Link]
oot [Link]
ent
it
iousr
oot

27..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..ar
ethel
ater
alst
ruct
uresatt
hel
eafbaseofangi
osper
ms

[Link]
ipul
e [Link]
iol
e [Link]
na [Link]
vi
nus

[Link]
choft
hesemakesangi
osper
mst
hemostsuccessf
ulamongt
hepl
antki
ngdom?

[Link]
i
tytoproducefl
owersandseedsarecover
edbyfruit
s [Link]
i
nat
ionbywater
,wi
ndandani
mal
s
[Link]
oduct
ionofseedsthatcanger
minat
eandabil
i
tyt
oresistdr
ought [Link]
heabov
e

[Link]
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngor
gani
sm causesbl
oom i
nwat
err
eser
voi
rsandl
akes?

[Link]
uegr
eenal
gae [Link]
rogy
ra [Link]
eri
a [Link]
ownal
gae

[Link]
ti
onoff
lower
ingpl
antabov
ethegr
oundl
evel
isknownas.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
em [Link]
stem [Link]
umul
e [Link]
ower

[Link]
mat
ionofpr
imar
yrooti
ndi
cot
yledonouspl
ant
sisduet
o..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
ongat
ionoft
her
adi
cle [Link]
esenceoft
hecambi
um cel
l
s

[Link]
l
ityt
oabsor
benoughwat
er [Link]
esenceoft
woseesl
eav
es

[Link]
assesofal
gaei
nwhi
cht
hegr
eenchl
orophy
llofal
gaei
smaskbybr
ownpi
gmentar
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..

[Link]
eenal
gae [Link]
atoms [Link]
denal
gae [Link]
ownal
gae

[Link]
sthabi
tati
snotsui
tabl
eforsexual
repr
oduct
ioni
nmossesTRUE/
FALSE

[Link]
gansi
nmossesar
efoundatt
he.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
toft
hel
eaf [Link]
psofl
eaf
tyshoot [Link]
owerpar
t [Link]
toft
hel
eaf

[Link]
yoofbr
yophy
tesi
susual
l
yret
ainedwi
thi
nthef
emal
epar
enti
sfor.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
otect
ion [Link]
ishment [Link]
t [Link]
elopment

[Link]
hesi
mpl
est
ruct
ureofbr
yophy
te,
wat
erandnut
ri
ent
smov
esacr
osst
hecel
lby.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
ff
usi
on [Link]
s [Link]
ivet
ranspor
[Link]
ement

[Link]
spor
espr
oducedbymushr
oomsar
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
diospor
es [Link]
es [Link]
es [Link]
diospor
es

[Link]
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngexampl
eoff
ungi
causest
hedi
seaseat
hlet
esf
oot
?

[Link]
ungi [Link]
eadmol
ds [Link]
oom [Link]
cil
l
ium

39.I
nthel
i
fehi
stor
yofpl
asmodi
um par
asi
tes,
themer
ozoi
tesar
epr
oduce.
..
.oft
hespor
ozoi
tesi
nthel
i
ver

[Link]
repr
oduct
ion [Link]
repr
oduct
ion [Link]
ldi
vi
sion [Link]
i
cat
ion

[Link]
r-
li
kest
ruct
uref
oundont
hebodysur
faceofpar
ameci
um i
scal
l
edCi
li
a

[Link]
oupofpr
otozoanst
hatabsor
bsol
ubl
enut
ri
ent
sdi
rect
lyt
hrought
hecel
lmembr
anear
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
ozoi
c [Link]
ozoi
c [Link]
asi
tes [Link]
erot
rophs

[Link]
i
fecy
cleoff
ernsst
art
swi
tht
hedi
sper
sal
ofhapl
oidspor
[Link]/
FALSE

[Link]
terf
ert
il
izat
ioni
nmosspl
ant
s,t
hezy
got
edev
elopsi
ntomat
ure.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
ant [Link]
ophy
te [Link]
ophy
te [Link]
otonema

44..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hespeci
ali
zedr
espi
rat
oryst
ruct
urei
nmol
l
usks

[Link]
ll
s [Link]
le [Link] [Link]
racl
e

[Link]
choft
hesear
enotst
ri
ki
ngf
eat
uresi
nthest
ruct
ureofeugl
ena?

[Link]
espot
,pel
l
icl
eandf
lagel
l
a [Link]
eus,
Chl
oropl
astandf
lagel
la

[Link]
agel
l
aandey
espot [Link]
ract
il
evacuol
eandf
lagel
l
a

[Link]
otect
edseedspr
oducedbygy
nnosper
miscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

3
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
robi
l
i [Link]
i [Link]
oeci
um [Link]

[Link]
yonet
ypeofgamet
eispr
oducedatat
imei
nspongest
o..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
oidsel
f-
fer
ti
li
zat
[Link]
dcr
ossf
ert
il
izat
[Link]
aci
li
tat
esexualr
epr
oduct
[Link]
he
above

[Link]
toft
hef
loweri
nangi
osper
mthatat
tract
sthei
nsect
siscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link] [Link]
al [Link]
yle [Link]
acl
e

49..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hef
ert
il
izedov
ulei
nangi
osper
m

[Link]
uit [Link] [Link]
yo [Link]
ary

[Link]
epar
toft
hef
loweri
nangi
osper
miscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
igma [Link]
amen [Link]
her [Link]
alk

[Link]
sti
loft
heangi
osper
mfl
owerconsi
stoft
hef
oll
owi
ngpar
ts

[Link]
her
,st
alkandf
il
ament [Link]
igma,
sty
leandOv
ary

[Link]
amen,
car
pel
andOv
ary [Link]
al,
Sepal
andant
her

[Link]
-l
ikepr
oti
stsar
eot
her
wiseknownas.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
oom [Link]
ungi [Link]
imemol
d [Link]
zopus

[Link]
eenpar
toft
hef
lowert
hatsur
roundt
hecar
pel
andst
ameni
scal
l
edSepal
s

[Link]
lowerwi
thbot
hmal
eandf
emal
epar
tiscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

a.I
ncompl
etef
[Link]
ete [Link]
ousf
lower [Link]
oeci
ousf
lower

[Link]
eswi
thsi
ngl
ewhi
pfl
ashf
lagel
l
aar
epr
oducedi
n..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
tri
diomy
cet
es [Link]
cet
es [Link]
cet
es [Link]
diomy
cet
es

[Link]
act
eri
sti
credcol
oroft
her
edseai
sduet
othepr
esentof.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..i
nthewat
erbody

[Link]
orophy
ta [Link]
ta [Link]
ta [Link]
l
ament
ousal
gae

57.I
ntheal
ter
nat
iongener
ati
oni
nsper
mat
ophy
tes.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..i
sthepl
antbody

[Link]
ophy
te [Link]
ophy
te [Link]
uitandseeds [Link]
esandst
em

[Link]
econsi
dert
hemostpr
imi
ti
veamongt
hei
nver
tebr
atesbecause.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
hei
rinabi
l
ityt
omaket
hei
rfood [Link]
ackt
issuesandor
gans

[Link]
ocomot
oryst
ruct
ure [Link]
eonl
yfoundi
naquat
icenv
ironment

59..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hef
reel
arv
athatdev
elopedf
rom t
hezy
got
eofcni
dar
ian

[Link]
yp [Link] [Link]
anul
a [Link]

4
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
oduct
ioni
nfi
shesi
sov
ipar
ouswhi
l
einamphi
bianr
epr
oduct
ioni
svi
vi
par
[Link]/
FALSE

[Link]
elopmentofar
thr
opodsf
rom eggst
otheadul
tst
agei
scal
l
edCompl
etemet
amor
phosi
s

[Link]
all
y,v
irusesar
eincapabl
eofr
epr
oduci
ngont
hei
rownexcepti
nsi
de

[Link]
vi
ngt
issues [Link]
ssues [Link]
ance [Link]
eri
als

[Link]
rusescanbecl
assi
fi
edas

[Link]
vi
ngt
hings [Link]-
li
vi
ngt
hings [Link]
vi
ngandnon-
li
vi
ngt
hings [Link]
asi
tes

[Link]
rusesr
angei
nsi
zef
rom

a.20-
400nm i
ndi
amet
erb.30-
300nm i
ndi
amet
erc.20-
450nm i
ndi
amet
erd.30-
400nm i
ndi
amet
er

[Link]
erpr
otect
ivecoatofav
irusi
scal
l
ed

[Link]
eri
ng [Link]
d [Link]
ane [Link]
lwal
l

[Link]
ir
stst
epi
nvi
ral
repl
i
cat
ioni
s

[Link]
easeofnewv
iral
par
ti
[Link]
tachmentandadsor
pti
[Link]
[Link]
nthesi
sofpr
otei
ns

[Link]
eri
ophagest
hatcausesl
ysi
soft
hehostcel
l
sar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
ousphages [Link]
ticphages [Link]
rul
entphages [Link]
ate
phages

[Link]
eri
ophagest
hatdonotcausel
ysi
soft
hei
rhostcel
l
sar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
atephages [Link]
rul
entphages [Link]
sogeni
cphase [Link]
iruses

[Link]
ypi
cal
exampl
eoft
heRNAv
irusi
s

[Link]
irus [Link]
rov
irus [Link]
icel
l
azost
er [Link]
iov
irus

[Link]
rusesar
ecommonl
ytr
eat
edusi
ng

[Link]
ibi
oti
cs [Link]
ivi
ral
ther
apy [Link]
if
ungal
drugs [Link]
bal
medi
cines

[Link]
rusest
hati
nfectbact
eri
aar
egener
all
yref
err
edt
oas

[Link]
eri
ophages [Link]
ri
ophages [Link]
ibi
oti
cs [Link]
eri
alki
l
ler
s

[Link]
icmat
eri
alst
hatv
irusescont
aincanbe

[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]

[Link]
eri
adi
spl
ayoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngshapeexcept

[Link]
ical [Link]
ral [Link] d.I
rr
egul
arshape

74..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..i
sanexampl
eofanobl
i
gat
eaer
obi
cbact
eri
a

[Link]
cobact
eri
um t
uber
cul
osi
s [Link]
ast
ri
dium seson [Link]
l
lusspeci
es [Link]
ast
ri
dium pest
ri
ge

5
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
eri
athatsur
viv
eont
raceamountofoxy
genar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
obi
c [Link]
obi
c [Link]
tat
iveaer
obi
c [Link]
croaer
ophi
li
c

[Link]
ansr
epr
oducebyt
hepr
ocessof

[Link]
nar
yfussi
on [Link]
nar
yfi
ssi
on [Link]
repr
oduct
ion [Link]
ng

[Link]
ugat
ionoccur
sinsomei
ntest
inal
bact
eri
asuchas

[Link]
ichi
acol
i [Link]
aphyl
ococcusacr
es [Link]
ugi
not
a [Link]
l
lusant
hraxi
s

78.I
nconj
ugat
ion,
cyt
opl
asmi
cbr
idgef
aci
l
itat
est
ransf
erof.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..f
rom donort
orecei
pt

[Link] [Link]
asmi
d [Link]
gen [Link]
owt
hfact
ors

[Link]
eri
afor
m dor
mantr
esi
stantr
est
ingcel
l
sinhar
shcondi
ti
onscal
l
ed

[Link]
es [Link]
eri
alhi
deout [Link]
elopes [Link]
eri
alshel
l

[Link]
nthesi
sofpr
otei
nsandnucl
eicaci
duni
tsi
nvi
ral
repl
i
cat
ioni
nvol
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngexcept

[Link]
mes [Link]
dpr
otei
n [Link]
elopes [Link]
asmi
ds

[Link]
nesar
eat
tenuat
edorki
l
ledl
i
vev
irusest
hati
nducepr
oduct
ionof.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..byhost
sfordef
ence

[Link]
ibodi
es [Link]
igens [Link]
i
ment
s [Link]
l
s

[Link]
thatst
ayi
ncl
ust
ersar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
rept
ococci [Link]
aphy
lococci [Link]
osr
idi
um [Link]
cobact
eri
um

83..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ar
etheol
destandmostabundantl
i
vingor
gani
smsknownt
odat
e

[Link]
ruses [Link] [Link]
gae [Link]
ans

[Link]
otr
ophi
cbact
eri
athatut
il
izeschemi
cal
subst
ancesar
oundi
tsenv
ironmenti
ster
med

[Link]
erot
rophi
cbact
eri
a [Link]
osy
nthet
icbact
eri
a

[Link]
ophy
ticbact
eri
a [Link]
nthet
icbact
eri
a

[Link]
owt
hinmoner
arepr
esent
sincr
easei
n..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link] [Link]
ze [Link]
ght [Link]
ers

[Link]
eri
alt
hatar
ebenefi
ciali
nthecycl
ingofr
aw mat er
ial
sandpr
oduct
ionoforgani
cfer
ti
li
zer
sar
e
knownas [Link]
s [Link]
oyer
s [Link]
oducers [Link]

[Link]
eri
aldi
seasesar
eef
fect
ivel
ycont
rol
by

[Link]
ug [Link]
ibi
oti
cs [Link]
ivi
ral
s [Link]
if
ungal
s

[Link]
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snotabact
eri
aldi
sease

[Link]
cul
osi
s [Link]
io [Link]
era [Link]
osy

6
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
onofi
dent
ical
sexcel
l
sdur
ingsexual
repr
oduct
ioni
nfungi
iscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link] b.I
sogamous [Link]
sogamous [Link]
asmogamy

[Link]
lwal
loff
ungi
ismadeupof.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link] [Link]
ycogen [Link]
l
ulose [Link]
ti
n

[Link]
epr
oduct
ivemy
cel
i
aoff
ungi
ext
endi
ntoai
randpr
oduces.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
es [Link]
es [Link] [Link]
angi
a

[Link]
sar
epr
esent
ati
veoft
hecl
ass.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
diomy
cet
es [Link]
cet
es [Link]
eromy
cet
es [Link]
gomy
cet
es

[Link]
eget
ati
vebodyoft
hef
ungi
iscal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

[Link]
phae [Link]
zoi
ds [Link] [Link]
dia

94.I
nsexual
repr
oduct
ioni
nfungi
,thef
usi
onoft
wosi
mil
arsexcel
l
sisr
efert
oas.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
asmogamy b.I
sogamous [Link] [Link]
sogamous

[Link]
repr
oduct
ioni
nyeasti
sby.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
ng [Link]
yogamy [Link]
edi
sper
sal d.I
sogamous

96..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.ist
hest
ruct
uref
orl
ocomot
ioni
npar
ameci
um

[Link]
um [Link]
agel
l
a [Link]
li
a [Link]
l
ament

[Link]
l
usksused.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..ast
hei
rlocomot
oryst
ruct
ure

[Link]
scer
almass [Link]
le [Link] [Link]
a

[Link]
eri
athatonl
ygr
owi
ntheabsenceofoxy
genar
ecal
l
ed.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.

[Link]
i
gat
eaer
obes [Link]
igat
eanaer
obes [Link]
tat
iveanaer
obes [Link]
nthet
icanaer
obes

[Link]
osy
stemat
icsdeal
swi
tht
hei
dent
if
icat
ion,
nomencl
atur
e&cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofor
gani
smsbasedon

[Link]
zes [Link]
mil
ari
ti
esanddi
ff
erences

[Link]
oduct
iveabi
l
ityandnut
ri
ti
on [Link]
ementandr
espi
rat
ion

[Link]
ndi
vi
dingcapaci
ty,
tissuesar
egr
oupedi
ntopl
antandani
malt
issues

[Link]
ismat
iccl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sbasedon:

I
.Basedonor
igi
nanddev
elopment

I
[Link]
sofposi
ti
on

I
II
.Onbasi
soff
unct
ion

I
[Link]
sofpl
aneofdi
vi
sion

7
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
ssuesf
oundatt
het
ipr
ootandst
em ar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
eral
mer
ist
em [Link]
imar
ymer
ist
em c.I
nter
cal
arymer
ist
em [Link]
calmer
ist
em

[Link]
ssuest
hatdev
elopt
oheal
upwoundpor
ti
oni
npl
ant
sar
ecal
l
ed

[Link]
eral
mer
ist
em b.I
nter
cal
arymer
ist
em [Link]
cal
mer
ist
em [Link]
ymer
ist
em

[Link]
ist
emsl
ocat
esatt
heapi
cesofgr
owi
ngpoi
ntsi
npl
ant
sar
ecal
l
edl
ater
almer
ist
em

[Link]
ist
em pr
esentbet
weenr
egi
onsofper
manentt
issuesi
sref
err
edt
oas

[Link]
eralmer
ist
em b.I
nter
cal
arymer
ist
em [Link]
cal
mer
ist
em [Link]
ymer
ist
em

[Link]
ist
emsr
esponsi
blef
ori
ncr
easei
nthi
cknessofpl
antbodypar
tiscal
l
edl
ater
almer
ist
em

[Link]
ermostl
ayerofamer
ist
em,
whi
chf
ormst
heout
erepi
der
misi
sknownas

[Link]
ytr
ogen [Link]
ocambi
um [Link]
otoder
m [Link]
oundmer
ist
em

[Link]
stogent
heor
ypr
oposedt
heapi
cal
mer
ist
em consi
stoft
het
uni
caandcor
pus

[Link]
ssy
stemat
ic?

Systemati
c:-i
st he st
udyoft
he di
ver
sit
yand t
he hi
stor
yofor
gani
sms and t
he ev
olut
ionar
y
r
elat
ionshipbet
weenthem.

[Link]
vet
woexampl
esofhowor
gani
sm namesar
ewr
it
teni
nbasedonsci
ent
if
icnomencl
atur
e

 Or
gani
smsar
enamedbasedongener
icandspeci
fi
c

[Link]
stpar
tofthename–t hegener
icname–identi
fi
esthegenustowhicht
hespeciesbel
ongs,
whil
ethesecondpar
t–t hespeci
fi
cnameorspecifi
cepi
thet–ident
if
iest
hespeci
eswithi
[Link]
example,
humansbelongtothegenusHomoandwi t
hint
hisgenustot esHomosapi
hespeci ens.

[Link],thefi
rstl
ett
erofthefir
stpartoft
hename,thegenus,isalway
scapital
izedin
wri
ting,whi
l
ethatofthesecondparti
snot,
ev enwhenderi
vedf
rom apropernounsuchasthenameofa
[Link]
mi l
arl
y,bot
hpar t
sarei t
ali
cizedwhenabinomialnameoccursi nnormaltext(or
underli
nedi
nhandwri
ting)
.

o I
tal
i
ciz eHomosapi
edexampl ens

o Under
li
nedi
nhandwr
it
ingexampl
eHomosapi
ens

 I
nbot
any

Amar
" ant
husr
etr
ofl
exusL.
"–"
L."i
sthest
andar
dabbr
evi
ati
onusedi
nbot
anyf
or"
Linnaeus"
.Et
c

[Link]
stanyt
hreesy
stem ofcl
assi
fi
cat
ion

I
.Nami
ng(
nomencl
atur
e)

I
[Link]
ibi
ng(
assi
gni
ngf
eat
urest
oat
axon)

I
II
.Ident
if
ying(
det
ermi
ningt
hatanunknownel
ementi
sident
ical
toaknownone)speci
es

8
 By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

[Link]
ecr
ypt
ogams?

Crypt
ogams:-(scienti
fi
cnamecr ypt
ogamae)i
sapl
ant(
int
hewi
desensesoft
hewor
d)t
hat
r
epr
oducesbyspores,withoutf
lower
sorseeds.

[Link]
ephaner
ogams?

Phaner
ogams: -areseedbear
ingpl
[Link]
ant
[Link]
ogams
(
orphanerogamae)i smadeupoft woGreekwor d"FANEROS"whichmeansevi
dent& "
GAMOS"which
meansmar r
[Link]
soknownasspermatophyt
e.

[Link]
het
hreemaj
orgr
oupsofcr
ypt
ogams

I
.Thal
l
ophy
ta

I
[Link]
yophy
ta

I
II
.Pt
eri
dophy
ta

[Link]
het
womaj
orgr
oupsofphaner
ogams

I
.Gy
nnosper
ms

I
[Link]
osper
ms

[Link]
ethemai
nsubdi
vi
sionofangi
osper
m?

I
.Monocot
s,l
i
li
ids(
Lil
i
idae)

I
[Link]
cot
s,Magnol
i
ids(
Magnol
i
idae)
,Rosi
ds(
Rosi
dae)
,Ast
eri
ds(
Ast
eri
dae)

[Link]
saf
ungi
?

Fungi
:-ar
eeukaryot
icorgani
sm t
hatdonotcont
ainchl
orophy
ll
,buthav
ecel
lwal
l
s,f
il
ament
ous
st
ructur
esandproducespor
es.

[Link]
ineapar
asi
te

Par
asit
e:-canbedef
ineasanorgani
sm thatl
ivesi
noronanor
gani
sm ofanot
herspeci
es(
it
shost
)
andbenef
it
sbyder i
vi
ngnutr
ient
satt
heother
'sexpense.

[Link]
wot
ypesofbact
eri
a

I
.Gr
am posi
ti
vebact
eri
a

I
[Link]
am negat
ivebact
eri
a

120.
Nameonepar
asi
teofmedi
cal
impor
tance

I-FUNGI

 Rol
eoff ungiin medici
neincl
ude;r ol
eoff ungiin pr
oduci
ng ant
ibi
oti
cdr
ug peni
cil
i
nfr
om
Peni
cil
l
ium not
atum.I
twasthefi
rstant
ibi
oti
ctobewidel
yused.

Wi
shyoual
lthebest@ t
hegr
eat
estBal
ewi
tes

9
By
:Yunus/
ATBU/
BOT/
4L/Wed,
01/
01/
2020

10