PEA
Introduction
• S.N: Pisum sativum
• Family: Leguminosae
• Cool season vegetable
• Bothgreen & dry seeds used as
vegetables
• Richsource of Protein, carbohydrate,
vitamins.
• Origin: Central Asia
Botany
• Herbaceous, Winter annual vine
• Hermaphrodite flower, single or 2-
3 in cluster
• Self pollination
• Stem is slender, circular, weak and
climbs by tendrils.
• Leaves are pinnate with up to three
leaflets.
• Fruit is pod.
• Nitrogen fixation through root
nodules.
Climate & Soil
• Cool season crop
• Cantolerate frost and freezing during vegetative growth but harmful to flowers and
pods
• Best temp. 10-180C
• In terai it is winter seasonal crop while in hills it is summer seasonal.
• High rainfall is harmful
• Can be grown in all types of soil, well drained loam soil is best
• pH: 6-7.5
Varieties
• New line perfection
• Sarlahi Arkel
• Bonneville
• Sikkim Local
• Jawahar Matar 3
• Jawahar Matar 1
• Sabji Matar etc.
Sowing
• Field preparation
• Ridge and furrow or flat bed planting
• Drainage channel should be made
• Sowing time:
• Terai: October-December
• Mid hills: August-September
• High hills: April-June
Sowing
• Sown in flat or raised bed by broadcasting or line sowing
• Can be sown by hand, drilling and dibbling.
• Seed rate:
• Sikkim Local: 60-80 kg/ha
• Sarlahi Arkel: 80-100 kg/ha
• Spacing:
• Early: 30 x 5 cm; Late: 45 x 5-7 cm
Seed treatment
• Legumes crop can fix nitrogen with
symbiotic association with bacteria
• Seedtreatment with bacteria before
sowing help to fix nitrogen during
growth
• Treatment
with Rhizobium
leguminosarum before sowing
• Soakseeds in water or GA3 @10 ppm,
overnight before sowing
Manure & Fertilizer
• Legumes require very low nitrogen and
high P & K.
• Allfertilizers are applied during field
preparation, no side or top dressing
needed after planting for pea.
• 12-15 ton FYM or Compost/ha
• 15-30:40:120 kg NPK/ha
Intercultural operations
• Irrigation: low irrigation
requirement, pre sowing irrigation is
suitable for early germination,
• flowering, pod filling are critical
stages for irrigation
• Regular weeding, 20 & 45 days after
sowing
• Staking: For tall pea vines
Harvesting
• Tender and well filled pods should be harvested as green pea
• Early varieties mature after 45-60 days while late varieties 70-
100 days.
• During maturity sugar content decreases and starch content
increases
• 3-4 pickings are done at 7-10 days interval.
• Pods are left in field to dry completely to use as dry seed
vegetables.
• Yield: Early varieties: 2.5-4 t/ha; late: 8.5-11.5 t/ha
• Shelling: 40-45%
• Storage: About 2 weeks in cold storage 00C & 80-90% RH, 2-3
days in room storage.
Seed production
• Regular cultivation practice is followed
• Self
pollinated crop so, isolation distance maintained @ 20 m for foundation seed
and 10 m for certified seed.
• Field inspection and rouging should be done at full maturity.
• Ripe fruits are handpicked and threshed by using manual methods.
• Seed yield: 2-2.5 ton/ha
Diseases
• Powdery mildew
• Pea rust
• Fusarium wilt
• Bacterial blight
• Mosaic virus
Insects
• Pea leaf minor
• Pea Aphid
• Pod Borer
• Pea Weevil
• Thrips
BEAN
Introduction
• French bean/Snap Bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
• Asparagus bean/ Cow pea (Vigna
unguiculate)
• Family: Leguminosae
• Origin:
Southern Africa & Central
America
• It
is cultivated for the tender vegetable,
shelled green beans and dry beans.
• It
is very rich in protein, vitamins and
minerals.
Botany
• Tap root system
• Leaves are trifoliate.
• Self-pollinated
• Plant bushy or climbing
• Pod: green / waxy coloured
Types/Cultivars of French
Bean
• On the basis of fiber content
a. String type: Pod contains fiber
& beans are stringy.
b. Stringless type: Pods are free
from fiber. Stringless.
Types/Cultivars of
French Bean
• On the basis of growth habit
a. Pole type: Tall,
indeterminate & require
support, long duration
b. Bush type: Dwarf, Bushy
(determinate), short duration,
easy to harvest and grow
( Pole & Bush type for cowpea
also).
Varieties
• French Bean:
✓ Pole types: Kentucky Wonder (Ghiu
Simi), Trishuli, Pusa Himalata
✓ Bush types: Contender, Giant Stringless,
Charles Favourite, Pusa Parvati
• Asparagus Bean (Cowpea):
✓ Pole type: Khumal Tane, Sarlahi Tane,
Arka Garima, Yard Long Bean
✓ Bush type: Prakash, Akash, Pusa
Phalguni, Pusa Dofashi
Climate & Soil
• Bean can be grown year round in terai, grow well in warm climate
• Can tolerate frost and freezing
• Cowpea prefer summer and rainy season
• Optimum temp: 25-300C (Bean); 21-350C (Cowpea)
• Extreme hot & dry weather cause flower and immature fruit drop
• Can be grown in all types of soil, loam is best
• pH: 5.5-6 (Bean); 6-7.5 (Cowpea)
Sowing
• Fieldpreparation
• Direct seed sowing
• Seed rate & spacing
✓ Pole type bean: 25-30 kg/ha and 120 x 50 cm
✓ Bush type bean: 65-80 kg/ha and 70 x 30 cm
• Pole type cowpea: 30-40 kg/ha and 90 x 25 cm
• Bush type cowpea: 20-25 kg/ha and 45 x 10-15
cm
• Seeds are treated with N fixing bacteria before
sowing to help quick nodulation (Rhizobium).
Manures and fertilizer
• 25-30 ton/ha FYM
• 80:120:60 kg NPK/ha for Bean
• 80:120:100 kg NPK/ha for Cowpea.
• All FYM, P, K & half N @ sowing, remaining half N @ 30 DAS.
Intercultural operations
• Irrigation: can’t withstand water logged
condition, flowering time is critical
• Weed control: hand weeding, pre-plant
application of herbicides
• Hoeing, earthing up
• Staking: Pole type cultivars
Harvesting
• Pods are harvested when they attain full size and are crisp & without fibre.
• 45-50 days for bush type & 60-70 days for pole type
• Multiple harvesting in pole type, 1-2 harvesting in bush type
• Let the pod dry and become mature in field for grain seed production
• Yield: French Bean: Pole type: 8-10 ton/ha green pod; 12-14 ton/ha grain
• Bush type: 4-6 ton/ha green pod; 6-8 ton/ha grain
• Cowpea: Pole type: 4-8 ton/ha & bush type: 3-5 ton/ha green pods
Seed production
• Seed to seed method
• Normal planting practices
• Regular field inspection, rouging and selection
• Isolation distance: 10 m & 5 m for foundation & certified seeds.
• Harvest when 90% of pods mature and turn brown & start to dry
• Seeds produce sound while shaking the pod
• Harvest pods or whole plant, threshing, cleaning and drying before storage
• Seed yield: 1-1.5 ton /ha
Diseases & Insect
• Bean anthracnose
• Leaf Spot
• Powdery mildew
• Yellow mosaic virus
Insects:
• Aphid
• Pod borer
• Bean weevil
• Bean beetle
