What is Science?
1. Science is a body of knowledge to understand the natural word in this sense solence to
understand and explen natural things and phenomena such aspollution, volcanic eruption and
constellations
Introduction on Science and Technology
What is Science
2. Science is an intelectuat activily
here to the process of systematic and tunclive Investigation or understanding of the naturel
world. This process includes observefion, and experimentan
3. Science an personal and social activity
This messence a way for humans to understand Themselves and the world als means thal
science is connected with everyone's he and the society.
Introduction on Science and Technology
What is Technology
1. Technology as artifacts
in the definition, technology refers to products, invertions and outpute such as the microscope,
solar panel and light buld
2. Technology as technique
in this deffenition, bechnology refers to practices, methods or steps suche as genetic
engineering, ripe planting and welding.
3. Technology as a personal and social activity
This mukas technology y a tool for humans to improve themselves, and thair everyday life. It aso
means that technology is connected with the society and everyone's
Sicience and technology have a dual interaction which means that they influence each other
science is required in the development of technologies in the same way. technology is needed
to advance science
Ancient World
No one exactly knows where and when science and technology began. However, the earliest
known technology are the stone tools (le scrapers, hammers) used by humans during the Stone
Age
Ancient World
Later, early hunters, gatherers and foragers developed skills and techniques to use tools and
make weapons, to use fire, and to identify edible plants and animals. The knowledge and
practice spread as they migrated across continents
Nearly 10.000 years ages the population grew and naturally available food soutcas declined,
humaru started to domesticate plants and animals. This preceded the Agricultural Revolution
which started somewhere in the Middle East
Agricultural Revolution led to the development of sowns New plants and animals were being
grown for consumption. In this period, humans started to develop sun-dried bricks, ceramics,
mortars and even metal products The first known metal used by men is copper 15500 BCE)
By the end of the Agricultural Revolution, many products made from copper, brama and iron
have been developed Development of ceramics also prospered. Wheels were developed for
transportation Writing was invented
After the Agricultural Revolution, scientific knowledge and technological advancements led to
the rise of civilizations. These civilizations paved the way for more advancements in science and
technology. Evidences of these are the many infrastructures built such as irrigations, roads and
bridges.
Classical Antiquity
The next period is called 'Classical Antiquity, which was dominated by the Greek and Roman
civilization. It was during this period when the current concept of science began Specifically, it
started with the lonian School of philosophy, which introduced the earliest form of scientific
method, based on reasoning and observation.
The most notabile Creek philosciphers of this period ale Socrates, Pato and Anoodle They laid
the foundation of modem-day science. They initiated the discipline of understanding of the
universe and the natural world using the earliest form of scientific method
Socrates (470-399 BC)
Socrates is known for fris method of inquiry called elenchus. Using this method,
a problem must be broken down into a series of questions that need to be answered. This is the
basis of the current concept of making hypothesis for a specific research problem
Plato (427-347 BC)
Plato is a student of Socrates.
Plato believed that all substances are made up of earth, air, water and fire. He always
emphasized the concept of 'proof and insisted on having concrete and clear hypothesis in
understanding nature.
In Egypt the city of Alexandria incame a center of scientific knowledge Orw of the first important
scientific text from Africa is the Edwin Smith Papyrus is a mestical sext about ancient surgery
methods Alsa, knowledge an chemistry was applied in ancient cloth tanning, Indigenous
distillation and fermentation
Meanwhile, in China, scientific knowledge and technological advancements were also increasing
Compass, ships, ceramics, and metal products were developed. The greatest construction
achievement of China at the time was the Great Wall (220-206 BC)
Around 530 AD, the development of science and technology declined as it was affected by wars,
famine, diseases, piracy, and poverty which were rampant at the time
The rise of Christianity in Europe was also considered a factor in the decline of science. The
Church questioned many teachings and ideas of early philosophers and scientists. in addition,
the Roman Empire from 530 AD to 1000 AD seemed less interested with theoretical science
As science seemed to decline in Europe, the field of medicine. remained and grew due to an
important need. The deadly plague ravaged Europe and Christians felt. the need to further their
knowledge in medicine in order to develop a cure
From Europe, the center of science and technology shifted to China and nearby areas
In India, mathematics, medicine and astronomy were well-advanced. One of their greatest
discovery is the importance of zero in mathermatics which prior to that time is not well-
understood.
Modern Age
After the Black Death, the societies in Europe became much smaller and disarrayed Hence,
people must find new ways to live. This led to the development of new tools, new techniques
and discoveries
The revived Europe became more conducive for science and technology This marked the end of
the Middle Age and the start of the Modern Age.
Middle Ages
Science was revived in Europe by Emperor Charlemagne. He ordered the establishment of
schools which became centers of knowledge and discovery
The Middle Ages brought many advancements such as the utilization of water and wind as
source of energy and the development of moving objects and clocks
Modern Age
At the latter part of the Middle Ages, the Age of Discovery and Exploration started The
explorations were made piomible by ricarments in science and techning The two thost
important wate the development of ships that can withstand long voyages and the invention of
the compass Advancements in geography and cartography also helped significantly
The states in Europe encouragest technological advancements, armarily for deferral and trade
Technology was taught in universities. Many artists as became scientists such Leonardo da Vinci
This period is known as Renaissance Denaissance is a cultural movement that is based on
humanism, a astam of thought that gives more importance to humans than supernatural powers
In the latter part of lenaasance the Scientific Revolution emerged started at the same time as
the foundation of England's Royal Society which paved the way for a more organized community
Sa Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin are two notatile members uf the Society
At the beginning of the Revolution, the Iention of the telescope advanced the field of astronomy
Among the astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus [1473-1543 the center of controversy due to this
hellocentric view of the Unberse on clee that was opposed by the Church This marked the so-
cateni Capemica newolution, which wars a shift from the geocentric view of the universe.
Modern Age
Another technology that significantly advanced science during the Renaissance is the
microscope. The invention of the microscope paved the wirty for the understanding of
microorganioms and the many types of diseases associated with them
Perhaps, the leading figure of the Scentific Revolution is Cailles Calliei (1564-1642)
He introduced experimentation using the scientific method He also developed many
mathematical explanations to many natural concepts He invented many equipment and
CRVICES THE Worksted to the development of modern science.
From 17th to 18th century, science and technology further developed. Ancother period
emerged starting from the publication of Carolus Linnaeus' works on biological classification.
This period is also known as the Enlightenment', which emphasized logic and reasoning. It was a
shift from the Renaissance which was dominated by the teachings of the Church and of the early
Greek and Roman Philosophers.
The leading figure of the Enlightenment is Sir Isaac Newtan (1643-1727)
His work, Principio estabilised the foundation of modern-day physics
He also led the use of scantific method in the understanding of the natural world. He developed
theories from observations and experiments and used them to predict othe phenomens
Due to society's demand to make things more efficient and faster, machines were developed
The most revolutionary of them is the steam engine it was invented by Jarnes Watt (1736-1819)
in 1765 The steam engine made many industrial processes possible. This is part of the Industrial
Revolution.
While the industrial Revolution led to progress it also marked the beginning of the rapics
destruction of the anveronment. Many forests were destroyed to obtain wood. mineras and
other resources vers and other bodles of water were being polluted by the industrial wastes
Modern Age
During this period, the science community and the society had some conficts and controversies
One specific controversial theory was the Theory of Evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and
Alfred Wallace it wat opposed by the Church and the general public ar that time However, the
theory is considered a milestone in the field of biology
Scientific and technological advancements paved the way for the Invention of atomic bombs
dynamites and other explosives and weapons
In Germany, laboratories were dedicated to the development of weapons in preparation for the
World War. These developments led to more casualties in the wars to come
Plastics were invented n the 1940s and 1950s. This led to the developtient of ne appliances,
materials and products However, in recent times, plastics poowa problem to the environment
due to its very low biodegradability main ervonmental pollutants
The structure of the DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick with the
ald from studies of other scientists such as Rosalind Franklin.
This discovery further advanced the field of genetics and molecular biology leading to the
development of gene therapy, genetic engineering, among others
In the 1940s, the development of the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, more
commonly known as DOT, as well the invention of fertilizers hybrid seeds and farm equipment,
led to a new agricultural revolution. This led to increased food production.
However, when it was found that DDT has negative effects on biodiversity and health, the
movement of environmentalism emerged as society's response
The development of computers, internet software and other digital technologes and the way for
the Digital Revolution Information Age this technologies sho paved the way for e-comineтся
субе warfare, distance learning and crousbouncing
The Digital Revolution has greatly affected the society. Nowadays, many people are hooked to
electronic gerties, social media and safes
In the Philippines
By 1000 AD, Filipinos have developed good shipbuilding technology. They used these ships for
fishing, trade and transportation, given that early societies were located near bodies of water.
By 16th century, Scantants observed that some Filipine communities know artillery They have
many good weapons such as bows, spears and sivonts Agricultural practices such as rice
farming, livestock rasing, and fuhing waxing
There were only few science courses available for the Filipines during the Spanish time. Usually,
the Filipin who became scurupe for training and stody Some of those scientists Anacleto del
Rosario Leon Ma. Cuerrere and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
The profession of science slid not grow well as the colonial government preferred Sponish
soartists over Filipinos The Church, whose influence is dominant, discouraged the study of
natural and material sciences
In 1905, the Bureau of Science was established, it was the main research facility in the country
until World War Most of the researches done were on leprosy, cholera, dengue and malaria
which, at the time, were the most dominant diseases among Filipinos
In 1906, the Philippine Journal of Science was established to report scientific findings and
observations
in 1933, the Philippine Legislature passed an Act establishing the National Research Council of
the Philippines, which was tasked to promote scientific research. Despite the increase in the
number of scientists and engineers, the Philippines still relied heavily on agriculture
During the Commonwealth, more industries were established with government support.
Scientific productivity increased. Many Filipinos were sent abroad to do post-graduate studies.
However, scientific and technological development stopped during World War II
After the War, scientific and technological development was revived. More higher education
institutions were established which paved the way for more scientists, scientific researches and
scientific organizations
In 1947, the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science. In 1952, the Science
Foundation of the Philippines was established to promote science among Filipinos
In the Philippines
In 1957, a study was done to determine the sudden diecline of science and technology in the
Philippines. The report showed four key reasons
1. There is lack of government support.
2. Many excellent scientists have died or went abroad.
3. There is low morale among local scientists
[Link] general public has low awareness about science.
Science and technology in the country further developed due to increased government support
and higher public awwareness
However, Philippines still lagged behind its neighboring Asian countries in terms of scientific
productivity and technological outputs. Also, the mass performance of Filipines in science and
mathematics is generally poor.
Happiness
In Psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well being which can be defined by
among others, positive or pleasant emotion ranging from contentment to intense joy.
▪ To behaviorist, happiness is a cocktail of emotion we experience when we do something
good or positive.
▪ To neurologist, happiness is the experience of flood of hormones released in the brain
as a reward for behavior that prolong survival
Is Happiness a destination or journey?
The Hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the polar opposite of suffering: the
presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain.
▪ Because of this, hedonist believe that the purpose of life is to maximizes happiness, which
minimizes misery.
Eudemonia, a term that combines the Greek words for “good” and “spirit” to describe the
ideology.
▪ Eudaimonia defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person.
▪ Eudaemonist do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in activities that
make them spiritually richer people.
Good-spirited
❑Coined by Aristotle
❑Describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.
❑“Human flourishing”
According to Aristotle, there is an end of the actions that we perform which we desire for
itselfeudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other things
being desired on its account.
▪ Eudaimonia is property of one’s life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest
good of human endeavors and than toward which all action aim. It is success as a human being.
The best life is one of excellent human activity.
Human Flourishing
▪ From Nicomachean Ethics (philosophical inquiry into the nature of the good life for a human
being). Written by Aristotle’s son, Nicomachus.
▪Human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as:
oPhronesis- the habit of making the right decision, and taking the right actions in context, and
relentless pursuit of excellence for the common good.
oFriendship
oWealth
oPower
▪In Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these will surely bring the seeker
happiness, which in effect allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call the
Good.
▪As time changes, element that comprises Human Flourishing changed.
▪ People found means to live more comfortably, explore more places, develop more products,
and make more money
Humans of today are expected to become “man of the world”
▪ Supposed to suitable himself in a global neighborhood, working side-by-side among
institutions
and the government to be able to reach a common goal.
▪ Competition as means of survival has become a passe.
▪ Coordination is the new trend
Eastern vs Western conception regarding Society and Human Flourishing
Eastern Conception
❑Focus is community-centric
❑Individuals should sacrifice himself for the sake of society
❑Encourage studies of literature, science, and art for a greater cause
Western Conception
❑ More focused on the individual
❑ Human Flourishing as an end
❑ Aristotelian view
❑ Aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate goal.
Technology is a means to an end means that technology is not the ultimate goal or purpose of
human activity, but rather a tool or a method that helps us achieve something else.
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
German Philosopher
❑ The Question Concerning Technology
❑Heidegger strongly opposes the view that technology is “a means to an end” or “a human
activity.”
❑Heidegger points out, so the essence of technology is not anything technological.
THE QUESTIONS CONCERNING TECHNOLOGY by Martin Heidegger
Technology is not an instrument (it is a mode of understanding)
❑Technology is not a product of human activity (develops beyond our control and
comprehension)
❑Technology is the highest danger
TECHNOLOGY IS A WAY OF REVEALING”
❑Ancient Greek philosophical concept, which refers to the Poiesisact of bringing something out
of concealment.
❑Aletheia, a Greek concept that refers to disclosure or truth.
❑TECHNOLOGY is a way of Poiesis
– a way of revealing that unconceals
❑Aletheia or the [Link] is a mode of BRINGING FORTH.
Enframing as Modern Technology’s
Way of Revealing
Enframing (Gestell)
Definition: Enframing (Gestell) is the way modern technology reveals the world to us, not as a
collection of independent entities, but as resources to be utilized.
1. Enframing as a Frame of Mind : Enframing forces us to see the world as a resource to be
controlled, measured, and used.
2. Enframing Reduces Everything to a “Standing-Reserve - ”Nature, people, and objects are seen
as tools or resources.
3. Enframing and its Danger : Reduces human and environmental value to utility alone.
