Harvard Referencing Sample

BTEC Level 5 HND

N5E01 Individual Project

References:
The following notes are based on British Standards: BS 5605:1990. Recommendations for citing
and referencing published material. 2nd ed. B.S.I. (Talbot Campus Library & Learning Centre —
028.7 BRI) BS 1629:1989. Recommendations for references to published materials. B.S.1.
(Bournemouth House Library and Talbot Campus Library & Learning Centre — 028.7 BRI) When
writing a piece of work, you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced by others.
This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are important to
enable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The same set of rules
should be followed every time you cite a reference. The system used in Bournemouth University is
the Harvard System. If you are providing work for publication please follow the guidelines for
authors issued to you by your publisher. These may differ from the guidelines set out here.

The Harvard System (Author Date Method):

All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer’s work should be cited, whether
the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarized. In the Harvard System cited publications
are referred to in the text by giving the author's surname and the year of publication (see section 1,
Citation in the Text) and are listed in a bibliography at the end of the text (see section 2, References
at the end of a piece of work). Originators/authors: the person or organization shown most
prominently in the source as responsible for the content in its published form should be given. For
anonymous works use ‘Anon’ instead of a name. For certain kinds of work, e.g. dictionaries or
encyclopedias, or if an item is the co- operative work of many individuals, none of whom have a
dominant role, e.g. videos or films, the title may be used instead of an originator or author. Dates:
if an exact year or date is not known, an approximate date preceded by ‘ca.’ may be supplied and
given in square brackets. If no such approximation is possible, that should be stated, e.g. [ca.1750]
or [no date]. All examples are fictitious and any resemblance to existing works is coincidental.
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

1. Citation in the text

• Quotations — as a general rule in the University, if the quote is less than a line it may be
included in the body of the text in quotation marks. Longer quotations are indented and single-
spaced, quotation marks are not required. For citations of particular parts of the document the
page numbers etc. should be given after the year in parentheses. » Summaries or paraphrases
— give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end of the relevant piece of writing. *
Diagrams, illustrations — should be referenced as though they were a quotation if they have
been taken from a published work. For anything else refer to BS 1629:1989. + If details of
particular parts of a document are required, e.g. page numbers, they should be given after the
year within the parentheses. + Rules for citation in text for printed documents also apply to
electronic documents except where pagination is absent. If an electronic document does not
include pagination or an equivalent internal referencing system, the extent of the item may be
indicated in terms such as the total number of lines, screens, etc., e.g. "[35 lines]" or "[approx.
12 screens]".

Examples
i) If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence the year is given in parentheses: - e.g.
In a popular study Harvey (1992) argued that we have to teach good practices... e.g. As
Harvey (1992, p.21) Said, “good practices must be taught” and so we... Academic
Services, Bournemouth University July 2005 How to: Cite References Page 3 of 7

ii) If the name does not occur naturally in the sentence, both name and year are given in
parentheses: - e.g. A more recent study (Stevens has shown the way theory and practical
work interact. e.g. Theory rises out of practice, and once validated, returns to direct or
explain the practice (Stevens 1998).

iii) When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year, these are
distinguished by adding lower case letters (a,b,c, etc.) after the year and within the
parentheses:- e.g. Johnson (1994a) discussed the subject...

iv) If there are two authors the surnames of both should be given:- e.g. Matthews and Jones
(1997) have proposed that...
v) If there are more than two authors the surname of the first author only should be given,
followed by et-al.:- e.g. Office costs amount to 20% of total costs in most business (Wilson
et al. 1997) (A full listing of names should appear in the bibliography.)

vi) If the work is anonymous then “Anon” should be used: - e.g. In a recent article (Anon
1998) it was stated that...

vii) If it is a reference to a newspaper article with no author the name of the paper can be used
in place of “Anon”:- e.g. More people than ever seem to be using retail home delivery
(The Times 1996) (You should use the same style in the bibliography.)

viii) If you refer to a source quoted in another source you cite both in the text:- e.g. A study by
Smith (1960 cited Jones 1994) showed that... (You should list only the work you have
read, i.e. Jones, in the bibliography.)

ix) If you refer to a contributor in a source* you cite just the contributor:- e.g. Software
development has been given as the cornerstone in this industry (Bantz 1995). See Section
2 below for an explanation of how to list contributions (chapters in books, articles in
journals, papers in conference proceeding) in the bibliography.

x) If you refer to a person who has not produced a work, or contributed to one, but who is
quoted in someone else’s work it is suggested that you should mention the person’s name
and you must cite the source author:- e.g. Richard Hammond stressed the part psychology
plays in advertising in an interview with Marshall (1999). e.g. “Advertising will always
play on peoples’ desires”, Richard Hammond said in a recent article (Marshall 1999, p.67).
(You should list the work that has been published, i.e. Marshall, in the bibliography.)
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

Personal communications: -
⚫ Taken from: APA, 1983. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 3rd
ed. Washington: APA.

They do not provide recoverable data and so are not included in the reference list. Cite personal
communications in the text only. Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator and
provide as exact a date as possible. e.g. Many designers do not understand the needs of disabled
people according to J. O. Reiss (personal communication, April 18, 1997).

2. References at the end of a piece of work

At the end of a piece of work list references to documents cited in the text. This list may be called
a Bibliography or more commonly References. Exceptionally you may be asked to list references
not cited in the text but which make an important contribution to your work. These are usually listed
under the heading of Further Reading. You are advised to review the guidelines issued to you for
the preparation of work to clarify this point. In the Harvard System, the references are listed in
alphabetical order of authors’ names. If you have cited more than one item by a specific author they
should be listed chronologically (earliest first), and by letter (1993a, 1993b) if more than one item
has been published during a specific year. Whenever possible, elements of a bibliographical
reference should be taken from the title page of the publication. For place of publication give the
city. If more than one town/city is listed give the first one or the location of the publisher’s head
office. If the town/city is not well known, you may in addition add a county, region or state. Note
that in the United States of America states are denoted by a two-letter code, for example Hillsdale,
Nu: For the publishers’ name omit superfluous terms such as Publishers, Co, or Inc. Always retain
the words Books or Press. Where the publisher is a university and the place or location is included
in the name of the university, do not repeat the place of publication. Each reference should use the
elements and punctuation given in the following examples for the different types of published work
you may have cited. Underlining is an acceptable alternative to italics when bibliographies are hand
written.
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

Reference to a book
Author’s SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title. Edition (if not the first). Place of
publication: Publisher.

e.g. MERCER, P.A. AND SMITH, G., 1993. Private view data in the UK. 2nd ed. London:
Longman. Reference to a contribution in a book Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS.,
Year of publication. Title of contribution. Followed by In: INITIALS. SURNAME, of author or
editor of publication followed by ed. or eds. if relevant. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,
Page number(s) of contribution.

e.g. BANTZ, C.R., 1995. Social dimensions of software development. In: J.A. ANDERSON, ed.
Annual review of software management and development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 502-510.

Reference to an article in a journal

Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year-of publication. Title of article. Title of journal, Volume
number and (part number), Page numbers of contribution.

e.g. EVANS, W.A., 1994. Approaches to intelligent information retrieval. Information processing
and management, 7 (2), 147-168.

Reference to a newspaper article

Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., (or NEWSPAPER TITLE,) Year of publication. Title of article.
Title of newspaper, Day and month, Page number/s and column number.

e.g INDEPENDENT, 1992. Picking up the bills. Independent, 4 June, p.28a.

Reference to a map

Originator’s SURNAME, first name or initials, (may be cartographer, surveyor, compiler, editor,
copier, maker, engraver, etc.) year of publication. Title, Scale. (should be given normally as a ratio)
Place of publication: Publisher.
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

e.g: MASON, James, 1832. Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000.
London: Ordnance Survey.

Reference to a conference paper

Contributing author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of contribution. Followed
by In: INITIALS. SURNAME, of editor of proceedings (if applicable) followed by ed. Title of
conference proceedings including date and place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher,
Page numbers of contribution.

e.g. SILVER, K., 1991. Electronic mail: the new way to communicate. In: D.!. RAITT, ed. 9th
international online information meeting, 3-5 December 1990 London. Oxford: Learned
Information, 323-330.

Reference to a publication from a corporate body

(e.g. a government department or other organization).

NAME OF ISSUING BODY, Year of publication. Title of publication. Place of publication:

Publisher, Report Number (where relevant).

e.g. UNESCO, 1993. General information programme and UNISIST. Paris: Unesco, (PGI-
93/WS/22).

Reference to a thesis
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year of publication. Title of thesis. Designation, (and type).
Name of institution to which submitted.

e.g. AGUTTER, A.J., 1995. The linguistic significance of current British slang. Thesis (PhD).
Edinburgh University.

Reference to a patent

ORIGINATOR, (name of applicant) Year of publication. Title of patent. Series designation which
may include full date.
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

e.g. PHILIP MORRIS INC., 1981. Optical perforating apparatus and system. European patent
application 0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.

Reference to a video, film or broadcast

Title, Year. (For films the preferred date is the year of release in the country of production.) Material
designation. Subsidiary originator. (Optional but director is preferred, SURNAME in capitals)
Production details — place: organization.

e.g. Macbeth, 1948. Film. Directed by Orson WELLES. USA: Republic Pictures.

e.g. Birds in the Garden, 1998. Video. London: Harper Videos.

Programmes and series: the number and title of the episode should normally be given, as well as the
series title, the transmitting organization

and channel, the full date and time of transmission. e.g. Yes, Prime Minster, Episode 1, The
Ministerial Broadcast, 1986. TV, BBC2. 1986 Jan 16.

e.g. News at Ten, 2001. Jan 27. 2200 hrs. Contributions: individual items within a programme
should be cited as contributors. e.g. BLAIR, Tony, 1997. Interview. In: Six O’clock News. TV,
BBC1. 1997 Feb 29. 1823 hrs.

Electronic Material — Following the Harvard System

The British Standard BS 5605:1990 does not include recommendations for electronic sources. The
recommendations in this document follow best practice in referencing electronic resources and
where possible follow the guidance of the British Standard.

Reference to web pages/sites and e-books

Author's /Editor's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title [online]. (Edition). Place of publication,
Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: URL [Accessed Date].
BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project
e.g. HOLLAND, M., 2004. Guide to citing Internet sources [online]. Poole, Bournemouth
University. Available from:
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/guide_to_citing_internet_sourc.html [Accessed 4
November 2004].

Reference to e-journals
Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title. Journal Title [online], volume (issue), location
within host. Available from: URL [Accessed Date].

e.g. KORB, K.B., 1995. Persons and things: book review of Bringsjord on RobotConsciousness.
Psycoloquy [online], 6 (15). Available from: http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000462/
[Accessed 20 May 2004].

Reference to mailbase/listserv e-mail lists

Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Day Month Year. Subject of message. Discussion List [online]
Available from: list e-mail address [Accessed Date].

e.g. BRACK, E.V., 2 May 2004. Re: Computing short courses. Lis-link [online]. Available from:
[email protected] [Accessed 17 Jun 2004].

e.g. JENSEN, L.R., 12 Dec 1999. Recommendation of student radio/tv in English. IASTAR [online].
Available from: [email protected] [Accessed 29 Apr 2004].

It should be noted that items may only be kept on discussion group servers for a short time and
hence may not be suitable for referencing. A local copy could be kept by the author who is giving
the citation, with a note to this effect.
BTEC Level 5 HND
NSE01 Individual Project

Reference to personal electronic communications (e-mail)

Sender's SURNAME, INITIALS. (Sender's e-mail address), Day Month Year. Subject of Message.
e-Mail to Recipient's INITIALS. SURNAME (Recipient's email address).

e.g. LOWMAN, D. ([email protected]), 4 Apr 2000. RE: ProCite and Internet Refere.
e-Mail to P. CROSS ([email protected]).

Reference to CD-ROMs and DVDs

This section refers to CD-ROMs which are works in their own right and not bibliographic databases.

Author's SURNAME, INITIALS., Year. Title [type of medium CD-ROM]. (Edition). Place of
publication, Publisher (if ascertainable). Available from: Supplier/Database identifier or number
(optional) [Accessed Date] (optional).

e.g. HAWKING, S.W., 1994. A brief history of time: an interactive adventure. [CDROM]. Crunch
Media.

Citing unpublished material

See BS 6371:1983. Citation of unpublished documents. B.S.I. (Talbot Campus Library & Learning
Centre and Bournemouth House Library 028.7 BRI).

Citing legal material

Refer to Guide to Citing Legal Materials.

BTEC Level 5 HND
N5E01 Individual Project

3. Related Topics
Remember that you must acknowledge your source every time you refer to someone _ else's work.
Failure to do so amounts to plagiarism, which is against the University rules and is a serious offence.
Further information about plagiarism can be found on the plagiarism web pages at
www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/plagiarism.html. When you are copying or downloading
material, you must also ensure that you comply with copyright rules. Further information about
copyright can be found on notices next to photocopiers, and on the copyright compliance web pages
at www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/copyright.html. When Including third party material in
theses and dissertations it is the responsibility of the individual to ensure the appropriate copyright
permission has been obtained.

Other References:
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