GL\LLLL-L
GP)LLY

 J[LT
MOV
GMBH MBELLÉ\L
 J[LT
KFTL
J[MLO
JL#E WLQL;
 J[LT
ET
)LKS)LXLL WLQL;


J[LT
KQVL
PFL;
FLTHV
J[LT
GPFZTL
LFL;
WLQLL;
WLQLL; GL\LLJI#
 J[LT
FIVL\LI
GF+L WLQLL;
 J[LT
WGFSL
JL.T
)LLK^LU WLQLL;
 J[LT
F
U
²LV_ WLQL;
 .L8
FVLTU
ERFLK
FILL MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
GPQLKI
ZLZ
FILL MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
MGPSL
KL MHLE
WLQLL;


.L8
MRKT6O[
FHSLT
.L8
J[TF
GMBH
GMEKPLK
MHLE
WLQL;
MHLE
WLQL; MBR%SL¥Ð
 .L8
SF6VL
EL4LZ MHLE
WLQLL;
 .L8
GJBEI
FGZE MHLE
WLQLL; 
 +I
WU
ERFLK MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
GLPOºL
WL; MHLE
WLQL; PB

 .L8
JKFTL
ERFLK
LFL; MHLE
WLQL;


.L8
FFSL
.L8
WLKSI
LFL;
MHLE
WLQLL;
MHLE
WLQLL;

 .L8
GUST6O[
ERFLK MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
J[OIJ
ERFLK
L MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
GOVTL
ERRFLK
LOP MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
E4ZLL
Q6O
FIVL MHLE
WLQL;
 .L8
C%ERGS;
PT¥Ð7T+PZR; MHLE
WLQL;

 .L8
MRVIZ
ERFLK
LFL; MHLE
WLQL;
 +IFSI
WVISL
S‚PK MHLE
WLQLL;
 .L8
)LLKSI
EL4LZ MHLE
WLQLL;
WGSG'L
 +I
MRKT6O[
ERFLK
VLYK SEVIEI
MHLE
 +I
MROLFL
KLF MHLE


+IFSI
)LLPVL
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ZZISL
LOP
W;
0LPMLGE
MHLE
PGK#
GZGJE

+I ZLZ DHLORK
LL-LI
KL7‹
+I
ZLZ
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MB
MB-²S
²S
GPPGP]LZ
GPPGP]LZ
 +I
GPU
KBUV
JL.T J[LTYLLZL
JGKQLE ET6O[I
GPPGP]LZ
 +I
KLHRZ DHRNÎTI
EF;QLKI
 GL\LLJI#

MBR%SL¥Ð

PB



+I
ZLZ
DHLORK
LL-LI
KL7‹I
MB-²S
GPPGP]LZ
ET6O[I
GPPGP]LZ
 GL\LL
5LTGS
GL\LLJI#
MBR%SL¥Ð

PB



J[LT
FRKZIFVLTHK
JL#E

J[LT
MOV
GMBH
MBEL
J[FR<L

J[LT
KQVL
PFL;
FLTHV

 J[LT
KFTL
J[MLO
JL#E  J[LT
ET
)LKS
)LXLL
 J[LT
GPFZTL
LFL;  J[LT
FIVL\LI
GF+L
 J[LT
WGFSL
JL.T
)LLK^LU  J[LT
FU²LV_
 .L8
FVLTU
ERFLK
FILL  .L8
MRKT6Ç
FHSLT
 .L8
GJBEI
FGZE  .L8
WU
 .L8
FFSL  .L8
WLKSI
LFL;


+I
OTPTL
LLT
/LL 
ERFLKI
WGLFL
LLT
/LLL


+I
WMIF
EFRLK
JL#E
GL\LLQL
;J'[LF
PL;


ERFLKI
OIG*S
GL\LLQL;
G^SI
PL;

+I
GLPF
DHR<L.I
GL\LLLL-LI
J['LF
PL; 
ERFLKI
YRBUV
GL\LLLL-LI
J['LF
PL;
IR RIR_N\GVOD/)NNLGY·^N
–M[S>M^OOYIE!LA,OONVPNHON—
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VK3PB
ORZ;)LB
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SL
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SL
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WG9VJRKLLLVRMLKF_
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UYGS
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W36SB
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JKB
SLLGJ

FLVPIYRLLVLB
GPELML
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GL\LLJ[G¹LLB
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SLTGH
CS
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T
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Q
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CS

GPO_LG'L;LR
MU;VLIZSLL
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Q
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W-LB
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J[ELGLSL
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Q
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J[LT
FRKZIFVLTHKJL#E
PR2ZJGS
+IZLZDHLORKLL-LIKLG7‹MB-²SGPPGP]LZ
 COF66SF
²3-VB
ULTS
)LRPVLF_"
GO
L$OLÁB
5LTGSKLMBMLKB
V
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EL0LOL;
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WLYFELZVT
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Q
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JOF
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JXP;ERZJGS
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MF6PLG3FEL

MGHLSRLMBSRL )LLKSILM-B²GS GPPT G-FV_ GPPT
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 >
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MRG<LV C3LGOPL%<LGJSLL GPPD6R3P
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MGHLRSLB
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MB-²SB

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JGLELJE[ LLVT NºLFB EL4LZB JE [ 7I²SP6S W-L M&JLOEL S'LL Q MP;T W-L
WVRM6LSLKLT
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 NO_YLK
GL\LL
PH
5LGTS
H>4
UL
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TFVRSL
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JK
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GP)LLYI
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ML'L-LL'L
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J[TFERFLKLFL;
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MOVGMBH
GL\LLJI#LÉ\L
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KL7‹I
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MLGH3
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EOF
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GP]LG'L;LTB
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J[LT
KQVLPFL;FLTHV
 fo"k; lwph
1- laLÑrHkk"k;k o`fÙkykHk% Le`fr fot;fu i.Mk 1
2- L=khf'k{k.ke~ tUest; i/ku 3
3- nwjn'kZuL; mi;ksx% iz|qEu eVh;kjh 5
4- lk{kjrk;k% egRoe~ HkkX;/j lkey 6
5- O;ogkjn'kZus vfèkdkfj.k% larks"k dqekj egkjk.kk 7
6- fe=kL; y{k.ke~ lnkuUn ck?k 9
7- fo|k/ua loZ/uiz/kue~ fiz;adk pØ 11
8- ½rqjktL; olUrL; o.kZue~ lksukfyLokb¡ 13
9- laLÑrfgU|kÄ~XyHkk"kklq infoHkkxO;oLFkk;k%
rqyukRedkè;;ue~ izos'k dqekj 14
10- vkpkj% ijeksèkeZ% rUe;xM+uk;d 20
11- ijksidkj% lfLerkcsgsjk 21
12- efgykuka l'kDrhdj.ke~ ehudsrui/ku 22
13- dkO;izdk'ks "kM~fo/k y{k.kk Å/o ';ke frokjh 24
14- i;kZoj.k çnw"k.ke~ fo'othr p.M 26
15- Nk=k dÙkZO;e~ egs'k dqekj okx 27
16- tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh in~feuh efYyd 29
17- lekts euwDrL=khiqaèkeZ;ks% çklafxdrk %
,deè;;ue~ Hkwfedk nsokf'k"k jkmr 31
18- pfj=kfuekZ.ks laLÑrf'k{k.kL; egRoe~ vfiZrkeYy 34
 (x)

19- lgu'khyrk lUrks"k dqekj ekfyd 35

20- Hkk"kk j{k.kh;k xksyd dqekj feJ 37
21- laLdkjs"kq fookglaLdkj% jktJh lkgq 38
22- orZekuifjçs{;s laLÑrL; mi;ksfxrk iq"iyrk pkSgku 42
23- HkkjrL; izfr"Bs Ons laLÑra laLÑrLrFkk lUrks"k dqekj feJ 44
24- xks efgek vk'kh"k iUr% 50
25- laLÑrf'k{k.ks n`';JO;ksidj.kkuka egÙoe~ lfLerk okfjd 52
26- vkJeèkesZ"kq czãp;kZJeL; çklfÄ~xdrk jf'erk ifjMk 55
27- HkkodeZ izdj.kkUrxZr lkekU;ifjp;ksÙkj
dkjdLFkf}deZdsH;'p /krqH;% dspkfUu;ek% lfpu jktksfj;k 57
28- miek dkfynklL; lqfp=kk ifr 59
29- laLÑrHkk"kk lfLerk ckfjd 61
30- laLÑrL; lsoue~ lUrks"k dqekj efyd 62
31- f'k{kk rFkk f'k{kd f'k{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡ vlhe dqekj ikBd 63
32- esjk I;kjk ns'k ikoZrh LokbZ 67
33- la?k"kZ ls y{; rd lR;ozr 'kekZ 68
34- f'k{kk dk egRo izKkfluh jkor 71
35- firk eatwyrk tsuk 72
36- vke dh [kkst lqn'kZu Mkscfj;ky 73
37- f'k{kk thou dk vk/kj lat; 'kekZ 75
38- esjk fo|ky; vkSj esjs f'k{kd lquhy dqekj 77
39- ;ksx dk egRo lq/ka'kq 'kriFkh 78
40- okYehfd vkJe esa fojfgrk lhrk fot;k iq"Vh 80
41- vkt ds lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku 'kqHknf'kZuh ifjM+k 81
f'k{kk T;ksfr 1

laLÑrHkk"k;k o`fÙkykHk%
Le`fr fot;fu i.Mk
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
laLÑra&laLÑrsewZya KkufoKkuokfjf/%A
osnrRokFkZlatq"Va yksdkyksddja f'koe~AA
laLÑre~ bR;qDrs fde~\ lE;xÑre~ laLÑra vFkkZr~ ifj"Ñra ifj'kq¼a Hkk"kk Hkofr
laLÑr& Hkk"kk ;k Hkk"kk vLekda Hkkjrh;kuka rFkk Hkkjrh;ijEijk.kka vk/kjHkwr% ewyHkwr'p HkofrA
laLÑra fouk vLekda Hkkjrh; laLÑfr% vlqjf{krk%A vr% ;=k vLekda laLÑfr% laLÑrkfJrk r=k
vLekda dk dFkk\ vr% Hkkjra lqlaLÑrns'k% bfr mP;rsA
laLÑrkè;;uL; vko';drk&laLÑrHkk"kk vk;ZHkk"kkA oSfndHkk"kk bfr mP;rsA losZ"kka
Hkk"kk.kka tuuhLo:ik Hkofr lrak iq#"kk.kka Hkk"kkRosu laLÑr Hkk"kk ifjxf.krkA vr% vLekda lekts
rFkk vLekda f'k{kktxfr laLÑrHkk"kk;k% LFkkua loZ=k oÙkZrs vr% laLÑrHkk"kk;k% iBua&ikBua]
vè;;ue~ vè;kiua p vifjgk;Ze~ laLÑrkè;;usu vè;sr`.kka Hkk"kkKkua vFkkZr~ KkuL; fodklsu
lkda fnO;Hkkoukuka fodklks¿fi lEHkofrA ;Fkk&
v;a futijksosfr x.kuky?kqpsrlke~A
mnkjpfjrkuka rq olq/SodqVqEcde~AA
o`fÙkykHk%&
,rkn`'k% le;% vklhr~ ;nk dsoya KkukFk± vè;;u&vè;kiukfn izpfyrre~ vklhr~A
ijUrq vèkquk ifjoÙkZu'khys lalkjs Kkusu lkda o`Ùks% vko';drk¿fi oÙkZrsA v/quk losZ"kka izeq[ka
y{;a rFkk p izeq[k leL;k HkofrA o`fÙkleL;k rfgZ v=k d'puiz'u% mTthofr Hkofr]
;r~&laLÑrkè;;usu o`fÙkykHk% Hkfo";fr u okA ijUrq ,d% 'yksd% oÙkZrsA
fo|k nnkfr fou;e~ fou;kr~ ;kfr ik=krke~A
ik=kRokr~ /uekIuksfr /ukr~ /eZ% rr% lq[ke~AA
vFkkZr~ fo|;k /uykHk% Hkofr vr% laLÑrHkk"k;k% vè;;usu o`fÙkykHk% /uykHk'p
2 f'k{kk T;ksfr
Hkfo";fr bfr fu'pizpa ijUrq dspu fpUr;fUr ;r~&laLÑrkè;usu o`fÙkykHkL; laHkkouk U;wuk
oÙkZrsA ijUrq ,rr~ lEiw.kZr;k rF;ghua Hkofr laLÑrHkk"kkè;ukRija o`fÙkfufeÙka vusdkfu {ks=kkf.k
mUekspukfu HkofUrA
laLÑrHkk"kk;ka LukÙkd&LukÙkdksÙkj i;ZUrkè;;ukUrja f'k{kd%&vè;kid%&izkè;kid% bR;kfn
loZdkjh; o`fÙka izkraq 'kDuqe%A Nk=kk vr% ,rnFk± dsoya tkx:dr;k HkkO;e~ laLÑrL; mRFkkua
vko';de~] laLÑriBusu euq";k% m|ksxizkIrqa leFkkZ% HkofUr ;nk laLÑr'yksdkuka d.BLFkhdj.ka
dqeZ% rnk o;a izfrLi/kZ;ka Hkkxa x`ghRok /ua izkIuqe% ;fn laLÑrHkk"kk iqLrdys[kusu iqLrdfoØ;s.k
p /uykHka Hkofr laLÑr Hkk"kk ekè;esu okÙkkZykia dqeZ% rfg vLekda lEekua Hkfo";fr rsu
mPpinoh izkfIrHkZofrA ;Fkk&;qVhiqj xq#dqyL; dU;k ;w-ih-,l-lh- ijh{kk;ka r`rh;LFkku mPpina
p izkIrorh laLÑrHkk"k;k dk¿fi ijh{kk Hkofr rL;ka #fpeUr% laLÑrNk=kk% mÙkh.kkZ% HkofUrA
laLÑrNk=kk% vU;s"kka dkS'kykuka mifj vfi n{kk% HkofUrA ;Fkk vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh-] vks-,-,l-] vkbZ-,-
,l- bR;kfn mikf/efi izkIrqa leFkkZ% HkofUrA ;fn laLÑrHkk"kk;k% izpkj&izlkja Hkfo";fr rfÉ
Hkz"Vkpkja U;wua Hkfo";frA ;FkksDra dkO;izdk'ks eEeVkpk;Zersu&
dkO;a ;'kls vFkZÑrs O;ogkjfons f'kosÙkj{kr;sA
l|ijfuo`Ùk;s dkUrklfEerr;ksins'k;qtsAA
laLÑrHkk"kk nsoHkk"kk vfLrA vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh;ijEijk;keqixzUFkk%] pRokfj osnk% vfi laLÑr
Hkk"kk;keso miyH;UrsA laLÑrs v"VkÄ~x ;ksx fo"k;s¿fi o.kZua vfLrA ;ksxk% 'kjhjLokLF;fufeÙka
vR;f/da mi;ksxh HkofrA laLÑra ifBRok osndeZdk.M%] T;ksfr"kkpk;± bR;kfn HkforqegZfUr
Nk=kk% vr% ,rnFk± dsoya tkx:dr;k HkkO;a laLÑrL; mRFkkueko';de~A ;fn o;a laLÑra lqj{kka
nne~A rfgZ laLÑrks¿fi vLeku~ lqj{kk fo/kL;fr bfr fu'pizpe~A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 3

L=khf'k{k.ke~
tUest; i/ku
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
fo|k% leLrk% ro nsfo Hksnk%A
fL=k;% leLrk ldyk txLrqAA
nqxkZlIr'kR;ka fo|eku% v;a 'yksd%A vusu L=kh.kka fo|k;k'p efgek Kk;rsA izkphudkys
f'k{k.ka dFkeklhr~ bfr fpUr;Ur% o;a rnkuhUruefgykuka ekr`.kka f'k{kk;k fo"k;s fpUr;ke%A ^^;=k
uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%** bfr euqLe`fr%A ;=k fL=k;% HkofUr r=k nsork% olfUr bR;FkZ%A
Hkkjrh;efgyk% izkphudkyr% vfi Kkus] 'kkS;Z p vxzsljk% ,o vklu~A efgykuefi mÙkea f'k{k.ka
iznh;ekueklhr~A ekrk ,oa f'k'kwuka izFke xq#% bR;qP;rsA
;eLe`rkS ,oeqDrefLr&
iqjk dYis"kq ukjh.kka ekS×thcU/ueh";rs
vè;kiua p osnkuka lkfo=khopua rFkk
firkfir`O;ks Hkzkrk ok uSukeè;ki;sr~ ij%A
vokZphu Hkkjrs efgykf'k{k.ke~&
fØ-'k- uoes 'krekus cgo% efgyk% laLÑr Hkk"kk;ka dfork% vfi fyf[kroR;%A
jkeHknªkEck bfr ukfedk dof;=kh j?kqukFk vH;qn;% ukeda xzUFka fyf[krorhA fot;uxjlkezkT;s
16 res 'krekus ^ojnkfEcdk* bfr ukeda pEiwdkO;a jfprorhA
xÄ~xnsoh fot;uxjL; 'kkludkys vklhr~A egkjk"VªizkUrs lqizfl¼% f'kokftegkjkt%
gSUnolkezkT;a LFkkif;Rok N=kifr% bfr ukEuk vfÄ~drekHkor~A l% dqr%] dsu f'k{k.ka izkIroku~
bfr fopk;Zek.ks Li"Ve~ voxE;rs ;r~ rL; ekrk thtkckbZ rL; vkSU;R;L; ewye~ vHkwr~ bfrA
ckY;s ,o jkek;.ks egkHkkjrs fo|ekukuka egkohjk.kka dFkk% mDRok vfLeu~ ekxsZ izsfjrorhA
izfrfnuefi ,oeqDRok rL; eufl fgUnqRoL; 'kkS;ZL; p chtkokia Ñrorh bfr foKk;rsA ;fn
thtkckbZ mÙkejhR;k laLdkfjrk f'kf{krk u L;kr~ rfgZ f'kokftln`'k% dsljh dqrks ok N=kifr% HkwRok
4 f'k{kk T;ksfr
ns'ka m¼rq± 'kDuq;kr~A fdÙkw# jkKh psUUkE;k] >kalh jkKh y{ehckbZ] vgY;kckbZ gksYdj~ izHk`r;%
v|kfi iwoksZDrfo"k;s fun'kZukfu HkofUrA
,oa izkphudkys efgykuka f'k{kkiznkuO;oLFkk vfi mRÑ"Vk ,o vklhr~A rsuSo dkj.ksu
izR;sda ifjokj% vfi lqlaLÑreklhr~A ;r% rnk efgykuke~ vFkok iq#"kk.kka f'k{k.ka LokoyfEc]
LokfHkekfu thouk; izsj.kknkf; p vklhr~A r=k LokFkZL; ys'kksfi u vklhr~A
,oa Hkkjrs izkphudkyr% f'k{kkizfØ;k fujUrj:is.k vkxrkA ,rsu f'k{k.ksu Hkkjrs tukuke~
vkRefo'oklL; o/ZueHkor~A iztkukefi ee ns'k% ekr`Hkwfr% bR;kfnfo"k;s vknj% J¼k p vklhr~
rsu dkj.ksu ,o ns'ks iztk vfi /hjk% /eZfu"Bk ns'kHkDrk'p vklu~A vr ,o ns'kksfi le`¼eklhr~A
dkyØes.k lekts ifjorZua tkre~A ifjorZueso txr% fu;e% bfr mfDrjso vfLrA rfLeu~ ,o
le;s Hkkjrns'ks¿fi fdf×pr~ ifjorZue~ vHkor~A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 5

nwjn'kZuL; mi;ksx%
iz|qEu eVh;kjh
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
uhykpyfuoklk; fuR;k; ijekReusA
cyHkæalqHkækH;ka txUukFkk; rs ue%AA
lEçfr ekuo thouL; çR;sdfLeu~ {ks=ks foKkuL; çk/kU;a orZrsA vfLeu~ vk/qfud ;qxs
dks ok u tkukfr nwjn'kZue~A nwjn'kZukfo"dkjs.k rq ekuothoueR;Ura çHkkfore~A orZekudkys u
dks¿fi nwjn'kZua fouk thoua ;kif;rqegZfrA u dsoya uxjs"kq vfirq xzkes"ofi vfi vL; çHkko%
ifjy{;rsA ,rPp nwjn'kZua u dsoya euksj×tuL; lk/uefirq Kkuo¼ZdefiA nwjn'kZus çkr%
dkyknkjH; eè;jkf=k;kZor~ fofo/dk;ZØek% çlkfjrk% HkofUrA nwjn'kZus laxhra] ukVda] pyfPp=ka]
èkkjkfgde~ bR;kn;% vusds fg euksj×tddk;ZØek% çlkfjrk% HkofUrA yksdlHkk;k% jkT;lHkk;k'p
dk;ZØek.kka çlkjks¿fi nwjn'kZus HkofrA lekpkjk.kka fofo/ØhMk.kka p çlkj.ke~ v=k HkofrA ,o×p
ckykuka çkS<+kuka p ckSf¼dfodklk; nwjn'kZuL; egrh Hkwfedk orZrsA ;|fi nwjn'kZus Kkuo¼ZdS%
dk;ZØeS% Kkua fodflra Hkofr] fdUrq rn~ }kjk Hkkjrh; laLÑfr% ik'pkR;laLÑR;k çHkkfork
Hkofr cgq/kA v'yhyu`R;kuka] vR;kpkjk.kka] nq"Vdk;kZ.kka p çlkj.ksu vYio;Ldkuka ;qotukuka
pfj=kL; v/% irua cgq'kh?kaz tk;rsA vr% rfUufera nwjn'kZueso mÙkjnkf; HkofrA prqfoaZ'kfr?k.Vka
;kor~ çlkfjreuksj×tudk;ZØeku~ voyksD; v/kqukru;qotus"kq dk;Zdj.ks lfØ;rk u"Vk HkofrA
vr% vko';drkuqxq.ke~ ,rL; mi;ksx% dj.kh;%A
HkheL;k¿fij.ksHkaxks equsjfiefrHkze%A
;fn'kq¼e'kq¼a ok ee nks"k u fo|rsAA
6 f'k{kk T;ksfr

lk{kjrk;k% egRoe~
HkkX;/j lkey
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
xtkuua Hkwrx.kkfn lsfora
dfiRFk tEcwiQypk#Hk{k.ke~
meklqra'kksdfouk'kdkjd
uekfe fo?us'oj ikniadte~AA
vk/qfud dkysfLeu~ f'k{kk;k% vR;Ura egRoiw.kZLFkkua orZrsA çtkrU=kkReda jk"Vªfena
Hkkjre~A çtkrU=ksfLeu~ f'k{kk;k% lk{kjrk;k'p fof'k"VegRoefLrA tula[;kn`"V;k vLekda ns'kL;
fo'os f}rh;a LFkkua orZrsA ijUrq f'k{kkn`"V~;k ,rL; fLFkfr% vR;Ura 'kkspuh;k orZrsA v=k
lk{kjrk;k% çfr'kra vR;Yia orZrsA Hkkjro"kZL; v'khfr% çfr'kra tuk% xzkes fuolfUr] rs"kq vusds
fuj{kjk% lfUrA lk{kjrk uke rs v{kjKkua u tkufUrA rs Louke ysf[krqefi leFkkZ% u HkofUrA
jkT;s jkT;loZdkj% vL;ka fnf'k tkx#drka çn'kZ;frA ,rfUufeÙka loZdkjh;k;O;;fooj.ks /uL;
O;oLFkk vfi loZdkjs.k fØ;ek.kk orZrsA fdUrq visf{krifj.kke% ukoyksD;rsA u dsoya dsUæloZdkj%
vfirq jkT;loZdkjk% vfi vfLeu~ fo"k;s ç;kljrk% lfUrA f'k{kdk% uo;qodk'p lk{kjrk;k%
Ñrs ç;Rua dqoZUr% lfUrA ijUrq oLFkqfLFkfrfj;a orZrs ;r~ dsoya i=ks"kq tuk% lk{kjk% orZUrs]
okLrfodr;k /uL; O;;kuqxq.ka ifj.kke% u rFkk n`';rsA /uL; viO;;% vf/d% tk;eku%
orZrsA ?kks"k.kkuqlkja lk{kjk% dq=kfi u n`';UrsA bnefi lR;a orZrs ;r~ xzkes"kq tuk% tkx#dk% u
orZUrs rs f'k{kk;k% egÙoa u voxNfUrA rs"kq tus"kq tkx`fr% Hkosr~ rs f'k{kk;k% lk{kjrk;k'p egÙo-
eoxNs;q%A egÙoa foKk; iBukFkaZ Lo;eso vxzs vkxPNs;q%] rnk iw.kZlk{kjrk;k% LoIu% lkdkj%
HkforqegZfrA ;FkksDre~&
KkfrfHk oZ.Vrs uSo pkSjs.kkfi u uh;rsA
nkusu u {k;a ;kfr fo|kjRua egk/ue~AA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 7

O;ogkjn'kZus vfèkdkfj.k%
larks"k dqekj egkjk.kk
f'k{kk'kkL=kkh
O;ogkjL; Lo:ie~
f'k"VlEizfriUua ykSfddekpj.ka rL; foLrj bna ;qDrfene;qDrfefr miifÙkiqj% ljks
fu.kZ;% rfLeu~ fo"k; Hkwrs rRçoÙkdks¿fFkZçR;fFkZuks% lkè;ewy% lkè;e`.kknkukfn ina rUewy%
rf}"k;dks ;ks fookn% l% O;ogkj% bfrA
vfi p èkeZ'kkL=kfu;ea lnkpkja p fo#è; ;fn d'pu iq#"k% vijs.k ihfMr% lu~
jktkfnH;ks O;ogkjfnf'kZH;% ;fn vkosn;fr rfgZ rnkosnua O;ogkjina HkosfnfrA ;kKoYD;ksDra
O;ogkjy{k.ka ;Fkk&
^^Le`R;kpkjO;isrsu ekxsZ.kk¿¿èkf"kZr% ijS%A
vkosn;fr psækKs O;ogkjina fg rr~AA**
vfi p]
dkR;k;uLe`rkS çfrikfnra ;Fkk&
^ç;Rulkè;s fofPNUus èkekZ[;s U;k;foLrjsA
lkè;ewyLrq ;ks oknks O;ogkj% l mP;rsAA**
;kKoYD;Le`rs% Vhdkdkj% foKkus'oj% çfrikn;fr ;Fkk&
^^vU;fojksèksu LokRelEcfUèkr;k dFkua O;ogkj%A**
vfèkdkfj.k%µ
O;ogkj n'kZus jktk ,oa vfèkdkjh bfr loSZ% Le`frdkjS% mn~?kksf"krefLrA Lo;a p
;kKoYD;% O;ogkjkè;k;L; çkjEHks çfrikn;fr ;r~&^^O;ogkjku~ Lo;a i';sfnfrA** vr% jktk
vgjg% O;ogkj n'kZua dq;kZfnfrA ^O;ogkjn'kZua fouk jkK% eq[;Hkwra deZ çtkikyua u lEHkofrA
çtkikyua p n`"VeueUrjs.k u drqZa 'kD;rsA vr% jkK% çR;gdrZO;s"kq O;ogkjn'kZuefi lfUufo"VefLrA
8 f'k{kk T;ksfr
O;ogkjn'kZukfèkdkfj"kq çeq[kks Hkofr jktkA çtkuka xq.knks"kfoospua 'kq¼k'kq¼ ijh{k.ka
nq"Vknq"VifjKkua p jktk ,o drq± ikj;sr~A ej.kkr~ ija ;nk euq";a èkeZjkt% ikiiq.;kfnukeos{k.ksu
n.M;fr mRÑ"Va iQya p nnkfrA rFkSo thoukoèkkS vlkS jktk tukuka lqÑrnq"Ñrfopkj.ksu
n.MnkueFkZnkua p djksfrA
çtkikyusu ifjikfyr% çtksifgr% iq.;kr~ "kM~Hkkxa jktk Lo;a x`ÊkfrA rLekr~ çtklq firk
bo ifjiky;srA rFkk vkj{kek.kk% çtk% ;fRdafpr~ fdfYo"ka&pkS;Z&ijnkjxeukfnda dqoZfUr rLekr~
ikiknFkaZ u`irsHkZofrA ;Lekr~ vlkS jktk çtkj{k.kkFk± çtkH;% djku~ x`ÊkfrA l ,o jktk egksRlkg%]
LFkwyy{;%] ÑrK% o`¼lsod%] fouhr%] lÙolEiUu%] cfyu%] lR;opu'khy] 'kqfp%] vnh?kZlw=k%]
Le`freku~] v{kqæ%] vi#"k%] èkkfeZd%] vO;lu%] çkK%] 'kwj% jgL;kfor~ vkUohf{kdhn.MuhfrosÙkk]
fouhr%] okrkZfor~] =k;hfor~ pSo L;kr~A ,oa foèkS% xq.kfof'k"VS% vfHkf"kDr% {kf=k;% çtkikyua drq±
'kDuksfrA
jktk ;nk O;ogkj n'kZua drqaZ u 'kDuq;kr~ rnk vU;ka'pkSo fu;q×thoA fu;qDrs"kq vU;s"kq
cgq"kq lnL;s"kq d'pu% loZèkeZK% czkã.kks jkK% çfrfufèk:is.k fopkja dq;kZr~A vLokLF;o'kkr~
fot;kFkZ xeuo'kkr~ dk;kZUrjO;kdqyo'kkr~ ok jktk ;nk lHkk;ka xUrqa u ikj;sr~ rnkuha l ,o
fu;qDr% czkã.k% çtkfHk% vkosfnra fooknina lH;S% lg lE;xkyksP; fopkj;sr~A
;r% fookninkuka lE;xkykspuiwoZda fopkja djksfr vrLrL; çkM~fookd laKk yksds
çfl¼k%A okfnus çfrokfnua p vkosnufo"k;a fo:¼e~ vfo:¼a p loa i`PNfr 'k`.kksfr p lH;S%
lg foosp;frA ç;Rurks fu.kZ;a djksfrA bR;r% rL; egr~ nkf;Roa oRrZrsA vL; çkM~fookdL;
Lo:iefi dkR;k;u&c`gLifr çHk`frfHk% çfrikfnrefLrA vlkS çkM~fookdks¿fi nkUr%] dqyhuks]
eè;LFk% vuqn~}sxdj%] fLFkj%] èkkfeZd%] Øksèk% jfgr%] m|ksx'khy% bfr vusdS% xq.kS% vfUor%
L;kr~A
lHkk;ka u`ik% vfu;qDrk% czkã.kk% fu;qDrk lH;k%] çkM~fookd%] oknh] çfroknh]
x.kd&ys[kkn;'p vo';a fr"Bs;q%A vfLeu~ fo"k;s dkR;k;u% dFk;fr ;Fkk jktk çkM~fookdsu]
vekR;S% czkã.k iqjksfgrlH;S'p lg fooknina fopkj;sr~A ,oa Hkwrk;k% lHkk;k% ç'kalk euqukfi
fofgrkA ,rs ,o O;ogkj n'kZukfèkdkfj.k% Le`frdkjS% çfrikfnrk% lfUrA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 9

fe=kL; y{k.ke~
lnkuUn ck?k
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
vkfrZjkÙksZ fç;s çhfrjsrkor fe=kL; y{k.ke~A
euq";% ,d% lkekftd çk.khA cgqtukuka eè;s lekts l% thofrA vr% tuS% lg
lqlEidZ% rsu çfr"BkrO;A rFkkfi cgqRokr~ ijLijesdeL;a oSeR;a pkfi lekts n`';rsA ijUrq
r=kSokfi cUèkqrkoysu oSeR;lL; {kkyuhdj.ksu ,deR;L; lqçfr"Bk fØ;rsA ,deR; çfn"Bkiuk;
cUèkqRoL; ç;kstuh;rk vfLrA fofoèk dk;Dykis"kq vuqdwys"kq fe=kkf.k çfrdqys"kq vfe=kkf.k tk;Urs
bfr yksd O;ogkj%A egkefr% pk.kD;% rL; uhfr'kkL=ks fy[kfr&
^^u df'pr~ dL;fpfUe=ka u df'pr~ dL;fpfæiq%A
O;ogkjs.k fe=kkf.k tk;Urs fjioLrFkkA**
vr% fe=kk¿fe=k;ks% ijh{k.ka vo';a dj.kh;e~A l% ,o l[kk ;% leçk.k%A lqânfi losZ
nsokuqxr%A fe=ka rq lefØ;%A rr~ loZL; fopkj.ka ÑRok d% fe=ka] d% vfe=ka rr~ voxPNsr~
mP;rs p bne~&
^vR;kxlguks cUèkq% lnSokuqxr% lqâr~A
,dfØ;a HkosfUe=ka leçk.k% l[kk Le`r%AA**
leHkkouk&leosnuk lelq[ka lgkuqHkwfr'p fe=ks"kq n`';rsA fe=kL; nq%[ks nq%[ka] lq[ks lq[ka
vkrs&vkfrZ%] fç;s&çhfr% vfç;s&vçhfr% bfr LoHkkosu ,deR;a fe=ksrqa ifjy{;rsA R;kx% çR;kx:
nkua&çfrnkua] vknkua p fe=kL; çhfr y{k.ke~A
vkpk;Z dkSfVY;su dfFkre~&
nnkfr çfrx`Êkfn x`áek[;kfr i`PNfrA
Hkq×trs Hkkst;rs pkSo "kfM~oèka çhfry{k.ke~**
;r% tu% ikikfUuokj;fr] ;kst;rs fgrk;] xwg;a fuxwg;fr] xq.kku~ çdVhra djksfr vkifn
lkgkÕ;a djksfr] Hk;kr~ =kk;rs l% çÑrcUèkq%A
10 f'k{kk T;ksfr
mDr p&
^^mRlos O;lus pSo nqfHkZ{ks jk"VªfoIyosA
jkt}kjs 'e'kkus p ;r~ fr"Bfr l% ckUèko%AA**
vfi p mDre~&
^^vfgrkr~ çfr'kksèk'p fgrs pkuqçoÙkue~A
O;lus p vifjR;kx% f=kfoèka fe=k y{k.ke~AA**
fe=ka ;FkkFksZu fgra fpUr;fr] fgra dFk;frA vr% lfUe=kL; okD;a fu%lUnsgsu xzkáe~A
fe=k;kseZè;s 'kÄ~dk;k% df'pr~ vodk'k% ukfLrA lUnsg% psr~ r=k fe=krk;k% ifjlekfIr% tk;rsA
^^djkfoo 'kjhjL; us=k;ksfjo i{e.ke~A
vfopk;sZ fç;a dq;kZr~ rfUe=ka fe=keqP;rsAA**
uwua fe=ka 'kjhjL; vÄ~xrqY;e~A fe=ka fouk thoua iw.kZ u HkofrA fe=ka u;u;ks% çfr
jlk;ue~A fe=ka psrl% vkuUnlEiknue~A fe=ka rq lq[knq%[k;ks% lgpje~A rnso foiRlq çèkkukyEce~A
iqu'p rfUe=ka ân;L; foJkeLFkkuesde~A
lR;eso dF;rs&
^^vkfÙkZjkÙksZ fç;s çhfrjsrfUe=kL; y{k.ke~A**
lqxzho% foHkh"k.k'p jkepUæL; fe=ks vkLrkEk~A r;ks% lgk;r;k jkepUæ% lejs fot;a
yCèkoku~ bfr jkek;.kkr~ Kk;rS%A }kij;qxs vtqZuL; l[kk vklhr~ Ñ"k.k%A vL; lgk;r;k l%
vtqZu% egkHkkjr lejs fot; çkIroku~A vLekr~ Kk;rs thou{ks=ks"kq losZ"kka fe=kL; vko';drk
orZrsA lqy{k.k;qDrsu tusu lg fe=krk dj.kh;k pA bfr vye~ vfr foLrjs.k bfr fnd~A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 11

fo|k/ua loZ/uiz/kue~
fiz;adk pØ
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
fo|k ekuokuka Ñrs vrho vko';d% xq.kks¿fLr fo|;k ekuok% /ekZ/e±] fgrkfgra
dÙkZO;kdÙkZO;a p tkufUr fo|klEiUuL; ekuoL; loZ=kSo leknjks Hkofr] fo}ku jkK% Js"BÙkjks
Hkofr] bna dF;rs&
fo¼Roa p u`iRoa p uSo rqY;a dnkpuA
Lons'ks iwT;rs jktk fo}ku~ loZ=k iwT;rsAA
lalkjcU/kuknfi eks{k;fr r|Fkk&
^^vfo|;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo|;ke`re'uwrs**
vr% fo|kizkIr;s vLekfHk% lnk iz;frrO;e~ fo|kizkIr;s pkLekfHk% izFkea y{;kfu/
kZj.keo';eso drZO;e~ ;rksfg&
^^fouk y{;a u fo|k**
euq"; Lothous lnk lq[keso okP×Nfr lq[kL; izkIr;s fo|kè;;ulfuok;± Hkofr] mP;rs
p&
^^fo|k nnkfr fou;a fou;kr~ ;kfr ik=krke~A
ik=kRokr~ /eekIuksfr /ukr~ /eZ% rr% lq[ke~AA**
,oa izdkjs.k Øe'k% uj% lq[ka izkUiksfr fo|k;k% p izkdkj};a Hkofr
r|Fkk&
fo|k 'kL=ka p 'kkL=ka p }s fo/s% izfriÙk;s lalkjs izk/kU;su i×; Dys'kk% lfUr rs p&
^^vfo|kfLerkjkx}s"kkfHkfuos'kk i×p Dys'kk%**
,rs"kq i×pLofi vfo|k ,oa izk/kU;su Hkofr
vfo|k {ks=keqÙkjs"kka izlqIrruqfoPNUuksnkjk.kke~
12 f'k{kk T;ksfr
vr% vLekfHk% nq%[kkuka fuo`Ùk;s fo|kè;ue';eso drZO;e~ fo|so euq";kL;kUr% mÙkefopkjku~
izdV;frA mP;rs p&
^^la;kst;fr fo|So uhpxkfi uja lfjr~
leqnzfeo nq/Z"kZ u`ia HkkX;er% ije~**
vr% lo± fo|; vLekfHk% fo|kè;;ueo';eso drZO;e~A
vr% mP;rs&
O;lukfu lfUr ogqfu yksds---
f'k{kk T;ksfr 13

½rqjktL; olUrL; o.kZue~

lksukfyLokb¡
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
fo|ekus"kq "kV~"kq ½rq"kq olUrL;So ½rqjktRosu çfl¼%A vLekda ns'ks çkÑfrdlq"kek;k%
lkezkT;efLrA olUrrkSZ çkr% lk;a eUn% lqxUèk'p ok;q% çogfrA
rnk fnolk% ukfr'khrk% ukR;q".kk'p HkofUrA lq;Z% çp.Mks u n`';rsA fnolk% ijeje.kh;k%
HkofUrA olUrdkys o`{ks"kq uohui=kkf.k iq"ikf.k p fodlfUrA vkezo`{ks"kq e×t;Z% iqf"irk% HkofUrA
dksfdyk% r=k eèkqjLojs.k dwtfUrA iq"is"kq Hkzejk% eèkq fioUr% xq×tuèofua dqoZfUrA olUrdkys
o`{kyrkn;% uoiYyoS% 'kksHkUrsA rnk [kxk%] e`xk%] tuk'p çlUuk% HkofUrA olUrrqZ% losZ"kka
çkf.kuka 'kjhjs"kq uopsruk;k% mRlkgL; p l×pkja djksfrA olUrdkys ok;q% LokLF;oèkZd% HkofrA
olUrr çkÑfrdçns'ks"kq ikoZrh;çns'ks"kq p loZ=k lkSUn;± oèkZrsA lkSUn;ZçkèkkU;n`"V~;k olUr½rq%
Js"BRosu lEcksè;rsA vr% xhrk;keqDre~&½rwuka dqlqekdj% bfrA
çHkkro.kZue~&
fnolL; çFkekoLFkk ,oa çHkkre~A çHkkrs lw;Z% mnsfrA lw;ZL; çdk'k% çljfrA 'khry%
eUn% ok;q% çogfrA míkus iq"ikf.k fodlfUrA rs"kq Hkzejk% xq×tfUrA [kxk% xhra xk;fUrA e;qjk%
u`R;fUrA e`xk% èkkofUrA xksikydk% nqXèke~ vku;fUrA Ñ"kdk% {ks=ka çfr xPNfUrA tuk% çHkkrs
lw;ksZn;kr~ iwo± 'kÕ;ka R;tfUrA rs bZ'oja uefUr] nsoky;s"kq ?k.Vèofu% Jw;rsA tuk% LukRok nsoky;a
xPNfUrA dsfpr~ lekpkji=ka iBfUrA dsfpr~ nwjn'kZus egkiq:"kk.kka O;k[;kua 'k`.ofUrA Nk=kk%
fo|ky;a xPNfUrA losZ tuk% vkyL;a ifjR;T; Lodk;sZ layXuk% HkofUrA çFkes ukftZrk fo|k
vfUres fda dfj";fr bo vo';eL;k% çHkkrcsyk;k% lnqi;ksx% dj.kh;%A
14 f'k{kk T;ksfr

laLÑrfgU|kÄ~XyHkk"kklq infoHkkxO;oLFkk;k%
rqyukRedkè;;ue~
izos'k dqekj
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
Hkwfedk
oLrqr% HkkokfHkO;Drs% lkèkua Hkk"kk HkofrA Hkk"kk;k% ekSfydrRoa èofu% (Lofue~) bfr
HkofrA ij×p çÑfrçR;;'p bR;u;ks% la;kstusu ;% lkFkZd'kCn% ç;qT;rs l% ine~ bR;qP;rsA
,o×p lkFkZdinkuka la;kstusu okD;fuekZ.ka HkofrA
ij×p ine~ bfr fde~ bfr ftKkl;kA bR;fLeu~ fo"k;s fofHkUufo}n~fHk% o.;Zrs rFkk p
infoHkkx% fØ;rsA çkphukèkqfuderkuqlkjs.k laLÑr&fgUnh&vkÄ~XyHkk"kklq fofoèk:is.k infoHkkx%
fØ;rsA rs"kka fofHkUu:is.k fØ;ek.kkuka infoHkkxkuka rqyukRedeè;;ua djksE;ge~A
laLÑrs infoHkkx%
;|fiHkr`Zgfjers okD;LiQksVL; çkeq[;su ins u o.kkZ fo|Urs o.ksZ"oo;ok u pA
okD;kRinkukeR;Ura çfoosdks u d'puA ijUrq rsukfi LiQksV:is.k lÙkk fuxfnrkA vU;=kkfi
^inlewgks okD;e~* bR;kfnifjHkk"k;k Li"VhfØ;rs ;r~ ina lÙkk HkofrA iqu% ^,dfrÄ~ okD;e~*
(egkHkk";e~)A v=k frÄ~ bfr fdfefr ftKkl;k lqfIrÄ~Ura ine~ bfr ikf.kfulw=ka çfr xE;rsA rr%
lqcUra frÄUra p inl×Kaa L;kfnr in};a HkofrA
fu#Drdkjs.k ;kLdegksn;su fyf[kra ;r~ ^pRokfj Ikntkrkfu ukek[;krs pksilxZfuikrk'p*
ifjy{;rs vusu mRiUukfu Iknkfu prqèkkZ foHkkT;kfu HkofUrA ir×tfyuk vfi egkHkk";s prqèkkZ
foHkktua çn;Zrs ^^pRokfj 'k`Ä~xk =k;ks¿L; iknk%**A okD;inh;kdkjs.kkfi okD;dk.Ms fuxfnre~
^^f}èkk dSf'pRina fHkUua prqèkkZ i×pèkkfi okA vkiks¿èk`R;So okD;sH;% çÑfriR;;kfnre~A (okD;inh;e~)
vfLeUuso xzUFks dfFkrefLr ^^prq"V~oa ukLrhfr] okrkZ{kkSnqEcjk;.kkSA** Hkr`Zgfj.kk gsykjktsu p
i×pèkk vfi infoHkkx% LohÑr%A rkH;ka ukek[;krk|frfjDra deZçopuh;ks¿fi LorU=kin:is.k
ekfur%A mijksDrfooj.kS% Li"V~;rs ;r~ laLÑrijEijk;ka U;wureinfoHkkxks f}èkk rFkk p
f'k{kk T;ksfr 15
vfèkdreinfoHkkxks i×pèkk Ñre~A
1- ukeine~&r=k fdUuke infefr ftKklka leknèkfr ^^çkfrifnde~** vFkkZr~ vFkZoPNCnLo:ia
çkfrifndEA v=k ukEu% uefUr vk[;kr'kCns xq.kHkkosuA iqu'p lRo&æO;;&la[;k&fyÄ~x&dkjdk'p
HkofUrA ,rs"kka lekgkjs dL; çèkkurk xkS.krk p Hkofr rL; Ñrs ;kLdsuksDre~&^lRoçèkkukfu
ukekfu*A lRoa uke fde~] lRoa uke lÙkk] l p ço`fÙkfufeÙke~A ço`Ùkkuka fufeÙkeèkkZr~ vkJ;a
HkofrA vr% lRoa loZçèkkua rFkk æO;fyÄ~xla[;kdkjdkn;% Øe'k% rÙkRlkèkdk% HkofUrA v=k
ukeinsu O;qRiUukO;qRiUu;ks% cksèkks HkofrA
;rks fg & ukelq ^^gkjd%** vFkkZr~ gj.kdeZ dqoZu~ df'pr~ ,d% iqafYyÄ~xfof'k"V% drkZ
orZrsA
2- vk[;krine~ & fdfeR;k[;krine~ ^^vk[;k;rs ¿ us u xq . kHkkos u orZ e kuk
vusddkjdçfoHkDrk LiqQjek.kso çèkkuæO;HkkokfHkO;DR;qUeq[kh Hkwrk fØ;kA rL;k'p çkèkkU;su
Hkko% LokReykHkçèkku bR;k[;kr~A** iqu'p lkekU;r;k ^Hkkoçèkkue~ vk[;kre~~*A v=k Hkko% fØ;k
vL; Li"Vhdj.ke~ bRFka fØ;rsA ^^fØ;kokpdek[;kra fyÄ~xrks u fof'k";rs**A ;kLdsu
"kM~Hkkofodkj:is.k fØ;kijLijlEc¼k Hkofr] lkè;:is.k fØ;k ^^tk;rs] oèkZrs] vi{kh;rs]
fou';rhfr** voLFkkfn"kq orZUrsA v=k Ks;fena ;r~ lkè;:is.k fØ;k çkfrifnd;ksX;k% u
HkoUrhfr] fl¼:ia HkwRok ,o çkfrifnd;ksX;k% HkofUrA ^^lokZf.k ukekfu vk[;krtkfu HkofUr**
vFkkZr~ vk[;krnso ukeknhukeqRifÙktkZ;rsA
3- milxZine~&fdeqilxZinfefr ^^tU;cksèkfo"k;hHkwrfØ;kfo'ks"kfo"k;drkRi;ZxzkgdRos
lfr çkèkkU;reRoeqilxZRoe~** (fu#Dre) iqu% ikf.kfuuk çksDra fo|rsA ^^milxkZ% fØ;k;ksxs**
vFkkZr~ fufnZ"Vk% ç]ijk]mi--- bR;kn;ks foa'kfr%] dsfpr~ }kfoa'kfr% ok fØ;k;ksx milxkZ% L;q%A ,rs
,oa Dofpr~ milxkZ% Dofpr~ xfrl×tdk% Dofpr~ deZçopuh;k vfiA fØ;kiniwoZekxR;
vFkkZUrjkfndj.k{kek% milxkZ mnkfß;Urs milxsZ.k èkkRoFkksaZ cyknU;=k uh;rsA çgkjkgkjlagkj&
fogkjifjgkjor~A milxkZ.kka |ksrdRoa okpdRoa ok r=k fdeqilxkZ.kka i`Fkd~ lÙkk orZrs u
bR;kdkÄ~{k;k ^^u fucZ¼k milxkZ vFkkZfUujkgq%**A bfr fu#DrksDr'kkdVk;uersu Li"Vr;k |ksR;rs
;r~ milxkZ.kka lÙkk i`Fkd~ u fo|rsA vLrq ijUrq dFke~ milxkZ% vfi çkfrifndk% vfi HkofUrA
fu#Drdkjs.k lefFkZrfene~] fofèkeq[ksu çÑfrdkjdksilxkZ% dFka fu"ksèkeq[ksu ço`fÙka dkjf;";UrhfrA
rsuoS ^^çijsR;srL; çkfryksE;e~** ^^vHkhR;kfHkeq[;e~** ^^vfr lq bR;fHkiwftrkFks*Z * ^^lfeR;sdhHkkoe~**
^^vèkhR;qifjHkkoeS'o;Ze*~ * ^^ijhfr loZrksHkkoe~** ^^miR;qitue~** ^^U;osfr fofuxzgkFkhZ;kS** (fu#Dre~)
bR;kn;% okpdRoefi ;kLdere~A
4- fuikrue~&dk ifjHkk"kk fuikrinL; ^^fuirfur mPpkops"oFksZ"kq** (fu#Dre~) ,"kka
ç;ksx% miekèksZ ikniwj.ks lEcUèk|ksrus vO;;kFksZ p HkofrA ^^vI;qiekFksZ¿fi--- ^^ikf.kfuuk çksDra
;r~ ^^pkn;ks¿lRos** vFkkZr~ væO;kFkkZ'pkn;ks fuikrk% L;q%A lRoa uke æO;e~A fuikrk% LorU=kç;ksxkgkZ%
HkofUrA ,rs¿fi çkfrifndk% HkofUrA ^^vO;;knkIlqi%** bfr ikf.kuh;suA
16 f'k{kk T;ksfr
5- deZçopuh;ine~&d;k ifjHkk"k;k deZçopuh;L;kFkZ% ç|ksR;rs ;s vç;qT;ekuL;
fØ;kekgq% rs deZçopuh;k% bR;qDra egkHkk";s] iqu'p fl¼kUrdkSeq|ka ^deZ fØ;ka çksDroUr%*
rFkk p okD;inh;sA ^fØ;k;k |ksrdks uk¿;a lEcUèkL; u okpdk%A ukfi fØ;kikis{kh lEcUèkL;
rq Hksnd%* (okD;inh;e~)A ifjHkk"kkfHk% Li"V~;rs ;r~ fo'ks"kkFksZ ç;ksT;k% milxkZ% fØ;ka |ksr;fUrA
;Fkk&tieuqçko"kZr~] o`{k o`{ka çfr fo|ksrrs fo|qr~] vuq gfja lqjk%A
fgUnhHkk"kk;ka infoHkkx%&laLÑrs% fo}kal% fofHkUu:is.k infoHkkxa Ñre~A dspu f}èkk]
dspu prqèkkZ rFkk p df'pr~ i×pèkk p eU;UrsA ij×p fgUnhHkk"kk;ka inL; foHkkxks¿"Vçdkjs.k
fØ;rsA
1- laKkine~&O;fDr%] oLrq] LFkku×p bR;u;ks% lkFkZdukeSo lKk bR;qP;rsA
;Fkk&jke%] ç;kx%] iqLrde~A
l×Kk bR;L; fofHkUuHksnk% lfUr
1- tkfrokpdlak& ;Fkk& ckyd%] ckfydk] flag%] v'o%A
2- HkkookpdlaKk& ;Fkk& m".ke~] 'khrye~] eèkqje~A
3- O;fDrokpdlaKk& ;Fkk& eksgu%] jke%
4- lewgokpdlaKk& ;Fkk& lsuk] lEenZ%
5- æO;okpdlaKk& ;Fkk& rSye~] tye~] nqXèke~A
2- loZukeine~&laKk;k% LFkkus ç;ksxa ç;qDra ina loZuke mP;rsA ;Fkk& vge~] Roe~]
l%] Hkoku~] d% bR;kfnA
loZuke bR;L;kfi fofHkUuHksnk% lfUr&
1- iq#"kokpde~& ;Fkk& vge~] o;e~]
2- vfu'p;okpde~& df'pr~ fdf×pr~
3- fu'p;okpde~& v;e~] ,"k%] rs]
4- ç'uokpde~& d%] dq=k] dfr
5- lEcUèkokpde~& ;L;] rL;]
6- futokpde~& vge~] Lo;e~]
3- fØ;kine~&drqZ%& d=khZÑrfØ;ek.kO;kikj% fØ;k bR;qP;rsA ;Fkk& jke% xzke xPNfrA
bR;=k jkedr`ZdxeukuqdwyO;kij% xzkee~ bfr deZA vFkkZr~ xeufØ;kfLrA
4- fo'ks"k.kine~&;s 'kCnk% l×KkloZukEuks'p fo'ks"krk Li"Va dqoZfUr] rs rL; fo'ks"k.ke~
bR;qP;rsA vFkkZr~ ;s 'kCnk% xq.knks"kHkkola[;kifj.kkesfrlEcfUèkrfo'ks"krk;k% cksèk dkj;fUrA ;Fkk&
Ñ".k%] 'osr%] fo'kky%] lqUnje~ bR;kn;%A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 17
5- fØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~&dL;kfi fØ;k;k% fo'ks"krka Li"Va çdV~;Urs 'kCnk% fØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~
bR;qP;rsA
;Fkk& eksgu eqjyh dh vis{kk de i<+rk gSA ;gk¡ de 'kCn i<us fØ;k dk fo'ks"k.k
gSA
fØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~ bR;L;kfi pRokjks Hksnk% lfUrA
1- jhfrokpdfØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~& ;Fkk& eksgu us vpkud dgkA
2- dkyokpdfØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~& eksgu us dy dgkA
3- LFkkuokpdfØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~& eksgu ;gk¡ vk;k FkkA
4- ifjek.kokpdfØ;kfo'ks"k.ke~& eksgu de cksyrk gSA
6- leqPp;cksèkde~&}kS 'kCnkS ,oa p okD;ku~ laxfBra (tksMus okys) la;kstd'kCna
leqPp;cksèkdfeR;qP;rsA
;Fkk& eksgu vkSj ';ke fo|ky; tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ vkSj in eksgu ';ke dks tksM+rk gSA
7- lEcUèklwpdine~&;s 'kCnk% laKkloZukEuks'p ok lEcUèka okD;L;kU;'kCnkuka lg
n'kZ;fr l% lEcUèklwpdinfeR;qP;rsA ;Fkk& ?kj ds lkeus isM+ gSaA ;gk¡ lkeus in lEcUèklwpd
in gSA (?kj vkSj isM+ dk)
8- foLe;cksèkdine~&foLe;% çdV~;rs 'kCnku~ foLe;kfncksèkd dF;UrsA
;Fkk& Hkks vjs bR;kfnA
vjs eSa rks Hkwy gh x;k FkkA
bR;=k vjs bfr ina foLe;kfncksèkdinefLrA
vkÄ~XyHkk"kk;ka infoHkkxL; çkphuijEijk
;kLdÑrfu#Drs infoHkkxO;oLFkk;kefi ukek[;kr;ks çèkkurk n`';rs] ukek[;krs
pksilxZfuikrk'psR;=k ukek[;kr;ks% pdkjiwoaZ i`Fkfxfr VhdkdkjS%A rnSo IysVksegksn;sukfi (plato)
okD;kfu rq ukek[;kr;ksjLekda dYiuk orZrsA
;FkksDre~&Sentences are, I conceive a combination of verbs and nouns, rrLrq rL;
f'k";s.k vjLrqegksn;su (Aristotle), conjuction, Pronouns ,oa Article =kh.kh uohukfu inkfu
O;ofLFkrkfuA rr% bZ'kkiwoZf}rh;'krkC|ka (Art of grammar) uked iqLrds oxhZdj.kçdkj%
ifjofrZrLrFkk infoHkkxks¿"V~èkk tkr%A
1- Noun : (l×tk vFkok ukeine~)&
A part of speech inflected for case signifying a concrete or abstract entify.
2. Verb : (fØ;kine~)&
18 f'k{kk T;ksfr
A part of speech without case inflection, but inflected for tense, person and num-
ber. Signifying an activity or process performed or undergone.
3. Particople : (fØ;kfnin;ksfofoZ/koLFkkn;%)
A part of speech sharing the features of the verb and the noun.
4. Interjuction : (foLe;kfncks/da ine~)&
A part of speech expressing emotion alone.
5. Pronoun : (loZuke)&
A part of speech substitutable for a noun snd marked for a person.
6. Prepositions : (lEcU/lwpda ine~)
A part of speech placed vefore other word in composition and syntax.
7. Adverb : (fØ;kfo'ks"k.kine~)&
A parts of speech without inflection, in modification of addition to a verb, adjecteive,
clause, sentence.
8. Conjuction : (la;kstda ine~)&
A part of speech fining together the discourse and filling gaps in its interpretation.
mDrO;oLFkk;ka ukfLr fo'ks"k.k (Adjective) inL; i`FkDLFkkue~A Participle bR;fLr i`FkiDna
;Ùkq vfxzes la'kks/us ukfLr fo|ekua r=k rq "adjective" bfr ina x`ghre~A
bnkuha ;nzwia izpyfr rfnRFke~&
1. Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.
EX- Name (Ram, Mohan)
Place (Dehradun)
Thing (Movile, Pen)
2- Pronun- Proung are the words that take the place of a noun.
EX-Bhanu is a cute boy. He is my friend.
3- Verb&-A word that expresses an action or occurrence.
EX- Tie, Fly etc.
4- Preposition-A word used vefore a noun or pronoun to shows its relation with
the other words of the sentence.
EX- The cat is under the table.
5-Adjective-Adjectives are the words or the clauses that shos that quality of noun/
pronoun or provide some additional information about them.
EX- Ram is brave.
f'k{kk T;ksfr 19
6- Conjunction- Words which join two sentences, clauses (miokD;) or phrases
are called conjunctions.
EX- I like him but my family does not like him.
7-Adverb-An adverb is a verb that modifies a verb, an adjective another adverb
or evenA whole sentence.
EX- Ram rans Fast.
8- Interjection- Interjection is a word that show sportameous feeling or emotions
of a person.
EX- Hurry! Wow the race.
mila g kj%&mi;q Z D rkè;;us u Kk;rs ;r~ ina u ds o ya O;kdj.kn` " V~ ; k vfi rq
Hkk"kkfoKkun`"V~;kfi Hkk"kk;k% egRoiw.kkZÄx~ fo|rsA inL; fo"k;s ik'pkR;çkphukèkqfuderkuk×pkè;;ua
e;k Ñre~A mi;qZDrfofoèkers"kq vFkkZr~ fu#Drdkykr~ vèkquk i;ZUra lekurk rq u nfjn`';rs ij×p
çk;% losZ¿fi infefr Hkk"kk;k% lkFkZdeo;o:is.k vÄ~xhdqoZfUrA vusukè;;usu Kk;rs ;r~
fuf'pr:is.k çkphuik'pkR;kèkqfuderkuqlkjs.k ina Kkiuk; lkSfoè;a ifjdYi;frA
vusukè;;usukLekfHk% çkphukèkqfudik'pkR;eUrO;kuka p;us¿fi lkSd;aZ Hkfo";frA
20 f'k{kk T;ksfr

vkpkj% ijeksèkeZ%
rUe;xM+uk;d
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
vkpjfr lE;XO;ogjfr 'kkL=kksins'kkuufrØE; osn'kkL=kfu;ekuqlkjs.k ;su l vkpkj%A mr
vkp;Zrs lE;XO;ofß;rs bfr vkpkj%A iqujfi mÙketukuka O;ogkjL;kuqdj.kefi lnkpkj%A
lnkpkja fouk prqoZxZiQyçkfIr% furjke~ vlEHkokA
v;a lnkpkj% loZèkukis{k;k Js;LFkkufena HktrsA losZ"kq ifFk"kq mÙkeks¿;a iUFkk%A bna
rilkeqÙkea ri%A v;×p lnkpkj% ns'kL; ijEijkekfJR; txfr ifjorZrsrjke~A euqegf"kZ.kk vfi
mP;rs&
rfLeu~ ns'ks ; vkpkj% ikjEi;ZØekxr%A
o.kkZuka 'kkUrjykuka l lnkpkj mP;rsAA
lnkpkjh iq#"k% los"Z kka tukuka ikf.kuk×p fç;ks HkofrA rL; lnkpkjs.k nq"deZf.k vixPNfUrA
'khya uke fou;a ln~O;ogkjks okA 'khyeso ijea Hkw"k.kfeR;qP;rsA vr% lnkpkjoku~ iq#"k% jRusu
fouk¿fi txfr 'kksHkrsA vr% losZ"kka Kkukuka ewychta lnkpkj%A
;Ruoku~ iq#"k% fo|k;k% iQyHkksxk; ;'kksykHkk; LoxkZfnlq[kçkIr;s p lnkpkjozrikyue~
vo';a dq;kZr~A iwoaZ ;s 'kÄ~djkpk;Z&jkekuqtkpk;Z&ekèokpk;kZfnequ;% leHkoe~ rSjfi ozrks¿;a
lkuUnsu i;ZikY;rA ekuks fg egrka èkue~ v=k ekuinsu lnkpkj.kfeR;FkZ% LohfØ;rsA l}ku~ iq#"k%
loZ=k iwT;rsA ijUrq vlnka xfrfjn`'kh&
nqjkpkjks fg iq#"kks yksds Hkofr fufUnr%A
nq%[kHkkxh p lrra O;kfèkrks¿Yik;qjso pAA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 21

ijksidkj%
lfLerkcsgsjk
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
LokFkZjfgrsu vU;s"kkeqidkjks fgrlkèkua eÄ~xykpj.ka ok ijksidkj%A èkekZFkZdkeeks{ks"kq
prqoZxsZ"kq ijksidkjks¿;e~ vkfneLFkkua yHkrsA v;×p ijksidkjxq.kks furjka nqyZHkks HkofrA
O;klsuksDraa&ijksidkjk; iq.;k; ikik; ijihMue~ bfrA
u dsoya psruçkf.k"kq ijksidkjks¿;a fr"Bfr vfi rq vpsrus"ofi thos"kq v;a egku~ xq.k%
loZnk fr"BfrA fd×p ekuoso i'kq"kq cgqfoèks"kq thos"kq pk;a xq.k% lafr"BrsA mP;rs ;Fkk&
ijksidkjk; ogfUr u|% ijksidkjk; iQyfUr o`{kk%A
ijksidkjk; nqgfUr xko% ijksidkjkFkZfena 'kjhje~AA
ijksidkjs.kSo ln~xq.kkuka çknqHkkZoks HkofrA v;×p ekuo% ijksidkjkFkaZ lektlsokns'klsok&
nhuks¼j.klsokfnda lekpjfrA Hkkjrs ;s egkefge'kkfyu% egkRekxfUèkfoosdkuUnkn;% çknqjHkou~A
rs losZ¿fi ijksidkfjRosu lokZu~ tuku~ lgkapjsroUr%A Lo;a Hkxoku~ jkepUæÑ".kkfnos'kèkkj.ka
ÑRok tukuka fgrdE;k.kk; txfnna lekxre~A es?kkfnfuthZooLrquks¿fi ijksidkjkFkaZ yksdfgrlkèkukFkaZ
lnkrua o"kZfUr ,oA
eks{kekxZL; chtks¿;a ijksidkj%A vusuSo ekxZlkèkusu n;kHkfDrifo=krklgu'khyrkfnda
lkèkf;rqa 'kD;rsA rFkSo loZèkukis{k;k fo|knkufena mÙkeksÙke% ijksidkj bfr fo}kalks onfUrA
ijksidkjs.k ;koRiq.;a yCèka 'kD;rs u rkon~ ;K'krS%A v;a euqt% eulk okpk deZ.kk p
ijksidkjfeee~ vkpjsr~A
ijksidkj% drZO;% çk.kSjfi èkuSjfi
ijksidkjta iq.;a u L;kr~ ½rq'krSjfiAA
ijksidkjkFkZ {kqfUuo`R;FkaZ ok futhZok% o`{kk% iQykfu ç;PNfUrA fd×p es?kk% ijksidkjkFkaZ
tya ç;PNfUrA lRiq#"kk% nfjætukuka èkukfu ç;PN| ijiks"k;fUrA ijksidkfj.kkeso ,rkf.k lokZf.k
vkpj.kkfu HkofUrA
mP;rs ;Fkk&
HkofUr uekLrjo% iQyksn~xeS%
uokEcqfHknqZjfoyfEcuh ?kuk%A
vuq¼rk% lRiq:"kk% le`f¼fHk%
LoHkko ,oS"k ijksidkfj.kke~AA
22 f'k{kk T;ksfr

efgykuka l'kDrhdj.ke~
ehudsrui/ku
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
oSfnddkys efgykuka xkSjokLina LFkkueklhRA ;Fkk&
u x`ga x`gfeR;kgq% x`fg.kh x`geqP;rsA
;=k uk;ZLrq iqT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork%A
bfr 'kkL=kçek.ke~A fdUrq eè;;qxs rklka fLFkfr% n;uh;k lao`rkA lSo fLFkfr% çk;%
orZeku;qxs¿fi lay{;rsA vr% rklke~ vfèkdkj&j{kkFkaZ fofoèkk% ç;ksxk% çorZUrsA ;Fkk&dnkfpr~
lekukfèkdkjppkZ dnkfpr~ vk;kZfnxBua p Øh;rsA ijUrq lkEçra u dkfpn~ lUrks"kçnk çxfr%A
efgykuka xkSjoL; laj{k.kkFkaZ rklka l'kDrhdj.ke~ vrho vko';de~A
Hkkjrh;lafoèkkus dspu fof'k"Vk vfèkdkjk% çnÙkk% lfUrA r|Fkk&
1- lekukfèkdkj% & iq:"kor~ fL=k;ks¿fi LosPNkuqlkja fookga dÙkqaZ çHkofUrA firq% iR;q'p
lEiÙkkS rklka lekukfèkdkj%A
2- f'k{kk{ks=ks O;kikjo`fÙk% dk;Zdykis rk% lekukfèkdkja HktUrsA
3- lkekftd & jktuhfrd xfrfoè;kfn"kq rklka lekuks¿fèkdkj%] ijUrq efgykuka l'kfDrdj.ks
dk'pu ckèkk% lfUrA rk% lfUr efgykuke~ vf'k{kk] tkx#drk¿Hkko%] laxBua çfr rklke~
mis{kkn`f"V%] laosnu'khyrk;kA vHkko%] efgyklq :f<okfnço`Ùk;ks n`f"Vdks.kk'p] rklq x`gkn~ cfg%
dk;Zdj.ks v:fp%A
mi;qZDrnks"kfujkdj.kkFkaZ efgykuka l'kfDrdj.kkFkZe~ vkj{k.kO;oLFkk vfuok;kZ orZrsA ,rÙkq
losZ"kka fofnreso ;r~ lqf'kf{krk% uk;Z% loZefi dk;Zdykia drqaZ çHkofUrA rk% nwjl×pkjdk;sZ"kq]
dEI;wVjdk;sZ"kq] fpfdRlk{ks=ks] foKku{ks=ks] dk;kZy;dk;sZ"kq egrha n{krka nèkfrA f'kYidk;sZ]
laxhru`R;xhrkfn"kq]dFkk&vk[;kf;dkmiU;klkfnjpuk;ka dkO;ÑrkS p rklka ikVoe~ vuwiee~A
efgykuka l'kfDrdj.kkFkaZ 'kSf{kdh;ksX;rk]vkRefuHkZjrk ;Fkk¿Hkh"Vk rFkSo jktuhrkS vfi
rklka ços'k% vko';d%] ;Fkk ns'ks vuqlwfprtkrhuke~] vuqlwfprtutkrhuke~] ghukoL;kxzLrtkrhuka
f'k{kk T;ksfr 23
Ñrs vkj{k.kO;oLFkk orZrs] rFkSo foèkkulHkklq yksdlHkk;ka p rklka Ñrs vkj{k.ke~ vko';da p
vfLrA
lalfn efgykuke~ vkj{k.kfoèks;d% 1996 [kzh"VkCnknkjH; v|kofèk yfEcrks¿fLrA çfro"kZ
f'k"Vkpkjkn~ ,"kks foèks;d% çLrw;rs]r=k p loZlEerL; dL;kfi fu.kZ;L; vHkkokn~ ,"k% foèks;dks
foyEC;rsA oLrqr% dspu LoLokFkZfl¼;s r=k ckèkk çLrqofUrA ijUrq loZesrn~ xzkáesoA r=k losZ¿fi
nksf"k.k% lfUrA efgyk vfi lnks"kk%] ;rks fg rk% ,rL; çLrkoL; leFkZus ç;Rua u fonèkkfrA ;fn
rk% dBksja ç;Rua dq;qZLrfgZ ,"k çLrkoks¿o';a fofèk:is.k xzkáks Hkfo";frA
24 f'k{kk T;ksfr

dkO;izdk'ks "kM~fo/k y{k.kk

Å/o ';ke frokjh
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
vf[kytuO;ogkj% ok.;So lEi|rs] l p 'kCnkFkksZHk;kfJR; fr"BfrA vu;ks% Lo:i
foe'kZizk;LloSZ% fpUruijk;.kS% nk'kZfudS% LoLof/;k izfrikfnr%A losZ 'kkL=kdkjk% okpd'kCnL;
okP;kFkZL; vfHk/kO;kikjL; lÙkka lg"kZeÄ~xh dqofZ UrA rs"kq dsfpYyk{kf.kdkFkZL; y{k.kk O;kikjL;kfi
p Lo:iekeufUrA
ij×p dkO;s 'kCnkfL=k/k Hkofr rFkk rL;kFkZL;kfi =kSfoè;a Hkofr] ,o×p O;kikjk.kka
la[;kfi f=k/SokfLrA ;FkksDra dkO;izdk'kf}rh;ksYyklknkS&
^^L;kn~ okpdks yk{kf.kd% 'kCnks¿=k O;×tdfL=k/k**
rFkk pkFkkZ%&
^^okP;kn;LrnFkkZ% L;q%A
rFkk pkfHk/k y{k.kk O;×tuk O;kikjk% vfi lfUrA ijUrq v=k dsoya y{k.kk;k%
Lo:ifo"k;s ppkZfLrA r=kknkS y{k.kky{k.ka dkO;izdk'ks ;FkksDra eEeRkpk;Z%&
^^eq[;kFkZck/s r|ksxs :f<rks¿Fk iz;kstukr~A
vU;ks¿FkksZ y{;rs ;r~ lk y{k.kkjksfirkfØ;kAA**
vkpk;ZeEeV% y{k.kk;k% gsr=q k;a fu:i;fr r=kk|ks¿fHk/s;kFkZfojks/% f}rh;ks gsrLq rL;kfHkèks;L;
y{;kFksZu lg ;ksx% r`rh;ks lk y{;kFkZizrhfr :f<'kkRiz;kstuo'kkPp L;kr~] ,fHkgsZrqfHk% ;=kkU;kFkZ
izrhfr% l y{;kFkksZ Hkofr ;su O;kikjs.kkL; Kkua rYy{k.kkO;kikj%A v=k y{k.kk;k% Kkus eq[;kFkZL;kfi
Kkua tk;r vr ,oa lkUrjkFkZfu"Bks y{k.kkO;kikjks HkofrA
y{k.kk f}/k & :f<% iz;kstuorh pA
r;ks% Lo:ia ;Fkk&
^^O;Ä~xsu jfgrk :<kS lfgrk rq iz;kstusA**
f'k{kk T;ksfr 25
:<s:nkgj.ka ;Fkk&^deZf.k dq'ky%A rFkk p iz;kstuorh&y{k.kk;k% Hksn};a&
(1) miknku y{k.kk (2) y{k.ky{k.kk pA ;=k LokUo;fl¼;s ijk{ksiLr=kk|ksnkjg.ka
;Fkk&^^dqUrk% izfo'kfUr** ;fLeu LFkys ijkFksZ LoleiZ.ka r=k f}rh;k ;Fkk&^^xÄ~xk;ka ?kks"k%**A
mDrHksnkS 'kq¼ky{k.kk;k% orZrsA rFkk p xkS.kh y{k.kk izFkea Hksn};orh&(1) lkjksik] (2)
lkè;olkukA vk|ksnkjg.ka&^^xkSckZghd%** f}rh;L;&^^xkSj;e~**A bekS }kS HksnkS 'kq¼k;kefi Hkor%
r;ks% Øes.kksnkgj.ks&^^vk;q?k`Zre~** ^^vk;qjsosne~**A bRFka y{k.kk "kM~fo/kA
js[kkfp=kekè;esu ;Fkk&
y{k.kk
Ñ
Ñ Ñ
:f< iz;kstuorh
(deZf.k dq'ky%) (xÄ~xk;k ?kks"k%)
Ñ
Ñ Ñ
xkS.kh 'kq¼
Ñ Ñ
Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ
lkjksik lkè;olkuk miknku y{k.kk y{k.k y{k.kk lkjksik lkè;okluk
(xkSckZghd%) (xkSj;e~) (dqUrk% izfo'kfUr) (xÄ~xk;k ?kks"k%) (vk;q/`Zre~) (vk;qjsosne~)
26 f'k{kk T;ksfr

i;kZoj.k çnw"k.ke~
fo'othr p.M
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
orZeku dkys fuf[kys¿fLeu~ txfr ekuolH;rk;k% le{keusds leL;kRedk nq"çHkkok%
leqTt`EHkrsA i;kZoj.kL; çnw"k.kefi rFkSo eq[;k leL;k ekuolH;rk;S% ifjn`';rsA vèkquk
dEikfu çlkjs.k u dsoya tya] ok;q%] iQyeUukfnda p çnwf"krefirq lexzefi Hkwe.Mya nwf"kra
HkofrA çfrfnua ijek.kq;=a k.kka jsfM;ksèkfeZrk loZ=k çljfr]fo"kkDrxSlh;rRouka çlkjs.k]c`gnkdkjkS|kSfxd
;a=kk.kkei'ksf"krS%] inkFkZ%] fofoèkkuka ;kuknhuka èkweiq×tS'p rFkSokU;S% la;a=kkfnfHk% loZ=kokrkoj.ka
HkwyksdL; ok;qe.Mya çnwf"kra Hkorhfr o`Ùke n`Xxkspjh HkofrA vfLeu~ oSKkfud ;qxs¿fi ;fn
i;kZoj.kçnw"k.kL; fujksèkksik;% leqfprks u L;kÙknk dfLeu~ ;qxs Hkfo";frAi;kZoj.kçnw"k.kL;
çHkkokn~ txfr jksxnhuka o`f¼% l×tkrk] vUuikukfn"kq jsfM;ksèkfeZinkFkkZuka lfEeJ.kkr loZ=k
ok;qe.Mya] rq nwf"kra HkoR;so] rLekn~ vkuqofa 'kdçHkkoks¿fi HkofrA vusu Hkfo";Rdkys ekuolH;rk;k
fouk'kks¿vo';EHkkohfr fu'pçpe~A fo'o LokLF; la?kVusu i;kZoj.klUrqyukFkZeusds mik;k%
çfrikfnrk%A vLekda ns'ks¿fi i;kZoj.kçnw"k.kL; fuokj.kkFkaZ loZdkj}kjk O;oLFkk fØ;rs] rnuqlkja]
xaxku|k%] LoPNrkfHk;kua] v'kq¼tyeyknhuka] fo'kq¼;FkaZ la;U=kkf.k LFkkI;Urs tutkxj.kefi
çpyfr çnw"k.kfuokj.kL;ksik;k%] foèk;'pkfi fufnZ';UrsA ,o×p fofoèkksik;Sjso i;kZoj.kL; laj{k.ka
HkforqegZfrA ;fn i;kZoj.kL; lqj{kk o;a losZ u dqeZ% rfgZ nwf"kr i;kZoj.kL; çHkkoe~ ,oa çdkjs.k
Hkfo";frA
;FkksDre~&
i;kZoj.kuk'ksu] u';fUr loZtUro%A
iou% nq"Vrka ;kfr] çÑfoZÑrk;rsAA
vr% i;kZoj.k laj{k.kkFkZ&
laj{ksr~ nwf"krks u L;kYyksd% ekuothoue~A
u dks¿fi dL;fpn~ uk'ka]dq;kZnFkZL; fl¼;sAA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 27

Nk=k dÙkZO;e~
egs'k dqekj okx
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
lR;fenqeP;rs ;n~ fo|kFkhZthoua ekuothouL; çHkkoosykA Nk=kthou nqyZHkewy;'pA
vfLeUuso dkys loZfoèkf'k{kk;k vodk'kks orZrsA egÙoiw.kZfena thouEk~A vnSo ;% Nk=k% l ,o
ukxfjd%A lqrjka Nk=kk% ns'kL; lEin%A vfLeUuso dkys la;erkeoyeO; loZefi f'k{k.kh;e~A
;r mP;rs&
^^çFkes ukftZrk fo|k
f}rh;s ukftZra èkue~A
r`rh;s ukftZrks èkeZ%
prqFksZ fda dfj";frAA**
v;eso dky% ekuoL; loZfoèkkuka 'kkjhfjd 'kfDruka ekul'kfDruk'p fodklL;A vr%
Nk=kk.kka rnfHkHkkodkuka r¼;kidkuka rfèkrSf"k.kk'pkukS"kka ijea dRrZO;a ;Nk=kk.kke;a ijeksi;ksxh
le;% o`Fkk u xPNsr~A ;nk dnkfi rs rs"kka 'kfDrfodklekxsZ okyksfprLoHkkopk×pY;o'kkn~
o`f¼fodk'kkHkkokn~ ok xfrjksèkeoxPNs;q% rnk rs"kka ekxZfunsZ'ka dq;qZ%] ins ins p rs"kka xfrfofèk&n'kZus
lkoèkkuk ;Fkkdkya ç;reku'p Hkos;q%A fofèkukrs uSo Nk=kk.kka loZfoèk'kfDrfodklks Hkfo";fr]
rs"kka thoua lkiQY;a ;kL;fr le;'p o`Fkk u xfe";frA ;rks fg v|ruh;k% Nk=kk ,o Hkkfouks
ukxfjdks ns'kksUufrdkjdk% LoLFk ijL; p èkuèkkU;le`f¼foèkkf;u% lfUrA iBuikBusu lg
'kkjhfjdxBue~] oÑrknkue~ çcUèkfojpua] lsok;S vkReuks fu;kstua Nk=kSjo'pa f'k{k.kh;kfuA
fo'ks"kr% pfj=kxBua çfr lokZnh n`f"V çns;kA ;rks ekuoL; pfj=ka ewye~A pfj=ka fouk u dks¿fi
thous mUufra drqZegZfrA vr,oks mP;rs&
^^'khya çèkkua iq#"ks rr;L;ksg ç.k';fr
u rL; thforksukFkksZ u èkusu u cUèkqfHk%AA**
^^vè;;ua ijea ri%** bR;qfDrfn'kk] ;|fi vè;;ueso ijea dÙkZO; çfrHkkfr Nk=kk.kka]
28 f'k{kk T;ksfr
;su rs"kka loZeq[khuks o`f¼ fodklkS tk;rsA fo|kFkhZthoua rq riLohthoue~A czãpkfjozrikyua ÑRok
Nk=kS% riLpj.kiwod Z Loh;a thou ;kiuh;e~A loZnoS {kefu;ekfnozra ikyuh;e~A ^^r=kk¿fgalklR;kLrs;
czãp;kZifjxzgk {kek%** 'kkSplUrks"kri'ok?kk;sLoj çf.kèkkukfu fu;ekA iqu% vklu çk.kk;kekfnda
p ÑRok vè;;usu Nk=kk% è;kujrk% Hkos;q%A czãp;Z rq Nk=k thouL; egnozre~A czãp;Z Øe'k%
ve`rRoa vku;frA Þ'kjhj loya HkofrA vr% fou;Hkko çdk'ksu losZ"kka çhfr% latk;rsA fou;L;
lEHkO; Hkofr fo|kè;usuA fo}ku~ fg ifj'ks"ks lq[ka yHkrsA fo}fHk% dfFkra%
^^fo|ka nnkfr fou;a
fou;k|kfr ik=krke~A
ik=kRok¼uekIuksfr
èkuk¼e± rr% lq[ke~AA**
ijesrL; 'kfDr};L;kokIr;s Nk=kk.kka lfUr vU;kU;fi drZO;kfu ekuothous vuq'kkluL;
loZ=ka p vko';dRoe~A vL;kjEHk Nk=kthouknso HkofrA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 29

tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh

in~feuh efYyd
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
çk;s.k loZ ,o lalkfj.kks ekuok% LoxZesokHkh"Vrea eU;Urs] ;rks fg r=kksiyH;Urs loZ.;so
ekuothouksi;ksxhfu Hkksxfoykl lkèkukfu] u nq%[ka r=k fo|rs] ukfi nkfjn~;e~A ijekfndfoukokYehfduk
çek.khÑre~ ;ÙkLekr~ LoxkZnfi tuuh mPprjk xjh;lh p Hkofr ,oeso tUeHkwfejfi rLekn~
xjh;lhA
Hkkjrh;çk.kfç;jkek;.kindoEoyykeHkwrks?;a 'yksdHkkx% loZnSo loZçkI;s"kqA mnkgj.kh;%A
dudux;kZ ukukjRulfUuosf'krk;k% ,s'o;kZ'kkfyU;k% yÄ~dk;k% vuqiek 'kksHkka y{ehÑR;
okYehfdjkek;.ks vuqta y{e.ka çfr jk?kosUæL; d:.kkfuèkkuL; jkepUæL; HkfDrfj;e~&
^vfi Lo.kZe;h yÄ~dk u es y{e.k jksprsA
tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xfj;lhAA
tuU;ka LFkkua ;Fkk eèkqja] ;Fkk mPPrja rFkk p tUeHkwfeA mPpq;s.k xxuknI;èkhdeu;ks%
LFkkue~] tuuka lqiq=kL; eÄ~xykFkZ fda ok u R;trs\ okRlY;su Lusgsu lk vko';drkuqlkjs.k
çk.kikrkr~ vfi ijkaeq[kh u HkofrA viR;fgrk; lk loZLoefi R;Drqa leFkkZA rL;k% Lusgsu
ykfyrk% lUrkuk% ns'kL; fofoèks"kq {ks=ks"kq lqçfrf"Brk% HkofUr vr% ns'kdY;k.kL; ewy:iks Hkofr
lk tuuhA
lUrhg yksds fofoèkk% lEcUèkh vusds lEcfU/u'p ijesrs"kq losZ"ofi tuuh Lokèkhd
egRoekèkrsA b;a fg iwT;kuka fi=kkpk;kZnhukefi iwT;rek ;rks á;k% lUrfra çfr lgtUlsgks HkofrA
lUrfrj{kkFk± lk Lo LokLF;a lq[ka lEinfèkd ok u x.k;frA oLrqr% f'k'kqfHk% tuuh ØksMs ;niwoZ
lq[keuqHkw;rs] dS'kksjds p ;ks áH;wn;dkjh ijke'kkZn¿fHkx`árs] leqiyH;rs] leqiyH;rs p
;koTthoa ;fUu% LokFkZHkkosu rL;k% çk.ki.ksukfi laj{k.ke~] ug;ksrRloaZ lokZHkh"Vflf¼çns LoxZefi
yCèka 'kD;rs] vrks¿fLr tuU;k% LoxkZnfi xjh;LrqRoa fl¼esoA vr ,oksDrefHk;qDrS% ^ukfLr
ekr`leks xq#%* ekrk ija nSore~ nSoEcwrka&iwT;reka ekrjektUe lsoekuks¿fi uHkks u rL;k%
½.kkuqDrks Hkforqa çHkofr] ;Fkkg eu%&
30 f'k{kk T;ksfr
^^;a ekrk firjkS Dys'ka lagrs lEHkos u`.kke~A
u rL; fu"Ñfr% drq± 'kD;k o"kZ'krSjfiA**
ekrqjÄ~ds fLFkr% f'k'kq% LoxkZnèkhdekuUneuqHkofrA tuU;fi LolUrkuL; Ñrs ;Fkk
i;kZdqyk ;Fkk p çsekYirk Hkofr rFkk u dks¿I;U;%A rL;k% okRlY;a rq lgtkr ço`fÙk%A rL;k
ekrqxkSjoa vR;Ura eguh;e~A rnèkhÑR; çkphu Hkkjrs Íf"kfHk% lE;xqifn"Va&^ekr`nsoks Hko* bfrA
;L; ekrq% Lusga uksiyH;rs rL; thouiw.kZ% u HkofrA lR;e~ opuesoeqDre~&
^^tuuh tUeHkwfe'p tkUgoh p tukíZu%A
tud% i×pe'pSo tdkjk% i×pnqyZHkk%AA
;Fkk lqiq=k% ekrq% Ñrs çk.kikra dÙkq± u ijkaeq[k% Hkofr rFkk ns'kizseh tUeHkwes% eÄ~xykFkZ
vko';drkuqlkjs.k çk.kku~ O;f;ru~ djksfrA tUeHkwfe% lnk if.MrS% ekr`:is.k ifjdYirsA ;r%
tUeHkwfe% vLeku~ iky;fr] iks"k;fr] oèkZ;fr pA vL;k% vÄ~dns'ks o;a lokUèkoS% LoPNUnr%
fuolke%A vr% tUeHkwes% lqj{kk vLekda ijedrZO;kA LoxZLrkor~ vLekda lqdeZ.kk iQye~A ufg
nq"deZdkjdk% LoxZ ;kfUrA ijUrq ekr`dYik b;a tUeHkwfe ekrso LolUrkuku~] dqlUrkuku~ p
iks"k;frA vr% {kek'khyk egrh b;a tUeHkwfe% rr% ,"kk LoxkZnfi fof'k";rsA LoxkZnfi xjh;lh
b;a iq.;Hkwfe% lkFkZdrk% ,oa LFkwyrs ijeLusge;h tuuh :is.k&
^^lwtyka lwiQyka ey;t 'khryke~A
'kL; ';keyke~] ekrje~
oUns ekrje~A**
f'k{kk T;ksfr 31

lekts euwDrL=khiqaèkeZ;ks% çklafxdrk %

,deè;;ue~ Hkwfedk
nsokf'k"k jkmr
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
euqLe`rs% uoes¿è;k;s çFke'yksdknkjH; =;ksfèkdsd'krree~ 'yksdi;ZUra L=khiq#"kèkeZ%
iqÄ~[kkuqiqÄ~[k fopkfjraA L=khiq#"k;ks% ,d=k fuokla i`Fkd~ fuokla p euq% fopkj;frA rFkkfi
mHk;ks% eè;s fo|ekuL; èkeZL; rÙoa loZfLeu~ le;s fopkj;ksX;fefr l% fpUr;frA ifr&iRU;kseZè;s
LokrU=;e~ vLokrU=;efi l fopkj;frA fdUrq ,rn~ ;r~ LokrU=;ZeLokrU=;aZ p rr~ brj{ks=ks
fo|ekukH;ka LokrU=;kZLokrU=;kZH;ka lg lerqY;rka u j{kfrA ,rnFkaZ loZfLeu~ le;s lektL;
çxR;k vL; LokrU=;kZLokrU=;Z;ks% çxrs% fopkj% HkofrA ;=k oS"kE;ek;kfr r=k fujis{kfopkj%
vis{;rsA
euq% f}rh;&r`rh; 'yksdkH;ka L=kh.kkeLokrU=; foe`'kfrA prqFkaZ& 'yksdknkjH; uoe'yksda
;kor~ euq% L=kh lqj{kk fo"k;a dFk;frA v=k L=khinsu u dsoya iRuh vfi rq ekrk nqfgrk vijs
p x`áUrsA ekrq% iq=ks.k lg HkrqZ% fL=k;k lg firq% nqfg=kk lg ;% lEcUèk% vfLr l lEcUèk%
j{kkeqithO; orZrsA euq% ifrdr`Zd&L=khj{kkfo"k;s ;Fkk çkèkkU;eknèkkfr rFkk fir`dr`Zd&dU;kj{kk
fo"k;s pA fdUrq iq=kdr`Zdekr`& j{kkfo"k;s l ;fn ok fdf×pr~ lwp;fr rFkkfi rfLeu~ le;s
ukfèkda dFk;frA l ,rfLeu~ çlÄ~xs dsoyesda 'yksda dFk;frA
euq% ,dkn'k 'yksdknkjH; v"Vkn'k 'yksda ;kor~ L=kh.kka j{kkf'kn`fÙkddk;ZfuokZg Hkkja
lwp;frA v=k ;kfu dekZf.k ,dk L=kh dq;kZfnfr euq% dFk;fr rkfu dekZf.k ;fn d'pu iq#"k%
dq;kZr~ l r=k rFkk çoh.krka u n'kZ;fr bfr euks% vk'k;ks fo|rsA ,dksufoa'k'yksdnkjH;
i×pfo'k'yksd ;kor~ euq% yksd;k=kkeorkj;frA v=k yksd;k=kk;k% xq.k nks"kks euq% fopkj;frA r=k
fdf×pn~ fof'k"Va rF;a dFkf;rqa xRok euq% L=kh iq#"k;ks% eè;s xq.knks"klEcUèka y{khÑR; unhleqæ;ks%
eè;s fo|ekuL; lEcUèkL; lke×tL;eku;frA
"kfMa~o'k'yksdknkjH; euq% çtkèkekZu~ dFk;frA oLrqr% v;a çtkèkeZ% çtuuèkeZ bfr
mP;rsA v;a fo"k;% prqf=ka'kPN'yksda ;kor~ ifjO;kIra fo|rsA i×pf=k'kPN'yksdknkjH; prq'pRokfja'kr~
32 f'k{kk T;ksfr
'yksda ;kor~ euq% L=khiq#"klEcUèka HkwfeohtlEcUèkor~ vorkj;frA
i×ppRokfja'kÙke'yksdknkjH; i×pi×pk'kÙke'yksda ;kor~ euq% L=khiq#"k;ks% eè;s
{ks=kohtlEcUèkeorkj;frA vr% ija "kV~i×pfrre'yksdknkjH; lIrfrÙke'yksda ;kor~ euq%
vki¼eZeèkhÑR; çtuuçlaxeorkj;frA ,dlIrfrre'yksdknkjH; euq#Hk;ks: mHk;fujis{kr;k
o`fÙka fufnZ'kfrA v'khfrre'yksdknkjH; prquofr'yksda ;kor~ euq% ;a fo"k;a dFk;fr r=k fo'ks"k.k
R;kx çlaxa fo'ys"k;frA dnkfi ifr% iRuh u R;tfrA v=k euq ;fn ok nwf"krka iRuh ifjR;T;
vU; iRuh xzg.kk; lEefra çn'kZ;fr rFkkfi l rL;k% f}rh;k;k% iRU;k% ifjp;a u dFk;frA u
l% çFke iRU;k% Hkfxuhifj.k;k; lwpuka nnfr] fdUrq i{kkUrjs nsojs.k lg Hkzkr`tk;k;k% ifj.k;euqeuqrAs
v=k bneso dkj.ka ;n~ ifr: nsoj'p ,dL; dqVqEoL; lnL;kS Hkor%A fdUrq iRU;ks 'kkfydk p
fHkUu;ks: dqVqEo;ks% fHkUuk lnL;kA
"k..kofrres'yksds euq ifriRU;kseZè;s ;a lkèkkj.k èkeZ lwp;fr l èkeZ% lUrkuksRifÙkjsoA
,rsu lkda vXU;kèkkua fo|rsA fdUrq lIruofrre'yksdknkjH; 'kre'yksda ;kor~ euq% firq&nqfgr`
lEcUèkeorkj;frA ,oa çdkjs.k dFkf;Rok euq% mHkkS mHk;a çfr vU;ksU;kjkfx.kkS L;krke~ bfr
ijke`'kfrA ;Fkk iRuh iR;q% vKkusu u O;fHkpfjr u p ifr% iRU;k% vKkusu O;fHkpkjr~A
'ks"ks xRok euq% dFk;fr ;r~ L=khiq#"k;ks% eè;s fo|eku% ;% lEcUèk% l loZFkk
ijLijkuqjkxfHkfÙkd%A mHk;ks% eè;s fo|ekuk ifo=krk ;Fkk fr"Bsr~ rf}"k;s mHkkH;ka ;frrI;feA
milagkj%
d- lkekftd thoufuokFkaZ euq% ;kSFkdqVqEcO;oLFkka n`<;frA fdUrq èkkfeZdÑR;fuokZgkFkaZ
l i`Fkd~ ifjokja leFkZ;frA rFkkfi ;kSFkthou;kius l nkEiR; thouefèkdr;k euqrsA nEiR;ks%
,da O;fDrRoa l leFkZ;frA
[k- ifriRU;kseZè;s fookns tkrs iRuh ifra u R;tfrA ifr'p iRukseR;DRok rFkk lg
nkEiR; lEcUèka u j{ksr~A dsukfi çdkjs.k iRU;k% Hkr`ZÑys lnL;rk uSo u';fr bfr ÑRok iRU;k%
ifruk lg iR;q'p dkSVfEcdlEcUèk% ,d:ir;k fr"BfrA
x- ifriRU;kseZè;s ifr% ;fLeu~ dqVqEcs tk;rs rfLeu~ dqVqEcs l lnL;:is.k fr"BfrA
vU;fLeu~ i{ks iRuh ;fLeu~ dqVqEcs tk;rs rr~ dqVqEca ifjR;T; vU;fLeu~ dqVqEcs lnL;k HkofrA
rr~ dqVqEca Hkofr Hkr`ZdqyEA bfr ÑRok nkEiR;thous dqVqEcL; lnkL;rk iR;q% ;Fkk iRU;k% u
rFkkA vLekn~ gsrks% iRuks u ifjR;kx;ksX;kA oja loZfLeu~ le;s Hkj.kh;kA
?k- iRuh iR;q% vU;rea fo'oklik=kEA ifr% ;r~ vtZ;fr rn~ ;fn ok mHkkS O;ogjr%
rFkkfi iRuh rr~ xkSik;frA ;r% ifrcZfg;kZfr iRuh u rFkk djksfr bfr ÑRok iq#"kL; lgkf;dkRosu
iRuh vR;Ura fo'okl Hkktue~A
Ä- lektL; ifjorZr~ us nEiR;ks% lEcUèkL;kfi ifjorZua HkforqegZfrA fdUrq rr~ ifjorZueR;Ura
fopkjlge~A yksd;k=kkFkaZ nEiR;ks% vkpkjk&pj.k;kseZè;s vkpkjkis{k;k vkpkj.kL; çkèkkU;efLrA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 33
vkpkjs iR;q% çkèkkU;a fdUrq vkpj.ks iRU;k% çkèkkU;e~A
p- dqVqEcs ukÕ;Z% lfUr iq#"kk vfi lfUrA ukjh.kka iq#"kS% lg iq#"kk.kka ukjhfHk% lg
lEcUèk% vfLrA fdUrq l lEcUèk% u ,dçdkjd%A lRlq ogqçdkjs"kq lEcUèks"kq nkEiR;lEcUèkL;
yksd;k=kk;ka çkèkkU;a fo|rsA
N- nEiR;ks% HkrqZ% xq.kk% lfUrA iRU;k'p xq.kk% lfUrA Hkr`Zxq.ksu L=kh mRd"kZ yHkrsA fdUrq
L=kh nks"ks.k HkrkZ vid"kaZ yHkrsA HkrqZ% nks"k% fL=k;a çfr u lapjfrA fL=k;% xq.k% iq#"ka u lapjfrA
laLrqfr&
d- euLrÙon`"V~;k u`rRo}"V~;k p nkEiR;thouL; vuq'khyueko';de~A
[k- euks% erL; lektrRo}"V~;k i;kZoykspukle;s L=khiq#"k;ks% i`Fkd~ O;fDrRoL;
ekSfydrk y{khdj.kh;kA
34 f'k{kk T;ksfr

pfj=kfuekZ.ks laLÑrf'k{k.kL; egRoe~

vfiZrkeYy
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
Hkkoa çdk'k;rhfr Hkk"kkA rk"kq Hkk"kklq eèkqjkxhokZ.kok.khlaLÑrHkk"kk vU;rekA lfUr yksds
vusdk% Hkk"kk%] ;klq laLÑrHkk"kk vfrçkphuk le`¼k pA lexzl`"Vs% vk|a lkfgR;a uke Lo;a osn%A
osnL; Hkk"kk laLÑrHkk"kk lk l`"Vs%ewyRokr~ losZ"kka Hkk"kk.kka tuuhA ekuoL; f=kfoèka rkia nwjhdrqaZ
vU;k dkpu rjh ukLrhfr laLÑrHkk"kka fogk;A pfj=kfuekZ.ks¿fi b;a Hkk"kk lokZxzs fo|rsA pfj=koku~
tujso lektL; midkjk; dk;Z drqaZ ikj;frA vr,o laLÑrfo|k;k% vè;srkj% losZ"kka n`f"Va
lekd"kZ;fUrA pfj=kfuekZ.kçlÄ~xs laLÑrf'k{k.kL; furjka vko';drk vuqHkw;rsA laLÑrf'k{k.kekè;esu
vkReu% fodkl% tk;rs] ijeczãf.k fu"Bk lEi|rsA vfi p mÙkjksÙkjØes.k Hkxon~HkfDr% onZ~èkrsA
O;Drs% lokZÄ~xfodkl% pfj=kfuekZ.k×p laLÑrf'k{k;k lEHkofrA ;Fkk mP;rs&
,rís'kçlwrL; ldk'kknxztUeu%A
Loa Loa pfj=ka f'k{ksju~ i`fFkO;k% losZ ekuok%AA
pfj=kfuekZ.ks layXuk% ekuok% Loa Loa n`f"Va ifjorZ;u~ thos n;k] ekr`tkfra çfr lEekua]
ijæO;s"kq yks"VonkpjfUrA ;Fkk lqHkkf"krdkjs.k&
ekr`or~ ijnkjs"kq ijæO;s"kq yks"Vor~A
vkReor~ loZHkwrs"kq ;% i';fr l if.Mr%AA
,oaØes.k ekuo% ln~lfopkja ÑRok lekts lqçfrf"Br% HkofrA vUrr% xRok vkuUnkuqHkwfr%]
jlkuqHkwfra×p çkIuksfrA bneso laLÑrf'k{k.kL; ewyy{;e~A bfr 'ke~A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 35

lgu'khyrk
lUrks"k dqekj efyd
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
euq";% ,d% lkekftdçk.khA l% lekts ,o fuolfrA v=k lekts okldj.kkFkaZ rL;
dspu fo"k;k% è;krO;k%A ;% euq";% loZ fo"k;a çfr è;kua nnkfr l% euq";% mÙke% HkofrA rL;
lqukeèkU;euq";#is.k x.kuk HkofrA ;fn dks¿fi euq";% ,rLekr~ mifj xRok egkekuo#is.k
HkforqfePNfr rfgZ l% lgu'khyrkukedL; xq.kL; xzg.ka ÑRok rnkèkkjs.k thou;kiua dq;kZr~A
v;a xq.k% euq"; egkekuo#is.k loZxq.klaiUu#is.k ifjpk;;frA
ijUrq v| lektL; Lo#ia fHkUue~A uhfrfoghuk% euq";k% vèkksirua xPNfUrA losZ tuk%
fpUr;fUr ;r~ ;% vfèkda oDrqa ikj;frA l% Js"Bks HkofrA ijUrq ,rr~ u lehphue~A ,rr~ ,o
ew[kZrk;k% Lo#ie~ ,oA ,"kk rnk tkxzrk Hkofr ;nk euq";% bfUæ;k.kka o'kofrZ lu~ fda u
dj.kh;fefr Kkrqa u 'kDuksfrA iQyr% bna èkjkèkke rL; ØhMuh;dfefr fpUrf;Rok vuqfpra dk;aZ
djksfr iQyLo#ia 'ks"ks dsoya vuqrkia djksfrA vr% ;fn losZ çkf.ku% lgu'khyrk;k% xzg.ka dq;qZ%
rfgZ l% tu% lokZf.k dk;kZf.k mfprr;k dq;kZr~A mfprkuqfprfo"k;s rL; Kkua Hkosr~ vkfM+vkHkk"k;k
,dk ,o lqfDr% vfLr&^^cqf> fopkj dk;Z dys çekn u iMbZ Hkys**
vFkkZr~ dk;Zdj.kkr~ iwoaZ fopk;Z ;% dk;aZ djksfr rL; çeknks u HkofrA eufl ç'u%
vk;kfr b;a lgu'khyrk dFka egkurka nkL;fr\ vfLeu çlÄ~xs ,dk dFkk orZ~rrsA& ,d%
ewfrZdkj% ewfrZfuekZ.kkFkaZ nks çLrjkS vkuhroku~A çFkeçLrjL; [kfu=ks.k [kuule;s l% çLrj%
fo[kf.Mr% vHkor~A ;Lekr dkj.kkr~ ewfrZdkj% ra çLrja efUnjL; lksikufuekZ.k O;oâroku~A
f}rh;çLrj% vklhr~ l% çLrj% ewfrZdkjL; eqnqjçgkja lq<+ok fnO;JhÑ".kHkxor% ewfrZ#is.k
ifjf.kr%A ra efUnjL; eè;s LFkkfiroku~A losZ¿fi tuk% rL; iwtka Ñroku~A vr% l% f}rh;çLrj%
lgu'khyrkdkj.kkr~ iwtkFkaZ ;ksX; HkofrA ijUrq çFke çLrj[k.M% vèkS;Zolkr~ losZ"kka tukuka
iknk?kkra lks<ksoku vr% lgu'khyrko'kkr~ f}rh;çLrj% iwtkLFkkuaA çkIrokuA lgu'khyrko'kkr~ l%
Js"Brka çkIrokuA
v| lektL; tuk% Øksèksu rFkk fgal;k p olofÙku% HkwRok ekufodrka lgu'khyrka p
R;DRok lektL; {kfra dqoZfUrA ijUrq lekts ;% dks¿fi egkiq#"k% çfrf"Br% HkofrA l% rL;
36 f'k{kk T;ksfr
lguk'khyrkxq.ko'kkr~ rr~ LFkkue~ vkIuksfrA
l% tkrs% firq% ekgkRekxkfUèk Hkorq] ,-fi-ts-vonqydkykeks ok losZ¿fi egkiq#"kk% LoL;
lgu'khyrko'kkr~ Js"Brka çkIroUr% ,rs losZ bfrgklL; çfl¼k% tuk% HkofUrA iqjk.ks¿fi j?kqifr%
jkepUæ% rFkk }kjdkèkh'k% Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k% vklhr~A
o;a losZ vkèkqfud;qxL; euq";k%A vr% vkèkqfud ;qxL; mnkgj.ka nh;rsA ;Fkk&^[kfutkaxkj%*A
bne~ ,de~ vfro ewY;oku~ rFkk vR;ko';d oLrqA vL; ewY;efi vrqyuh;e~A ,rr~ vfi
lgu'khyrka'k% HkofrA çkd~ ,o çkÑfrdfoiFkZ;~ ;o'kkr~ ;s losZ inkFkZ&mfn~Hkn&euq";&i'kqif{kçHk`r;%
lgL=ko"kZi;ZUra e`frdkeèkks¿èk% fLFkRok [kfutkxkj#is.k ifjfprk% vHkou~A ijUrq bna oLrq ;fn
ewfrZdk;k% pkia lks<ok vfèkddkyi;Z~;Ura L;kr~] rfgZ rL; ekue~ vR;fèkda ifjofnZ~èkra Hkosr~A
l% vR;UrewY;ork gkj#is.k ifj.krks Hkosr~A dsoya lngu'khyrko'kkr~ ewY;oku~ ef.k% ekua xq.ka
p çkIuksfrA
i`fFkoh loaZlgk] vr% rL;k vknj% loS% fØ;rsA ;qfèkf"Bj% dkSjok.kka nqoZ~;ogkja lks<oku~]
vrks¿lkS egku~ u nq;ksZèku%A lguk'khyrkxq.k;qDr% çk.kh lalkjs fot;e~ vfèkxPNfr] u vU;%A
rnqDra uhfr'kkL=ks&
ikjH;rs u [kyq fo?uHk;su uhpkS%
ikjH; fo?ufogrk fojefUr eè;k%A
fo?uS% iqu% iqujfi çfrgU;ekuk%
çkjCèkeqÙkexq.kk% u ifjR;tfUrAA
vr% lgu'khyrk Js"Brk;k% çrhdHkwrk bfr oDrO;a lkèkqA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 37

Hkk"kk j{k.kh;k
xksyd dqekj feJ
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
tuSHkkZ";rs ;k Hkk"kk lalkjs lk¿=k thofrA
lqtfr ;k¿=k lkfgR;a yksds¿fLeu~ lk fg oèkZrs AA1AA
;L;ka losZ O;ogkjk% çorZUrs uq fuR;'k%A
fons'kHkk"kkO;keksgks ns'ks lokZukd"kZfr AA2AA
nqnsZokn~ Hkkjro"ksZ LoHkk"kka lEçfr tuk%A
Hkkf"krqaef; yT;Urs ijHkk"kka onfUr p AA3AA
xsgs psn~ ckydk: dkaf'pnkaXy'kCnku~ onfUr pA
rs"kka ç'kalka dqoZfUr tuk% x`gL; loZnk AA4AA
vkaXyHkk"kka lekfJR; ;s¿=kkèkh;rs rs ojk%A
ekr`Hkk"kkeèkh;kuk ghuk% lEçfr Hkkouk AA5AA
m|ksxçkI;rs yksds loZdkjs cfgokZL;kr~A
vkaXyKkueso Onkja æf<+;ku~ fo'oklks u`.kke~ AA6AA
vkaXyHkk"kka ç'kalfUr eku'kwU;k% tuk% e`nkA
futHkk"kk j{k.k;k those LofHkekur% AA7AA
dfri;kfu okD;kfu laLÑrsu onse prA
dL; ns'kL; Hkk"ks;e~\ bfr i`PNfUr dspu AA8AA
laLÑrLekda Hkk"kk ekrk¿Lekda Hkofr uqA
fuR;a Lej.kh;k lk¿=k cksèkuk;s;a of.kZrk AA9AA
laLÑra dFk;fUr pr ns'k% LoxsZ Hkfo";frA
;rks Hkk"ks;a nsokuka JqRok¿¿f'k"kZ uq nkL;fr AA10AA
38 f'k{kk T;ksfr

laLdkjs"kq fookglaLdkj%
jktJh lkgq
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
laLdkj'kCnL; fu"ifÙk% ^le~* milxkZr~ ^Ñ* èkkrks% ^?k×k~* çR;;s Hkw"k.kkFksZ lqMkxes
iqfyÄ~xs ,o HkofrA laLdkjs.k euq";% laLÑrks HkofrA euq";L; lexza thouefHkO;kI; laLdkjk%
çofrZrk% lfUrA laLdkjk.kkeuq"Bkusu eufl ifo=krk vkxPNfrA lkèkkj.kr% x`álw=ks"kq fookgknkjH;
lekorZr~ ui;ZUra los"Z kka laLdkjk.kka fu:i.ka Ñre~A laLdkj'kCnks fofHkUus"kq Hkkjrh;'kkL=ks"kq fofHkUukFkZdks
n`';rsA ;Fkk &;KkÄ~xiqjksMk'ks"kq çks{k.kkfntU;æO;èkeZRosu ehekaldk%] LukukpeukfntU;thoèkeZRosu
osnkfUru%] vkÄ~XyHkk"kk;ke;a laLdkj'kCn% Ceremony bfr 'kCnSoßZ ;of;rsA oLrqrks èkeZ'kkL=kkuqlkjs.k
ekuoL; dkf;dekufldokfpdksifj 'kq¼~;FkaZ laLdkj'kCnç;qDr%A çlÄ~xs¿fLeUuqDra fe=kfeJs.k
;r~&vkRe'kjhjkU;rjfu"Bks fofgrfØ;ktU;ks¿fr'k;fo'ks"k% laLdkj bfrA
laLdkjk.kka Hksnk%&
gkjhrs f}foèk ,o laLdkj% çfrikfnr%A czkãks nso'psfrA xHkkZèkkukfn% LekrksZ czkã%]
ikd;Kk gfo;ZKk% lkSE;k'psfr nSo%A euqerkuqlkjs.k xHkkZèkkuknkjH;kUR;sf"Va ;kor~ =k;ksn'k laLdkjk%
lfUrA ;kKoYD;su ds'kkUrlaLdkja fogk;kU;s loksZ euwDrk% laLdkjk% LohÑrk%A rsu çk;'k%
ds'kkUrL; lekorZ~rus¿UrHkkZo% Ñr%A ,rs losZ laLdkjk% czkã.k{kf=k;oS';kuka f}tkrhuka leU=kdk
,okuq"Bh;UrsA 'kwæ% rq miu;ulaLdkjkHkkoknsdtkfrinokP;%] rnfrfjDrk vU;s losZ laLdkjk
;FkkdkyeeU=kdk ,oksifn"Vk%A xkSresu lokZfèkdk v"VpRokfja'kr~ laLdkjk% çfrikfnrk%A
,rs"kq laLdkjs"kq çeq[k% laLdkj% fookglaLdkj%] tkrdeZ] miu;ue~ vUrsf"VlaLdkj'psfrA
miu;ulaLdkjks f}tkrhuka Ñrs çT;qT;rs 'kwæk.kka Ñrs miu;ulaLdkjks ukfLr ,oA xHkkZèkkulaLdkj%
iqaloulaLdkj'p lEçfr nf{k.kçns'ks n`';srsA dkyØes.k cgo% laLdkjk% O;ogkjyqIrk% la×tkrk%A
,rs"kq laLdkjs"kq fookglaLdkj% vU;Ùke%A fookg ,da ifo=k' cUèkue~A L=kh&Lokfeuks%
mHk;ks% ,dRoek;kfr vusu laLdkjs.kA vr ,dL; vHkkos vijL;kÄ~xgkfufjfr cksè;rsA ekuoL;
lEiw.kZthoua laLdkj{ks=ka HkofrA laLdkjs"kq fookglaLdkjL; egÙoa lokZfèkda fo|rsA vusu laLdkjs.k
xkgZLF;thoua çkjH;rsA oSfnddkys deZdk.Mfoèkkusu lg laLdkjL; lEcUèk% fo|rsA ½Xosns
f'k{kk T;ksfr 39
vFkoZosns p vL; Li"VkfHkO;fDr% çkI;rsA x`gL; eèkqjLusge;okrkoj.kL; lEiknua] rFkk iRU;k
lkda oSokfgdçsee;thouL; iQyLo:ia lUrkutuua] rL;k% ikyu iks"k.ka p ekuoL; drZO;e~A
èkkfeZdpsruk;k% fodklkFkaZ çR;sd O;Drs% fookgks¿fuok;ksZ HkofrA rSfÙkjh;czkã.ks dF;rs&v;fK;ks
ok ,"k ;ks¿iRuhd%] vFkks vdksZ ok ,"k vkReu% ;r~ iRuhA rSfÙkjh;lafgrk;ka o;Zrs ;r~ f=kH;
½.ksH;% eqDr~;FkaZ fookgks¿fèkdkfèkdegÙoiw.kZ%A
Hkkjrh;lekts vkfFkZd&lkekftd&n`"V~;k fookg% Js"B% lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ'p HkofrA
fookgknqRiUu% lUrku% firje~ _.kkr~ eksp;frA Le`fr;qxs mifu"k|qxs pkJeL; ikyua çR;sd O;Drs%
èkkfeZda ifo=ka p drZ~rO;e~ vklhfnfrA
çkphudkys¿fi fookgL; vknj: n`"V%A ekuoL; fodk'kk; i'kqikyu&Ñf"kokf.kT;kfnuk&
eH;qn;s ewydkj.ka Hkofr fookg%A nsorkfir?.kka iwtua fookgsu lEiUua Hkosr~A
fookg%&
lgèkeZpkfj.khla;ksxks fookg%A Lukrd% vfoIyqrczãp;Z% mÙkey{k.k;qDrkelxks=ke~ vlfi.Mke~
vuU;iwfoZdka dkUrka ;oh;lh fL=k;eq}gsfnfr ;kKoYD;su çfrikfnre~A ojL;kfi dqy'khykfHktkR;kfnda
n`"V~ok dU;knkua fØ;rsA ^u x`ga x`gfeR;kgqx`fg.kh x`geqP;rs* bfr Hkkjrh;kuka èkkj.kkA fookgL;
ç;kstu=k;a n`';rs ;Fkk èkekZFkaZ&iq=kkFkaZ& jR;FkZ×pA ;kxk|uq"BkukFkaZ iRU;k% vko';drk¿fLr] iq=kkFksZ
tk;k;k% (iqaukeujdO;korZ~ruk;) lR;kefi] iRU;ka lRlq p iq=ks"kq dkerks¿fèkdL=khykHkkFkZefi
fookg% fØ;rsA
fookgs ojdU;;ks% ;ksX;rk&
v"Vo"ksZ Hkosn~ xkSjh] uoo"ksZ rq jksfg.kh n'ko"ksZ Hkosr~ dU;k vr ÅèkZ~o jtLokykA
bR;kfnopukr~ dU;koLFkk;keso fL=k;a x`Êh;kfnR;qDr HkofrA vr% ^^R;Z"Vo"kksZ¿"Vo"kkZ×psR;kfn
'kkL=ks"kq çfrikfnre~ vFkok ^f=ka'k}"kkZogsr~ dU;ka â|ka }kn'kokf"kZdhe~A* ^ukfXudka rq ogsr~ dU;ka
;kor~ u ½rqerh Hkosr~] bR;kfnopusH;ks Kk;rs ;r~ çkphudkys okY;fookgçFkk¿¿lhr~A ijUrq
vkèkqfudfgUnqfookgfoèkkS fookgs ojL; o;% ,dfoa'kfr% dU;k;k'p v"Vkn'ksfrA çkfpudkys
dU;k ½rqerh lrh x`gs =khf.k o"kkZf.k vis{ksrA rRdkykH;Urjs ;fn firk mi;qDrk; ojk; u
nnkfr rfgZ lk Lo&ln`'ka ifra oj;sr~A çkphulekts Lo;aojL; çpyueklhr~A jkek;.kdkys
lhrk;k% egkHkkjrdkys p ækSi|k% Lo;aojeqYys[kuh;e~A Hkkjrh; ukjh ,dokjesdojk; çnh;rsA
fookguUrja ijiq#"kfpUruefi rL;k% ikik; dYI;rsA ladYiknkjH; lIrinhdekZUra fookgfØ;k
çpyfrA rsuSo fu;esu lIrinhdekZUrs ojdU;s lkekftdcUèkusu c¼s Hkor%A rr% çHk`fr
mHk;ksjsd'kjhjRoe~ ,dèkeZRoe~ ,dçk.kRo×p dYI;rsA viRuhdks ekuo% lekts dfLeUufi
JkSrLekrZ~rdeZf.k ;ksX;ks u HkofrA vr: losZ"kka o.kkZuka Ñrs fookglaLdkjks¿fuokZ;S ,oA fookg%
,d% O;fDrxrlaLdkjks us HkofrA v;a ikfjokfjd: lkekftdks ok laLdkj bR;qP;rsA
Hkkjrh;lekts iq#"k% lokZoLFkk;ka uk;% j{k.ka djksfrA ;Fkk dkSek;sZ fir`:is.k ;kSous
Hkr`Z:is.k okèkZD;s p iq=k:is.k j{kfrA mDra euquk&
40 f'k{kk T;ksfr
firk j{kfr dkSekjs HkrkZ j{kfr ;kSousA
j{kfr LFkfojs iq=kk u L=kh LokrUR;egZfrAAbfrAAA
fookgHksn%&
v;eso fookg% czkãnSok"kZçktkiR;xkUèkokZlqjjk{kliS'kkpHksnsuk"Vfoèk% mfYyf[krrks
eUokfnfHk%A ;Fkk&
czkãks nSoLrFkSok"kZ% çktkiR;LrFkk¿¿lqjk%A
xkUèkoksZ jk{kl'pkSo iS'kkp'pk"Veksèke%AA
fookgks¿"Vfoèk% r=k çFkeks czkã% ;=k firk ok dU;knkukfèkdkjh ojekgw; dU;knkua
djksfr l czkã%A
f}rh;ks nSo% & ;Ks çkjEHks ½fRots vyaÑR; dU;ka nh;rs psr~ l nSo%A
r`rh; vk"kZ% & ;=k ojkn~ xksfeFkqua xka o`"kHka ok vknk; dU;knkua fØ;rs l vk"kZ%A
prqFkZ% çktkiR;% & lg èkeaZ pjrke~ bfr ifjHkk"; ;=k dU;k nh;rs l çktkiR;%A
i×pe vklqj% & æO;a x`ghRok ;=k dU;k nh;rs l vklqj%A
"k"Vks xkUèkoZ% & dU;koj;ksjU;ksU;kuqjkxs.k ;% le;cUèk% l xkUèkoZ%A
lIreks jk{kl% & ;=k cUèkwu~ gRok fNRok fHkRok ok Øks'kUR;k% ØanR;k% gj.ka ÑRok
fookg% fØ;rs l jk{kl%A
v"Ve% iS'kkp% & Nykr~ dU;kekuh; ;ks fookgks Hkofr l p iS'kkp%A
vk|s"kq prq"kq fookgs"kq çFkeks czkã ,dfoa'kfra iq:"kku~ iqukfrA nSo&prqn'kZiq:"kku~] vk"kZ%
"kV~iq:"kku~ iqukfr] çktkiR;L=k;ksn'kiq:"kku~ iqukfr ,"kq fookgs"kq dU;k;k ;kSrqda èkua rL;k e`rkS
ifrx`ÊkfrA vU;fookgs"kq viq=kk;k% dU;k;k% ej.ks r¼uL; firk rnHkkos Hkzkrjks¿fèkdkfj.kks
HkofUr] ifrjfèkdkjh u HkofrA vklqjxkUèkoZjk{kliS'kkpfookgs"kq losZ fookgk vuqfprk%A r=k
iS'kkp% loZrks¿I;fèkdks fuU|rkegZfrA v;a p fookg% dU;k;k ,dokjeso HkofrA foèkok;kLR;Drk;k
ok vU;iq#"klEcUèks fookgks u HkofrA
lkEçfrdlekts f}foèkSo fookg% çpfyrks¿fLrA ;Fkk & xkUèkoZfookg% çtkiR;fookg'p]
vU;fookgs"kq czãnSofookg çk;'k% yqIrkS l×tkrkSA vklqjfookgL; vUrHkkZo% xkUèkoZçtkiR;;ks%
HkofrA vU;s"kka jk{kliS'kkpnhuka ekU;rk ukfLrA ^^èkeZ'kkL=kfucUèkdqlqek×tfy** iqLrdkr~ m¼`ra
;r~ dUèkekyçns'ks dspu x.Mtkrh;k tuk bnkuhefi jk{kklfookga dqoZfUr] ;'p ^f?k×pk*
bR;qP;rsA bnkuhe~ ,"k fookgks¿ijkèkRosu foosfpr%A
,rs"kq çFkepRokjks èkrZ~;k% vijs pRokj'pkèkeZ~;k bfrA xkUèkoZL;kfi ç'kalk cgqfHk% fØ;rs
oLrqr% {kf=k;k.kka Ñrs l ç'kLr%A czkã.k'prq"kq o.ksZ"kq] {kf=k;% f=k"kq] oS';% };ks%] 'kwæ'p 'kwækeso
f'k{kk T;ksfr 41
dU;ka x`Êkfr LeA lo.kkZ Hkk;kZ eq[;kA dker% ço`ÙkkukekuqyksE;su dU;kxzg.ka drqaZ 'kD;rsA ijUrq
rsu o.kZladjk% tk;Urs ;su dqyèkeZL; yksiks HkofrA vr% lekts rnFkaZ çksRlkgua uklhr~A
çfryksefookgL; p loZFkk fu"ksèk% 'kkL=ks"kq n`';rs rsu dqykU;dqyrka ;krhfrgsrks% fookglaLdkjs.k
fL=kiq#"k;ksfeZyusu ;kSulq[kykHksu lg ijLijlkSgkFksZu fofHkUuozrksRloknhukeuq"Bkusu fofèkoPp
iq=kksRiknusu p u dsoya ifjokjL; oa'kL; ok¿firq ns'kL; lektL; p dY;k.ka lkè;rsA fookgs
;kSrqdçFkk¿fi çkDdkys lekts çpyfr LeA dU;knkudkys firk ;Fkk'kfDr dU;keyaÑR; nnkfrA
rnkuha rr~ lEcfUèkuks¿fi rka dU;keqfí'; ojk; ;Rnnfr rn~
;kSrdfeR;qP;rsA ^;q feJ.ks bR;Lek¼krks% dçR;;su ;qrfefr ina rL; Hkko% ;kSrqE;
LokFksZ d çR;;su ;kSrda ;kSrqdfefr fu?k.Vqdkjk%A rsu fookgdkys yCèka èkua ;kSrqdfefr dF;rsA
lkEçfrdh ;kSrdçFkk rrks fHkUuk n`';rs ;rks fg ojfirk dU;kfirja èkua ;kSrqd:is.k ;kprsA
çphudkys Dofpr~ dU;kfoØ;ks Hkofr Le ijUrq lEçfr ojfoØ;ks n`';rs bfr egr% [ksnL;
fo"k;%A ;n~ Hkorq fookglaLdkjs.k cgqfoèklkekftdleL;kuka lekèkkusu lg ;kSuleL;k;k vfi
fu;U=k.ka fØ;rs bR;=k ukfLr la'k;%A vusu çdkjs.k fookglaLdkj% ekuothouL; fodklkFkaZ
lektL; dY;k.kk; p ifjdfYir%A
42 f'k{kk T;ksfr

orZekuifjçs{;s laLÑrL; mi;ksfxrk

iq"iyrk pkSgku
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
çfr{k.ka ifjorZU;fLeUlalkjs laLÑrL; dksi;ksfxrk fo|rs\ bfr fpUrf;Rok es eufl
laLÑrL; mi;ksfxrk;k% fo"k;s ys[kuL; egrhPNk l×tkrkA v|Ros loZ=kSo vkèkqfudrk;k%
lekos'kks tkr%A Nk=kk% 'kh?kzeso çek.ki=ka çkI; thfodksiktZua ok×NfUrA tuk% >fVR;So èkfudk%
HkforqfePNfUrA loZ=kSo vkaXye;a okrkoj.ka l×tkre~A dks¿fi èkS;Z'kkyh u n`';rs ;rksfg tukuka
ân;s"kq èkS;aZ ukLrhfr fpUr;kfeAijLija dygekuk% tuk% u fdf×pnfi fopkj;fUrA LokFkkZUèkk%
ekuok% dsoya LofLefUo"k;s ,o fpUrkrqjk% orZUrsA vusu dkj.ksu vLekda lH;k laLÑfr% dq=kkfi
foyqIrk l×tkrkA laLÑrkS ßkls lfr u% laLÑrHkk"kk;k vfi fLFkfr% n;uh;k l×tkrkA laLÑrHkk"kk;k%
fodkl fouk vLekda laLÑrs% lqj{kk egÄ~dfBuk orZrsA ;rksfg vLekda laLÑfr% laLÑrs ,o
fufgrk orZrsA Mk¡ jktsUæçlkn% LofLeu~ xzUFks ^laLÑr vkSj laLÑfr* bR;=k fy[kfr ;r~
laLÑrKkuL; efgekua o;a Hkkjrh;k% u lE;Dr;k tkuhe%AA laLÑrs fufgrkfu jRukfu ,rkn`'kkfu
u lfUr ;kfu dsoya vkHkw"k.ks ,o ç;qT;UrsA ;su d.BL; 'kksHkk rq oèkZrs ija ekuokuka
vko';drk;k% iwfrZ% Hkforqe~ u 'kDuksfrA vkUrfjda lkSUn;Z çfrHkkflra u HkofrA laLÑrs ;kn`'kh
lathouh'kfDr% orZrs ;k e`rçk;a 'kjhjefi thoUra drqaZ 'kDuksfrA laLÑrs lkfgR;L; fuèk;%
fufgrk% orZUrsA vko';defLr dsoyeL; leqfprç;ksxL;A ;fn tuk% laLÑrL; egÙkkeoxPNs;q%
rfgZ vLekda laLÑrs% lqj{kk Lo;eso Hkfo";frA laLÑra dsoya Hkk"kk ukfLr vfirq KkufoKku;ks%
dks'k% vfLrA laLÑra ifBRok tuk% dnkfi nqjkpkfj.k% u Hkfo";fUrA rs¿Lekda laLÑrs%
fpUrksikldk% HkofUr] vrks¿fLeu~ le;s laLÑrL;ksi;ksfxrk furjka n`';rsA
laLÑrs fufgra loaZ nwjxkfe fnXn'kZde~A
laLÑfrLlaLÑrs fufgrk KkufoKkuiks"kde~AA
vrks¿| laLÑrL; egrh vko';drk orZrsA oSnsf'kdk% vfi laLÑrL; egÙoeoxPNfUrA
uklk laLÑrL; oSKkfudrk;k% vUos"k.kdjksfrA fons'ks"kq cgo% ,rkn`'kk% fo|ky;k% lfUr ;=k
laLÑrL; iBua ikBua çpyfrA rs laLÑra çfr ureLrdkLlfUrA v|Ros¿Lekda ns'ks¿fi laLÑrL;
f'k{kk T;ksfr 43
fodklk; loZdkj% lTt% n`';rs] cSaXykSj bR;=k vkbZ vkbZ Vh {ks=ks laLÑrL; f'k{k.ka çnh;rsA
tkfe;kfo'ofo|ky;s¿fi laLÑrfoHkkx% vkjCèk%A O;olkf;df'k{k.kL; O;oLFkk dqoUZ çrh;rs loZdkjs.kA
uoksn;fo|ky;s"kq vfi laLÑrL; ikBua Hkfo";rhfr loZdkjs.kksn~?kksf"krfefr egklUrks"kL; fo"k;ks
fo|rsA laLÑrL;kè;;usu cqf¼% rhczk HkofrA Nk=kk.kka leqfprks fodklks HkofrA vrks¿Lekdefi
nkf;Roa orZrs ;r~ o;efi laLÑrL; egkRE;eoxPNseA laLÑrL;ko';drkeoxR; laLÑra iBseA
44 f'k{kk T;ksfr

HkkjrL; izfr"Bs Ons laLÑra laLÑrLrFkk

lUrks"k dqekj feJ
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
xk;fUr nsok% fdy xhfrdkfu
/U;kLrq rs Hkkjr Hkwfe HkkxsA
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HkofUr Hkw;% iq#"k% lqjRokr~AA
fo'ofLeu~ i×prRokf×prs oSfj×pizi×ps¿f[ky czãk.Ms¿tukHka ukeSrr~ Hkkjro"kZ% Lokè;kfRed
HkkSfrdnSoh'kDR;k Kkus foKkus pkukfndkyrks¿uojre~ ,sfrgkfldh Hkwfedka fuoZgu~ lrra nsnhI;ekus
orZrsA
MqHk`t /kj.kiks"k.k;ks bfr /krksA vrp~ izR;;s lfr fu"iUuks Hkkjrfefr ukEuk [;kfr
izkIrks¿;a ns'k% vkokáksdkykr~ fo'oL; iks"k.ks p fu:rja l{ke% fl¼'p orZrsA Hkkjryksds
fo|keus"kq losZ"kq ns'ks"kq loZJs"B loksZÙke×p fo/rsA ;FkksDre~&
v=kkfi Hkkjra Js"Ba tEcw}his egkequsA
;rksfg deZHkwjs"kk] ;rks¿U;kHkksxkHkwe;%AA
ns'kks¿;a LoL; vkè;kfRedh'kDR;k oSKkfudh'kDR;k p yksds fo'oxq#fjR;qP;rs rfgZ Hkkjra
dq=k\ rL; Js"Ba fde~\ bfr iz'u% psrkfl leqn~Hkofr dkSrqgysu fo"k;s¿fLeu~ Hkkjrh; iqjk.ks"kq
Lrqfr"kq p foLr`r :is.k lek/ku% fofgr%A ;Fkk&
mÙkja er leqnzL; fgeknzs'pSo nf{k.ke~A
o"kZ rn~Hkkjra uke Hkkjrh ;=k lUrfr%AA
ns'kks¿;a nsoS ½f"kfHk% foizS'p lBk lqlsfor%A v;a fo'oL; vFk p nsokuka ân; ns'k^
bR;qI;qP;srA vrks¿=kSo nsokukeorkj% loZfLeUufi ;qxs Hkofr ukU;=k bfr fu'fpre~A r=kkfi
HkkjrL; izfr"Bs gs laLÑra laLÑfrLr;k bR;qfDr% HkkjrL; ekgkRE;e~ brks¿fi o/Z;fr ;rksfg
HkkjrHkwfe% nsoHkwfe% riksHkwfe'pA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 45
laLÑre~& laLÑrfefr ina MqÑ×k MqÑ×k dj.ks /krks Dr izR;;s Ñrs ^^lEifjH;ka djksrq
Hkw"k.ks** bfr lw=ks.k leqnzHkwre~A ;L;kFkZ% Hkofr 'kq¼a funksZ"ka Li"Va ifj fuf"Br×p fo'ks"k.kfo'ks"kkFkZLrq
vkHkw"k.ke~ vFkkZr~ 'kksHkk/kk;de~ bfrA ekuo% ,d% lkekftd izk.kh orZrsA vr% lewgs lekts ,o
thoua lqyHke~A ij×p l`"V;knkS lewgs thouk; ijLija lg;ksxk; fdefi uSoklhr~A ;nk
czãk.MsfLeu~ ekuokuka ijLija lq[knq%[kkuqHkoa osfnrqe~ vkpkj fopkjknkuiznku fufeÙka lEizs"k.kL;
dks¿fi ekè;e% uSoklhr~A bnkuha eqfufHk% egf"kZfHk'p ri% rIRok okXnsoha ljLorha leqikL; nsokuka
Hkk"kk laLÑr Hkk"ks;a Hkwfe% lek;krkA ;FkksDranf.Muk&laLÑra ukenSoh okxU;k:;krk egf"kZfHk%A
bfr vofureeku;ukr~ iwo± Hkk"ks;a nsokuka Hkk"kkA vL;k% Hkk"kk;k% mRifÙk izy;'p dnkfi
uSolEHkofr b;a lnSo fuR;k ;FkksDre~&
vukfn fu/uk fuR;kokxqRl`"Vk Lo;aHkwokA
vknkS osne;h fnR;k ;r% lokZ% izo`Ù;k%AA
Hkk"ks;a f}fo/k&vykSfddh ykSfddh p r=kkykSfddh osns"kq ykSfddh egkiqjk.k
egkHkkjrjkek;.kkfn dkO;s"kq pA vL;k% Hkk"kk;k% uO;kO;kdj.kkfu fo/Urs ;r~ oSKkfudSjfi lax.kdL;
Ñrs lokZf/dk dk;Zlkf/dk mi;qT;k p Hkk"ks;eso LR;fØ;rA Hkk"kk;keL;ka fo'oL;
lkekftdkè;kfRedkfFkZdk HkkSxksfyd oSKkfud nSohHkkSfrd fo"k;k% Hkwfj'k% izkI;UrsA prq"kqZ osns"kq
miosns"kq mifu"kRlq "kM~n'kZus"kq ;k vkè;kfRedh fo|k of.kZrkfLr r;Soso Hkkjra izkphudkys mr~
v/qukfi fo'ofLeu~ izfr"Bka izkIuksfrA fo/s;a eksgktkyko`ra KkueKku×p la'kksè;kiâR; p eks{kee`r
nkif;rqa leFkkZ fo|rsA ;FkksDre~&
vfo/;k e`R;qa rhRokZ fo/;k¿e`re'uqrsA
Jhen~ckYehdh; jkek;.ks rFkk p Jh egkHkkjrs fo'oL;k% lekftdkfFkZdkè;kfRed
oSKkfudk pkjfopkj laca/ leL;k fo/UrsA rklka lokZlka leL;kuka fujkdj.ka fofgra orZrsA ;Fkk&
/esZ vFksZ p dkes eks{ks p iq#"k"kZHkA
;fngkfLr rnU;=k ;UusgkfLr u rr~Dofpr~AA
fpdhRlk{ks=k i';ke'psr~ pjdlafgrk;ka rFkk lqJrq lafgrk;ka l/kstkrkuke~ Hkfo";ksRiRL;ek.kkuka
loZjksxk.kkap loZjksxkigkjh rFkksik;% fpfUrr% fofgr'p ;Fksnkuhefi vU;ns'kh;fpfdRldS%
ukUoS"Ve'kD;e~A egk'p;Zfefr ?kVkr~ vxLR;ksRifÙk% bR;kfn egkuhfudkjs.k vkpk;Z pk.kD;su
fojfprsukFkZ 'kkL=ks.k ns'kL;So rq u vfi rq fo'oL; lokZe~ vkfFkZdhe~ leL;k;ka fuokjf;rqa 'kD;rsA
pk.kD;rhfr ekè;esu fonqjuhfrekè;esu pk.kD;uhfrekè;esu tuk% lE;d~r;k LoL; thoua
thforqa ;kif;rqa p lq[ksu lgtr;k 'kDuqofUrA HkkjrhT;kSfr"k'kkL=ks iqjk.ks"kq vk;ZHkV~Vh; p lEiw.kZ
czãk.ML; HkkSxksfydh fLFkfr% lw;ZpUnzu{k=kxzg.kk×p xfr% lE;d~ r;k iznf'kZrk ;k bnkuha
oSKkfudSjfi ijh{k.ks rFkZo lR;r;k lqLia"V yH;rsA egf"kZ Hkj}ktsu ;=kloZLo ukeds foeku
'kkL=ks rkn`'kL; foeuL; o.kZua fo/rs ;r~ ;/quk uSo n`';rs r=k ;koUr% tuk% mifo'kfUr psnkfi
46 f'k{kk T;ksfr
,da LFkkua Hkofr LeA
Hkkjrh;k laLÑfr%&
laLÑfr bfr ina le milxZiwoZd MqÑ×k dj.ks /krks% L=kh;ka fDru~ ^izR;;s lEifjH;ka
Hkw"k.ks* bfr lw=ks.k leqnzHkofrA lL;kFkZ% laLdkfjrkA
^tkrL; fg /zqokse`r;q/qzZoks tUe e`rL; p*
bfr rq fuf'p;esoA r=kkfi ^vo';eso HkksDrO;a Ñr` deZ'kqHkk'kqHke~* bR;kfiA ij×p
dhg'ka deZ] fd drZO;a] fda u drZO;a] fda 'kqHka] fde'kqHkfefrA rfgZ ^rLekPNkL=ka izek.ka rs
dk;kZdk;ZO;ofLFkrkS* 'kkL=ka laLÑra] dk;kZdk;Z O;oLFkk laLÑfr% bfr fu'fpra laLÑrlaLÑR;ks'p
laca/ks¿Uo; O;frjsdkH;ka orZrsA
vUo;ks uke&rr~ lRos rRlRoe~A
O;frjsdks uke&rnHkkos rnHkko% bfrA
vr% o;a fu'p;su oDrqa izHkoke% ;r~ vLeda Hkkjrh; laLÑfr laLÑrHkk"k;ks
ifuc¼'kkL=kkèkkjs.k fo|rsA rfgZ v=k vL;k% dk fo'ks"krk\ bfr Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS psrukpsruizf.k"kq
drZO;kdrZO;cks/% ijLija laca/k%] n;kd#.kkijksdkj.kkfn Hkkouk Hkwfj'k% n`';rsA
izR;qidkj%&
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS ;% dks¿fi dL;kfi Ñrs fdefi djksfr psr~ lks¿fi rL; Ñrs defi
pkoPND;a dq;kZr bfr lukru /eZ%A
^Ñrs p izfrdrZO;eso /eZ% lukru%* ;Fkk&
tya] ok;q] vkdk'k%] Hkwfe%] pUnz%] lw;Z%] vfXu'p ,rs vLeH;a fu"dkeu;k thous
vko';dkfu oLrwfu iz;PNfUr rfgZ vLekfHkjfi iwtua gkse] lw;kZè;Ze bR;kfn ,rsH;% leiZ.kh
;kfuA
izÑfr laj{k.ka rRizfrLokReHkko'p&
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS izÑrs% laj{k.ka izeq[kr;k fØ;rs o`{kkjksi.ka] r=k tylspue~ vdkj.ka
o`{kPNsnua uSodj.kh;e~] tyk'k;kjkekfn laj{k.ka o|k% laj{k.ke~ bR;kfnA vfHkKku 'kkdqUrys rq
'kdqUryk;k% izÑfr izfr vuU;k izhfr% n`';rsA ;Fkk&
ikrqa u izFkea O;oL;fr tya ;qLekLoihrs"kq ;k
uknÙks fiz;e.Mukfi Hkorka Lusgsu ;k iYyoe~A
vk|s o% dqlqeizlwfrle;s ;L;k% HkoR;qRlo%
ls;a ;kfr 'kdqUryk ifrUx`ga loSZuqKk;rke~AA
fuR;kfHkokne~&
f'k{kk T;ksfr 47
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS fuR;kfHkoknusu vlkè; nq"dja dfBukfrdfBuefi dk;± lgtr;k
lEiUua Hkforqa 'kDuksfr bfr fo'okl% vr% T;s"Bku~ o`}ku~ Js"Bku~ xq#u~ ekrkfirjks p fuR;e~
vfHkokn;rsA
vfHkoknu'khyL; fuR;a o`}ksilsfou%A
pRokfjrL; o/ZUrs vk;qfoZ/k;'kkscye~AA
lnkpkj f'k{k.ke~&
vLekda laLÑrkS tus"kq i'kqRoa LosPNkpkjfRo×pkiâR; laLdkjs.k lH;r;k p ekuoh;xq.kkuqRik|
lnkpj.ka f'k{;rs ;rks fg&
vkpkj% ijeks/eZ%AA
vkpkj izHkoks /eZ /eZL; izHkqjP;qr%A
vkpkjYyHkrs ákeqjkpkjkyHkrs fJ;e~
loZy{k.kghuks¿fi ;% lnkpkjokUuj%A
J¼kokUuuqlwj'p 'kra o"kkZf.k thofrAA
ijksidkjf'k{k.ke~&
vdkj.ka fu"dkeu;k nq%f[ku% vlgk;L; fu/ZuL; fodyL; o`gL; p Ñrs midkj
dj.kh;% bfr Hkkjrh;k laLÑfr%&
v"Vkn'kiqjk.ks"kq O;klL;opu};e~A
ijksidkj% iq.;k; ikik; ijih¿ue~A
ijksidkjk; ogfUr u|% ijksidkjk; iQyfUr o`{kk%A
ijksidkjk; nqgfUr xko% ijksidkjkFkZfena 'kjhje~AA
ijksidkjk; n/hp equs% okD;a rq vR;Ura egÙooiw.k± fo|rs&
/U;a 'kjhja [kyq rL; nsfgu%
;L;O;;% L;kr~ ijlkS[;gsrosA
vfuR;esrr~ lfg /eZ ,o
fuR;Lrnsu ifjlaR;tkfe AAbfrAA
ekr`fir`xq#foizkfrFkhu~ izfr nsoRoHkkouk&
;s"kka Ñik izlknsu nso nqyZHkfena 'kjhja lEizkIr rs"kk Ñrs¿fi nsoln`'k% fopkj% Hkosr~ rs
rq iwT;kfriwT;k%A ;Fkk&
ekr` nsoksHkoA
48 f'k{kk T;ksfr
fir` nsoksHkoA
vkpk;Z nsokHkoA
vfrfFk nsoksHkoA
fo'oo/qRo Hkkouk&
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS fo'ocU/qRoHkkouk;k% lekos'k% fo|rs Hkwfj'k%A
v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~A
mnkjpfjrkuka rq olq/So dqVqEcde~AA
mnkjpfjrk% Hkkjrh;k% lEiw.kkZ i`Foh Lox`ge bo eU;srk r=k okflu% losZ¿fi ckU/ok%
bfrA vr% vukfndkykr ,o osns yksds p fo'oL; eÄ~xdkeuk% egf"kZfHk% Ñrk%A ;Fkk&
losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ lUrq fujke;k%A
losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq ek df'pr~ nq%[k HkkXHkosr~A
lenf'kZrk&
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS ;|fi vusdk% o.kkZ% tkr;% vusd fo/os'kHkw"kk Hkkstu Hkk"kk.kka Hksn%
orZrsA rFkkfi losZ"kq tus"kq leku% vf/dkj% fo|rs losZ¿fi lekuk% bfr&
fo|k fou; lEiUus czkã.ks xfo gfLruhA
'kqfu pSo 'oikds p if.Mrk% lenf'kZu%AA
ukjh.kka lekuvknj&
Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS ukjh.kka egku vknj% fo|rs ;Fkk euqLe`rkS&
;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsorkA
;=kSrkLrq u iwT;Urs lokZLr=kkiQyk fØ;k%AA
ekr`or~ ijnkjs"kq bfr Hkkouk ukjh.kka leknj% Hkkjrh; laLÑrkS fo|rsA rFkk p ukjh.kkefi
ikfrozR;/eZ% vfi ukjh.kka leknjk;fufnZ'kfrA
vLrq rfgZ o;a lo± lekyksP; bfr oDrqa izHkoke% ;r~ HkkjrOL; izfr"Brs gs laLÑra
laLÑfr'r;k bfr lR;eso vu;ks% vHkkos Hkkjra Hkkjra uSo vr% mDre~&
fcukosna foukxhrka] fcuk jkek;.kha dFkke~A
fcukdfoa dkfynkl] Hkkjra ufg Hkkjre~AA
ij×pk/quk oSnsf'kdkukekØes.k laLÑra laLÑfr'p yqIrizk;s ,o n`';srsA os'kkHkw"kkHkk"kk
Hkkstukpkj fopkj O;ogkjkfn"kq ik'pkR; laLÑfr jso lekfo"Vk vr% o;a tkx`rk% Hkose] vU;Fkk
laLÑra rFkk laLÑfr% Hkkjrkr~ mHkkokfi nsoyksda xfe";frA rfgZ o;a Hkkjrh;k% bfr dFke\
f'k{kk T;ksfr 49
dsukèkkjs.k oLrqa izHkoke% vr% mifu"kn~ okD;euql`R; o;e~ vxzljke%&
mfr"Br tkxzr izkI; ojkfUucks/rAA
LofLr iztkH;% ifjiky;Urka
U;k;su ekxsZ.k egha egh'kke~A
xksczkge.ksH;% f'koeLrq fuR;a
yksdk leLrk lqf[kuks HkoUrq AAbfrAA
50 f'k{kk T;ksfr

xks efgek
vk'kh"k iUr%
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
vLekda Hkkjrns'k% Ñf"k iz/kuks ns'kks¿fLrA Hkkjrh;k% tuk% xks egRoa tkufUrA Hkkjrh;k%
tuk% rka /suq ekrje~ bfr dFk;fUrA Ñ"kdk.kka thoue~ b;a /suq% ,oa vfLrA ekrk iq=kku~ Lonqèksu
iks"k;fr vr% ,o Hkkjrh;k% tuk% rka xka ekrje~ bfr dFk;fUrA
fons"kq mDra ^xkoks fo'oL; ekrj%* bfr
mfDr^ /suwuka egRoa lq"Bq izfrikn;frA
xkS% losZ"kka Ñrs dY;k.kdkfj.kh vfLrA
izkphu dkys JhÑ".k% /suq% vpkj;r~ vr% l% xksiky% bfr ukezk izfl¼% vHkor~A
Hkxor% JhÑ".kL; ,rkn`'k% lÄ~dYi% vklhrA
^xkoks eekxzr% lUrq xkoks es lurq i`"Br%A
xkoks es ân;s lUrq xoka eè;s olkE;ge~AA*
izkphudkys jktku% Jsf"Bu'p xksnkua dqoZfUrLeA rL; ikyL; egrh vko';drk orZrsA
Hkkjrh;k /suo% vusdko.khZ;k% HkofUrA rklq dfiyk;k% /suks% vR;f/da egRoe~ vfLrA
ekrq% nqX/kuUrja /suqnqX/e~ ,o lokZf/da lqikP;a ikSf"Vda o/Zda p HkofrA
vr ,o /suqfHk% lg ekr`rqyuk ÑrkA izkphudkys egf"kZ of'k"BL; lehis ,dk /sus%
vklhr~ rL;k uke ufUnuh vklhr~A lUrkughu% jktk fnyhi%A rL;k% lsoke djksr~] l% u`i% rL;k%
lso;k ohjiq=ke~ vyHkrA rL; iq=kL; uke j?kq% vklhr~A
/suks% nqX/kr~ nf/% uouhra /`ra rØa fe"BkUua p tk;UrsA rØsBk ?k`rsu p izk.kj{kdk%
vusdk% vkS"k/;% fufeZrk% HkofUrA Hkkjrh; fpfdRlkxzUFks"kq /suks% ew=ka iqjh"ka nf/ ?k`ra i×pxO;:is.k
of.kZre~A xksew=ka vusdklq vkS"kf/"kq vfi iz;qDra HkofrA xkse;su o;a Lox`gku~ ifo=khdqeZ%A
xkse;L; mi;ksxk% tSfod moZjd:is v/quk¿fi fØ;rs rsu 'kL;kuka o`f¼% tk;rsA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 51
vLekda ns'ks /suqikyue~ vko';da eU;rsA ;fn v=k /suo% u Hkos;q% rnk dqr% i;%\
fdef/da /suwuka "kMÄ~x ijea ekÄ~xY;a izksDre~A
;Fkk&^xksew=ka xkse;a lfiZ% {khja nf/ p jkspukA
"kMÄ~xesrr~ ijea ekÄ~xY;a loZnk xoke~A*
i×pxO;L; mi;ksxks ekufld O;kf/"kq peZjksxL;] {k;jksxL; p fuokj.kkFk± HkofrA vusd
fl¼;lfr ;r~ xkS% vusdsu izdkjs.k vLekda ekr`or~ j{kka djksfr /suo% fofo/o.kkZ% HkofrA èksuks
oRlk% o`"kHkk% HkofUrA ckydk% oRls"kq fL=káfUrA /suwuka nqX/a ihRok oRlk% cfy"Bk% iq"Vk'p
HkofUrA cyhonkZ% {ks=kkf.k Ñ"kfUr Hkkja p ogfUrA cyhonkZ% Ñ"kdkuka fe=ka HkofUrA v/quk
xkslja{k.kL; ijeko';drk orZrsA
orZeku&le;s loZdkjs.kk¿fi laj{k.kÑrs vusdk% ;kstuk% vk;ksT;UrsA
,rkn`'kh xkS&:is.k of.kZrk ekrk ;L;k jk/uek=ks.k ekuoL; ddykuka euksjFkkuka iwfrZtkZ;rsA
/suwuka xkFkkekd.;Z o;efi fpUr;ke% rklka Ñrs fdefi dqeZ%A
52 f'k{kk T;ksfr

laLÑrf'k{k.ks n`';JO;ksidj.kkuka egÙoe~

lfLerk okfjd
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
çkphudkys laLÑrf'k{k.ka xq#dsfUære~ vklhr~A f'k";k% ifjèkkS fr"BfUr LeA ije~
vkèkqfud;qxs f'k";k% dsUæhHkwrk% lfUr xq#'p lgk;rka djksfrA
"The teacher was in the centre and the students were on the circumference. But,
now a day's the students are in the centre and students are in the centre and the teacher is
on the circumference."
vr% vkèkqfud;qxs ckydkuka f'k{k.ka ekSf[kda u HkofrA okydku~ ikBuk; fofHkUulkèkukuka
ç;ksx% HkofrA ;su ikfBr% ikB% jkspd% çHkkoiw.k:Z cksèkxE-×p HkofrA okyd% iBus lwfp èkÙks
rFkk l% fØ;k'khys¿fi HkofrA vr% lE;d~ f'k{k.kk; ;s"ea lkèkukuka ç;ksx% fØ;rs] rkfu lkèkukfu
lgk;dlkexh bfr dF;Urs f'k{kk'kCndks'ks fyf[krefLr ;r~ ^^JO;n`';ksidj.kkfu ;qfDr #is.k
vÄ~xhÑrkfu lfUr] ;S% vfèkxeçfØ;k voyksdusu Jo.ksu rFkk vuqHkwfrekè;esu l'kDr HkofrA
,oa Nk=kku~ çksRlkg;fr mRçsj;fr pA**
According by MC clusky-
Properly used audio visual materials are a preventive of many misunderstandings,
which arise out of academic language.
JO;lkèkukfu & JO;lkèkukfu rku lkèkukfu lfUr] ;su JqRok fo"k;oLrqu% okLrfodKkua
vkdk'kok.kh & foa'kfr'krkCn;ke~ vkdk'kok.kh lkèkueR;qÙkea lkèkua ifjx.;rsA vusu
cgqçdkjk.kka dk;ZØek.kka çlkj.ka Hkofr] ;S; Jksrkj% Nk=ko`Unk 'p ykHkfUrrk% HkofUrA vusu
lkèkusu fofHkUudFkkuka ] ukVdkuka ] gL;O;aXFkdk;ZØek.kka] xhrkuka lekpkjk.kka laLÑrlekpkjk.kkefi
çlkj.ka HkofrA vusu vèkksfufnZ"Vk% ykHkk% HkofUrA
1- vusu okydkuka O;ogkfjd Kkua oèkZrsA
2- vusu Nk=kk.kka euksj×puefi HkofrA
3- vusu Nk=kk.kka KkusfUæ;k.kka Jo.ksfUæ;k.kka HkofrA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 53
èofuif×tdk & fo|qPNdr;k ;U=kesor~ çorZrsA Vsieè;s iwoZeifærkuka èouhuka çlkj.ka
HkofrA iwoZeqfærkuka èouhuka lEektZusu uqruèou;% vfÄ~dra 'kD;rsA
orqZykif×tdk & Gramophone JO;ksidj.ks"kq orqZyif×tdk;k% Lodh;a egRoefLrA
dsufpn~ æO;s.k fufeZrpdks js[k#is.k èouhuka eqæ.ka fØ;rsA rr% fyÄ~xokdksu;U=kL; lkgkÕ;su
eqfæra loaZ Jksrqa 'kD;rsA
n`';lkèkukfu & n`';lkèkukfu rkfu lfUr] ;S% Nk=kk% çR;{k #is.k us=kS% n`"V~ok
okLrfodKkua èkkj;fUrA
';keiQyde~ (Blackboard) &
f'k{k.kL; n`';lkèkus"kq ';keiQydL; LFkkua çeq[ka vLrhfr LohfØ;rsA d{;kè;kiudkys
d{;k;ka lnSo lqyHka HkofrA bna lqèkk[k.Msu ys[kuk; dk"BL; Ñ".k o.kZiQydefLr vusu
ikfBr% ikB% jkspd% vkd"kZd% oksèkxE;×p HkofrA rFkk vè;;ukè;ius lkiQY;efèkxUrqa egRoiw.kZ
LFkku efLrA
According by -Alex Kennedy-
The blackboard is not only clusky surface for the utilization of a chalk but an active
agent in the development of lesson.
çks- ts ts chcj~&
vLekda 40 çfr'kra fopkjèkkjk% n`';kuqHkwfra] 25 çfr'kra JO;kuqHkwfr] 15 çfr'kra
Li'kkZuqHkwfra] 15 vkèkkfjÑR; orZUrsA lSèkkfRed fpUruL;kèkkjHkwrkfu oÙkUrsA n`';Jo.;lkèkukfuA
'kksèkdrkZj% çek.k;fUr ;r~ 85 çfr'kra f'k{k.ka n'kZuJo.ksfUæ;k.kkekèkkjs.kSo HkofrA
lqçfl¼% f'k{kfon~ iSLVkykth egksn;%&
f'k{kk;ka inkFkkZuka çR;{kkuqHkoL; vO;kèkda egRoa euqrsA Ýkscsy] eUVsljk çHk`r;%
f'k{kk'kkL=kks.k% okY;f'k{kk;ka n`';JO;ksidj.kkuka egRoiw.kZ LFkkua nÙkoUr%A ;qfulsQ laLFkk;k%
vè;;ukèkkjs.k f'k{k.ks Le`rkS p bfUæ;k.kka çkei[;e~ bR;a fuèkkZfjre~A rs rFkk&
f'k{k.ke~ & vkLoknsusu 1» Li'kZus 2» ?kzk.ksu 3» Jo.ksu 11» n'kZusu 83» ¾100»
Lej.ke~ iBusu 5» Jo.ksu 10» n'kZusu 15» n'kZus Jo.ksu p 25» dFkusu Jo.ksu p 30»
¾100»
JO;n`';lkèkukuke~ mís';kfu&(1) Nk=kk% Hkk"kkè;;su lfØ;k% L;q% (2) vè;;udkys
Jo.ksfUæ;H;] n'kZusfUæ;L; p vkd"kZ.ke~ (3) yCèkKkua ifjiq"Va L;kr~ (4)ikB~;fo"k;% jkspd%
vkd"kZ.kh;'p L;kr~ (5) f'k{k.ka çHkkoiw.kZ L;kr~ (6) ;FkkFkZKkulEiknue~A
JO;n`';ksidj.kkuka çdkjk%& JO; n`';ksidj.kkfu f=kèkk foHkDra 'kD;Urs&(1)
JO;lkèkukfu (2) n`';lkèkukfu (3) n`';JO;lkèkukfu
54 f'k{kk T;ksfr
fp=kdye~&fp=kifêdk loksZÙkef'k{k.klkèkus"oU;rek vfLrA vL; vkfo"dkj% fo'kaR;k
Ùkj ,dksufoa'kfr res (1912 bZ-) o"kZ vHkwr~A ij×p vL; çpyu f}rh;fo'o;q¼dkyks vHkwr~A
fp=kifêdk 2 foèkk Hkofr ewda lokda p
foKfIrifV~Vdk (Bulletin board)&fo{kfIrifêdk;k% ç;ksx% laLÑrf'k{k.ks¿fi HkforqegZfrA
v=k lkfgR;dlkexzh Nk=kk.kkeoyksdukFkaZ layXu Hkofr d{kk;k vH;Urjs okáks ok vL; ç;ksx%
drqZ 'kD;rsA
vkÑfrfoLrkjd (Stereograph)& vfLeu~ vkÑfrfuLrkjd;U=ks fp=kk.kkeÑfr% foLrjs.k
çn'kZrsA bfrgklHkwxksy;ks% f'k{k.k vL; ;U=kL; egRoiw.kZ LFkkuefLrA
js[kki=ke~ (Graph)&ds"kkf×pr~ fo"k;k.kka f'k{k.kk; js[kki=ka egRoiw.kZ LFkkua fonèkfr
mnkgj.kkFkZ HkweksykL; ikBstula[;k] tyok;q% okf"kZdo"kkZ;k bR;knhuka fo"k;kuka Li"VKkuk;
js[kki=kL; ç;ksx%A
fu"d"kZ%&n`';JO;ksidj.kkfu f'k{k.kL; lkèkukfu HkofUrA u rq lkè;kfu ,rnFkZ laLÑrf'k{k.ks
,rs"kka lnqi;ksx% drZO;%A laLÑrkè;kida n`';'iO;lkèkukukeqi;ksxRiw.kaZ rs"kka egRoa KkRok mís';kuqlkja
ç;ksxa dq;kZr~A laLÑrf'k{k.kk; visf{krkfu fp=kkf.k fofoèki=ksH;% if=kdkH;'p lekgj.kh;kfuA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 55

vkJeèkesZ"kq czãp;kZJeL; çklfÄ~xdrk

jf'erk ifjMk
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
èkeZ'kkL=ks"kq pRokj% vkJek% çfrikfnrk%A rs p HkofUr ;Fkk & czãp;kZJe%] x`gLFkkJe%
okuçLFkkJe% lU;klkJe'pA eUokfnfHk% Le`frdkjS% ,rs pRokj% vkJek% LohÑrk%A ijUrq rs"kka
ukelq fdf×pr~ ifjorZua rsu ÑrefLrA rkfu vkJeukekfu ;Fkk czãp;kZJe%] x`gLFkkJe%]
lU;klkJe%] okuçLFkkJe'pA vkiLrEcks¿fi xkSreçfrikfnra era LohdjksfrA xkSreerkuqlkjs.k
vfUres okuçLFkkJeL; r`rh;s p lU;klkJeL; LFkkua çfrikfnra vfLrA Le`frdkjk.kka erkuqlkja
miu;ulaLdkjs.kSo czkã.kokyd% czãpkjh HkofrA czãp;kZJes fLFkRok l% Loh;a fo|kxzg.k:ia
eq[;aA ç;kstua lkèk;sr~A xqjksjfUrds¿è;;ukFkZeqiolu~ czãpkjh x`gLFkkJes thfodkfuokZgkFkkZfu
dekZ.;fi vuqfr"Bsr~A czãp;kZJea lekI; x`gLFkkJea çfo'ksr~A ozãp;kZijkUra lekorZulkua foèkk;
ifj.k;ua p ÑRok czãpkjh x`gh Hkosr~A l% ifjokjL; L=kh&iq=k&dU;k&firk&ekrk&Hkzkr`çHk`rhuka
Hkj.kiks"k.kkFkaZ 'kkL=kksDrs:ik;S% èkuetZ;rs A~ x`gLFk% çR;ga i×pegk;Kkukeuq"Bkua dq;kZrA~ x`gLFkkJeeuUrja
lU;klkJe% xkSresu çfrikfnr% rfLeUukJes fLFkRok lU;klh dnkfpnfi æO;laxzga u dq;kZr~A
fHk{k;k thfodk fuokZg;sr~A lU;klh lq[knq%[k;ks% Hksna u i';sr~A
^vkJe'kCn%* Jeèkkrqr% fu"iUu%A 'vkJE;fr' vfLeu~ bfr O;qRiÙ;k vkJe'kCn%
fu"i|rsA vu;k O;qRiÙ;k ;=k ifjJea drZ~rO;a rFkk ;fLeu~ ifjJe% fØ;rs bfr vFkZ};a yH;rsA
b;ekJeO;oLFkk ekuoL; ,sfgdekè;kfReda y{;a p çn'kZ;frA vkJexzg.ksu Lothoua dsu
çdkjs.k çorZuh;a rFkk ijey{;çkIR;FkaZ fda ok vkpj.kh;a rr~ loaZ çkI;rsA egkHkkjrs dfFkrefLr
ekuothouL; vfUrey{;i;ZUrfe;ekJeO;oLFkk lksikulqn`'kh fo|rsA ,rkn`'kL; lksikuL; pRokj%
Hkkxk% fo|UrsA Øekuqlkjs.k ,desda HkkxekfJR; vfUres prqFksZ Hkkxs euq";% eks{;fePNkrqa 'kD;rsA
,rL; lksikuL; pRokj% n.Mln`'kHkkx% pRokj% vkJek% bfr mP;UrsA ;=k vkRelkukFkaZ vFkok
fdefi fo'ks"kçf'k{k.kçkIR;FkZesdesdekJekfèkÑR; fr"Bfr bfrA
euq";thoua çfr bRFka ØefunsZ"ka djksfrA ;su ekuo% ,othouL; leqfpra & fodk'ka
dkjf;rqa leFkZ% Hkofr bfrA vkJeL; pjeksís';a fo|rsA çlaÄ~xs¿fLeu~A euqLe`rkS euquk bneso
çR;ikfn ;Fkk&
56 f'k{kk T;ksfr
^^losZ¿fi Øe'kLosrs ;Fkk'kkL=k fulsforS%A
;FkksDrdkfj.ka f}ia u;fUr ije xfre~AA**
vfUres okuçLFkkJe% xkSreèkeZlw=ks miLFkkfir%A okuçLFkkJeh ous fuokl ÑRok r=k
iQyewykfu Hkw×thrA l p xzkea u çfo'ksr~A tVkèkkj.kiwoZda peZfufeÙka oydya oL=ka èkkj;sr~A
eUokfnor~ xkSre% czãpkfj f}foèk% bfr LohdjksfrA ;Fkk & uSf"Bd%] midqokZ.k'pA vfLeu~
fo"k;s Le`frdkjs"kq eroS"kE;a u n`';rsA uSf"Bd% czãpkjh vkpk;ZL; ijyksdxeukuUrja rL;
xq.k;qDrs iq=ks] xq:iRuh"kq p lekuo`fÙka fonè;kr~A
=kSof"kZd% ckyd% miu;ukr~ ija czãp;kZJea çfo'kfrA lw=k&Le`frdkjS% miu;uL; dky%
çfrikfnr%A rnuqlkja czkã.kokyd% xHkkZf"VekCns {kf=k;okyd% xHkkZndkn'ks¿Cns] oS';okyd%
xHkkZn~ }kn'kkCns miuhr% L;kr~A ;fn rfLeUuso dkys iq=kL; miu;ua drqaZ u 'kDuq;kr~A rfgZ% rr%
ijefi losZ f}tk% Øe'k% "kksM'ko"kkZH;Urjs] }kn'kfoa'kfro"kkZH;Urjs prqZfoa'kfro"kkZH;Urjs miusrqa
'kD;rsA euquk czãp;Zldke% firk Loa okya i×peslIres] v"Ves o"ksZ p Øe'k% o.kkZuqlkjeqiuh;r
bfr mP;rsA rFkSo vkiLrEcks¿fi dkeukuqlkjeqiu;udkya dFk;frA
o.kkZuqØes.k ozãpkfj.k% èkkj.kh;kfu æO;kf.k xkSresu fopkfjrkfuA Le`frdkjk.kka erkuqlkja
czkã.k] {kf=k;;&oS';czãpkfj.k% Øes.k ekS×thes[kyka èkuq";k?es[kyka] 'k.klw=ke;ha es[kyka p
èkkj;s;q%A euqjfi ,rk% es[kyk% dFk;frA lk p es[kyk f=ko`r~] 'y[.kk p Hkosr~A iqu% euq%
dFk;fr ,rklka es[kykukeykHks dq'kvLeUrd&fcYotfufeZrka rs èkkjf;rqa 'kDuq;q%A lk p
,dxzfUFkfof'k"Vk] xzfUFk=k;fof'k"Vk] i×pxzfUFkfof'k"Vk ok Hkosr~A
vftufo"k;s euq&xkSre&;kKoYD;&vkiLrEc&okSèkk;un;% lkE;a era çfrikn;fUrA
'kk.k&{kkSe&phjfufeZrkfu&mÙkjh;kf.k Hkos;%q A ijUrq vèkksoL=k:is.k Ñ".ke`xa NkxpeZfufeZrkfu èkkj;s;%q A
euqLrq mÙkjh;Rosu es"kyksefufeZÙka oL=ka çfrikn;frA losZ ok Øes.k o`{kdk"kk;oLoa ef×t"Va
gfjæ;k foÑra ok èkkj;s;q%A czãpkfj.k% losZ Lo Lo o.kkZuqlkja n.Mèkkj.kefi dq;qZ%A vFkok
rn`.MkykHks ;fKdo`{;ksn~Hkoa n.Ma ok èkkjf;rqa 'kDuq;qfjfrA losZ Le`fr&èkeZlw=kdkjk% fuxnfUrA
=kSof.kZdk% f}tk% o.kkZuqlkja fHk{kkpj.kefi dq;qZ%A losZ"kka czãpkfj.kka fHk{kkpj.kfofèk%
i`Fkd~ HkofrA dsoya HkoPNCnL;ksPpkj.kHksnsu fHk{kkpj.kfofèk% fo|rsA r=kkfi loZ=k fHk{kkykHks
xq:tus"kq fHk{ksrsfr losZ"kka èkeZ'kkL=kfonka ere~A
czãpkjh xq:ifn"VekxsZ.kkpeufofèkeuqljsr~A f}t% fuR;eqiLi`'ksr~ bfr Le`fropukr~
eqgwrZ~rek=keI;ç;r% u fr"Bsr~ bfr xkSreopuoykPp ftgkukeqiLi'kZua fofgrefLrA losZ"kq deZlq
vkpeua foèkh;rsA v=k egf"kZxkSre% dsfpn~ fof'k"Vkoljs"kq vfi vkpeua çfrikn;frA ;kfu
LFkykfu vU;s"kq xzUFks"kq u n`';UrsA o.kkZul
q kjefi vkpeufofèk% èkeZ'kkL=kdkjSjkyksfpr%A xkSreerkuqlkjekæs.k
ikf.kuk eq[ke.Mya f}okja çksNsr~A 'k;ukuUrja] HkkstukuUrja] oL=kikjsèkkukuUrj×t f}jkpeua czãpkjh
dq;kZfnfrA xqjks% ifjokjtuS% lkda lnkpkjfo"k;s xq:iRuhxq:iq=kijexq:fHk% lkda lnkpkjfo"k;s]
vfHkoknu&milaxzg.kkfnfo"k;s"kq vfi Le`fr&èkeZlw=k;kseZè;s rkn`'ka oS"kE;a u n`';rsA vusu çdkjs
'k[us çfrikfnrkuka czãpkjhèkeZ.kka fo'ks"ki;kZykspukek=ka e;k fofgre~A
f'k{kk T;ksfr 57

HkkodeZ izdj.kkUrxZr lkekU;ifjp;ksÙkj

dkjdLFkf}deZdsH;'p /krqH;% dspkfUu;ek%
lfpu jktksfj;k
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
HkkodeZ izdj.kkUrxZr lkekU;ifjp;ksÙkj
dkjdLFkf}deZdsH;'p /krqH;% dspfUu;ek%
fonqjso losZ ;YYdkjk rÙknx.kifBr/krqH;% ^y% deZf.k p Hkkos pkdeZds H;%* bR;srsu
lw=ks.k ldeZdsE;% deZf.k drZfj pkdeZdsH;ks Hkkos drfj HkofUr bfrA
;Fkk=k ldeZdkr ^n`f'kj izs{k.ks* /krksfjR;ekn~ drZfj ^nsonÙk% xzkea i';fr* bR;=k
^;kfLeu~ izRr;ks Hkofr l mDr%* vfHkfgr bR;FkZ% ;fLeUizR;;ks u Hkofr l vuqDr% vufHkfgr
bR;FkZ%A bfr fu;ek/kjs.k lEizfr drZfj izR;;ks¿=k l×tkr';snqDrs deZf.k izFke pkuqDrs deZf.k
f}rh;kA vuqDrRokn~ ^xzkefefr* f}rh;kura ina nsonÙk'p izFkekUrine~A iwokZDrL; okD;L;
deZf.k ;fEo/k;dlw=ks.k ^lkoZ/krqd ;kfxR;srsu* bfr Hkfo";fr bR;=k lfr deZf.k izR;;s
rL;ksDrRokn ^xzke%* bR;=k izFkek] vufHkfgrRokn~ ^dÙk`Zdj.k;ksLr`rh;k* lw=ks.kkequk nsonÙksu bR;=k
r`rh;k fofgrkA Hkkos¿fi ;Fkk&nsonÙkks Hkofr bfr drZfjHkkos¿L; nsonÙksu Hkw;rsA ^lkoZ/krqds ;d~*
lw=kkFkZ% /krks ;d~ izR;;ks Lpkn HkkodeZokfpfu lkoZ/krqds ijsA Hkkoukinsu ^Hkkouk] mRiknuk]
fØ;k x`g;UrsA ^y% deZf.k* bR;fLeu~ lw=ks HkkodeZdÙk`ZLo:ik yL;kFkkZ% izksDrkLr /krqek=ksH;%
drZfj ydkjekfHk/k; bnkuhedeZdsH;ks Hkkos ldeZdsH;% deZf.k p ydkjku~ fo/krqa izdj.kkjEHk%
bfr Js;e~A
HkkodeZ.kks% & lw=kkFkZ% & Hkkos deZf.k p ;ks yL;LekReusina L;kr~ ;Fkk Hkw;rs] ifjn`';rs
bfr Hkkoinef/ÑR; 'kÄ~dsnsfr ;r~&
vdeZdsH;ks /krqH;ks ;ks y% fo/h;rs r=k HkkoinkFkZ% d% bfr psr Hkko% fØ;k Hkkouk
O;kikj% losZ¿fi i;kZ;okfpu% les"kke=k xzg.ke~A lo± izksP;%
vFkZ f}deZdsH;ks /krqH;ks fu;ekuknqjkpk;kZ%
xkS.ks deZf.k gqákns% iz/kus uhgÑRogke~
58 f'k{kk T;ksfr
cqf¼Hk{kkFkZ;ks% 'kCndeZdk.kka futsPN;k
iz;ksT;deZ.;U;s"kka .;Urkuka ykn;ks erk%
f}deZdsH;ks /krqH;ks O;oLFk;ku;k fu'psrqa 'kDuqeks ;r~ };ksjfi deZ.kks% djrfLeu~
deZf.k ydkjk Js;k bfrA rfgZ nqáknsfjR;qDrs dkjdLFk ^gqákPipn.M#f/* bR;kfn }kn'kkukesrs"kka
/krwuka xkS.ks (viz/kus) deZf.k ykn;ks erk% ;Fkk ^xka i;ks nksfX/* bR;srL; deZf.k ^xksnqZárs i;%A
bR;=k xkSfjR;iz/ku deZ i;'p iz/kudeZ rfgZ xsjiz/kudeZRokr~ rfLeu deZf.k ydkjks rFkk
frÄksDrÙokn~xkSfjfr izFkeA ,oa ^i;% bfr iz/kudeZRokr~ frÄkuqDrRokr~ f}rh;kA bR;eso ^cfya
;kprs olq/kkfeR;L;* deZf.k ^cfy;kZP;rs olq/kkfefr* mHk;ksjI;qnkgj.k;ks% xkS.ks deZf.k ydkjk%
lao`ÙkkA vFkZ ^uâÑ"ogka* /krwuka iz/kus deZf.k ydkjk cks¼O;k ;Fkksnkgj.ke~&%nsonÙkks xzkeetka
u;fr] gfjr] doZfr ogfr ok* bfr dÙkZLFK okD;Lo:i deZf.k iz;ksx% ^nsonÙksu vtk xzkea
uh;rs] fâ;rs] Ñ";rs] mârs ok* Hkfo";fr v=kI;tk;ka iz/kus deZf.k ydkjLrsu iz/kudeZÙokr]
rL;ksDrRokP; mtkfeR;=k* izFkeSo rFkk xzkeL;k¿uqDrRokr~ ^xzkefeR;=k* f}rh;k ^vFk
cq¼R;FkZdHk{kkFkZd'kCndeZdk.kkPp* /krwuka lUnHkZ O;oLFkka fo/k;ksP;rs ;nsrs"kka iz/kus ok xkS.ks ok
deZf.k futsPN;k ydkjk% LFkkiuh;k%A ;'kksnkjg.k~&^cksè;rs ek.koda /eZ% ;}k oks/;rs ek.kodks
/keZfefr* vu;ksjI;qnkgj.k;ksxkS.Z ks ok iz/kus ok deZf.k ykn;ks HkforqegZfUr cq¼;FkZd /krksfjneqnkgj.ke~A
Hk{kkFkZd/krks;ZFkk&^v';Urs nsok ve`ra gfj.kk ^mr* v';rs¿e`ra nsokfufr* bR;qnkgrZO;e~
v=kkfi Lof/;k LosPN;k ykn;ks erk%A 'kCndeZd/krks;ZFkk&osnks¿è;kI;rs fof/ka gfj.kk* ;}k
^osnmeè;kI;rs fof/kgZfj.kk* bgkfi };ksjfi deZ.kks% drjkfLeUufi Hkforqa 'kDuqofUr ykn;%A
iz;ksT;deZf.k ;Fkk&vU;s"kka xR;kFkkZuka /krquka rFkk ^ßØksjU;rjL;ke* lw=kifBrkuka /krquka
iz;ksT;deZf.k* ykn;ks cq¼k% ;Fkk&nsonÙkks xzkea xE;rs* (dsukfi) bR;=k iz;ksT;deZf.k nsonÙks
iz;ksT;deZRokr~ frÄksDrÙokPp izFke rFkk xzkeL;k¿uqDrRokr~ ^xzkes* f}rh;k v=k xes.;kUrkYykn;ks
Js;k%A vdeZd.;Ur/krwuka iz;ksT;deZf.k ykfnO;oLFks;eikFkkZ iz;ksT;a fogk;kU;dekZ Hkkokr~ okjf;rqfeeka
'kÄ~dka ok ^vdeZd /krq fHk;ksZx ns'k% dkyksHkkoks xUrO;ks¿èok p deZ laKd bfr okP;e~
br;qPpkfjre~A ns'kdkykfndeZ&Rosu ^vdeZddk.kka dkykfndeZdk.kka deZf.k Hkkos p ydkjsC;rs
bfr Hkk";ksfCVeknk; ns'kdkydekZfn/krqH;% deZf.k ykn;Ll;qjso rFkk ^eklks ekla ok vkL;rs
nsonÙksu* okD;fean HkofrA deZ.;Hkkoi{ks ydkjs lfr ^deZf.k f}rh;k* bR;usu f}rh;k;ka lR;ka
(nsonÙksrueklekLrs*A vdeZd /krwuka ;ksxs ns'kdkyknhuka oSdfYidsu deZl×Kk HkofrA
fotUrkUrq ^iz;ksT;s* izR;;%&^eklekL;rs ek.kod%* v=kkdeZd /krq jfi f.ktUrRokr~
ldeZdrka izkIuksfr rsu ^iz;ksT;deZ.;U;s"kka .;Urkuka ykn;ks erk%A ,rsu iz;ksT;deZ.;so (ek.kods)
,o izR;;s lfr rL;ksDrÙokRizFkekA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 59

miek dkfynklL;
lqfp=kk ifr
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
dfodqyf'kjkse.ks% dkfynkl:; dkO;s"kq ek/q;ZL; inykfyR;L; Hkko%] LokHkkfodrk;k%]
izÑfrfp=k.kL;] jhrs% lfUuos'k% lE;xkfLrA uhrs%] /eZL; lukrue;kZnknhuka p ân;xzkfg izfriknuefLrA
ijUrq miekyÄ~dkjL; fo'ks"k'peRdkjtudRosu izk/kkU;kr~ ^miek dkfynklL;* bfr lwfDr%
izfl¼¿fLrA dkfynklL; xzUFks"kq miekyÄ~dkjL; izpjq r;k% iz;ksxk% lfUrA j?kqo'a kdkO;L; eÄ~xy'yksda
fojp;u~ izFkeeqiekyadkjeso n'kZ;fr dfo%A
^^okxFkkZfoo lai`DrkS okxFkZ izfriR;sA
txr% firjkS oUns ikoZrhijes'ojkSAA*
;Fkk okp% vFkZL; p ijLija rknkRE;efLr rFkSo ikoZr;ka ijes'ojL; p ijLija
rknkRE;eLrhfr mieka dfo% n'kZ;fr]
jkKks fnyhiL; /eZiR;k% lqnf{k.kk;k% o.kZua djksfr dfo% ;Fkk&
rL; nkf{k.;:is.k ukEuk ex/oa'kt%A
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jkKks fnyhiL; iq=kizfrcU/dhHkwra tUekUrjh;a nwjn`"Va ofl"kks è;kusu i';fr rL; o.kZua
dfo% djksfrA
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yykVksn;ekHkqXua iYYofLuX/ikVykA
foHkzrh 'osrjksekÄ~d lUè;so 'kf'kua uoe~AA
60 f'k{kk T;ksfr
ufUnU;k laj{k.kdkys xka o.kZ;fr&
fuoR;Z jktk nf;rka n;kyqLrkalkSjHks;ha lqjfHk;Z'kksfHk%A
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lqnf{k.kkfnyhi;kseZè;xrk ufUnuh dFka lq'kksfHkrk r=k dkfynkl% dFk;frA
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rnUrjs lk fojjkt /suqfnZu{kekeè;xrso laè;kA
'yksdseku~ n`"V~ok dfodqyf'kjksef.k dfynklfo"k;s bfr dfFkrqa leFkksZ Hkoke% ;r~
dkfynklL; rqY;e~ miek dks¿fi nkrqa u 'kduqofUrA
f'k{kk T;ksfr 61

laLÑrHkk"kk
lfLerk ckfjd
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
laLÑrHkk"kk Hkk"kklq vkfnHkk"kkA lk lokZlkefi Hkk"kk.kka tuuhA ;a fg ½Xosn lalkjL;
vkfniqLrd losZ¿fi çrhP;k'p if.Mrk% leLojs.k LohdqoZfUrA l% ,o laLÑrHkk"kk;ka 'kksHkrsA
vr: laLÑrHkk"kk;k% vkfnHkk"kkRoa Lor% ,o fl¼e~A
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dks¿fi ns'k% rkor~ bea ns'ka Kkus¿èkkfjdrqa çHkosr~A ,rL;ka Hkk"kk;ka rKkua 'kksHkrs] ;r~ ln`'ka u
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laLÑrHkk"kk;ke~ vkè;kRedKkuekfèkHkkSfrdkfnKkua p çpqja HkofrA ykSfdd thouçd"kkZ;
;nhfIlrefLr; rr~ r=k n`';rsA txrks vFkZeUrjs.k thoua O;FkZe~A nq%[kkuka lÄ~dVeso rUere~A
rL;kFkZL; dsu çdkjs.k miktZu dk;Z] dsu fofèkuk ok j{k.kh;% oèkZuh;'p ,rf}"k;k.kka çfriknudkfj.kks
xzUFkk% vfi u nqyZHkk%A vL;ka Hkk"kk;ka èkeZfo"k;dk% xzUFkk% çpqjk% n`';UrsA
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losZ¿fi lqf[ku% lUrq losZ lUrq fujke;k%A
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^vfgalk* HkofrA vkpkj&riL;k&R;kx&lR;&'kqfprk% rL; çk.kk% HkofUrA b;a Hkk"kk ijekuUnlUnksg
eèkqjk ukukKku&foKku clqerhRokr~ lk clqerhoA
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dfFkre~&
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onkfe djeq¼`R; losZ"kka lnflfLFkr%AA
62 f'k{kk T;ksfr

laLÑrL; lsoue~
lUrks"k dqekj ekfyd
f'k{kk'kkL=kh
laLÑrL; lsoua] laLÑrk; thoue~A
yksdfgrle`¼;s Hkorq ruqleZi.ke~AA
dk;ZxkSjoa Leju~
fo?uokfjfèka rju~
y{;flf¼fl¼;s djksfe lks|ea Lo;e~A
;krq p rr~ laLÑra çfrfnua x`ga x`ge~A
rkonfojrk xfrLrkonuqina ine~ AA1AA
dke;s u lEina
Hkksxlkèkua lq[ke~
R;kxsu fouk u dnk laLÑrL; mUufre~A
xkSjokLina ina] usrqe| laLÑre~
o¼dfVj;a tuks fuèkk; thoua i.ke~AA2AA
Hkkf"krk p okf.k;a
Hkkf"krk Hkosr~ uwue~
Hkk";ek.kkuka lesR; jktrka iquf'pje~
HkjrHkwfeHkw"k.ka loZokfXoHkw"k.ke~
laLÑfrçokgda laLÑra fojktrke~AA3AA