CAMBRIDGE

INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

CONFIDENTIAL
NOVEMBER 2000

GCE A LEVEL

MARKING SCHEME

MAXIMUM MARK : 100

SYLLABUS / COMPONENT : 9263, 9264, 9266

BIOLOGY
2. (a) mark first item on each line
radial symmetry;
mouth but no anus / one opening;
diploblastic / two layers / ectoderm and endoderm / tissue level
organization;
stinging cells / nematocysts / nematocysts / nematoblasts;
tantscles; max 3

(b) positive conelation / more diversity at higher abundance, for

Caribbean reefs;
negative correlation / less diversity at higher abundance, for
Pacific reefs;
similar diversity at, low/20%, abundance,
higher diversity on Caribbean than Pacific reefs at high
abundance;
greater variation / spread of data, from Caribbean reefs;
suitable use of comparative figures (index and %); [i.e. 2 sets
figures]

(c) reduces coral abundance;

increases coral diversity;

(d) Pocillopora damicomis would increase;

Pocillopora damicornis would compete with other species;
other species would decrease (or remain at the same level);
some species would become extinct / diversity would decrease;
named example; max 4

(e) fruit for, frugivores / fruit eaters;

pollen / nectar, for, pollinators / insects;
nest site* for birds / roost* for, bats / monkeys / other animal;
[*A habitat]
leaves for leaf-eating herbibores;
habitat for, epiphytes / named epiphyte;
shade for plants below;
nutrients / organic matter, for decomposers;
allelopathic ref; max 2
[Total : 15]
(b) (i) Outline the features that are used to distinguish between
coniterophytes and angospermophytes. [7]
(ii) Explain the extent to which coniferophytes are adapted to
life on land. [7]
(iii) Outline the differences in external structure between
monocotyledons and dicotyledons. [6]

(i) 1 flowers/sepals/petals/tepals, in,

angiospermophytes/angiosperms;
2 cones in, coniferophytes/conifers;
3 fruits in anglospermophytes;
4 ovules enclosed in ovary / seeds in, fruit / pericarp,
in angiospermophytes;
5 naked, ovules / seeds, in coniferophytes;
6 tracheids only in coniferophytes;
7 (tracheids and) xylem vessels in
anglospermophytes;
8 companion cells in angiospermophytes;
9 resin canals in coniferophytes;
10 leaves (usually)linear or scale like in conifers
(except Araucarias); max 7

(ii) 1 well adapted to life on land;

2 xylem gives support;
3 xylem transports water;
4 cuticle protects against water loss;
5 root system provides anchorage;
6 root system absorbs, water / minerals;
7 no swimming male gamete;
8 pollen carrid by wind;
9 sunken stomata;
10 scale or needle-like leaves / ref. surface area of
leaves;
11 hypodermal sclerenchyma / sclerophylls
12 ref. cork / bark, related to water loss;
13 wind dispersal of seeds;
14 seeds can survive dry periods; max 7

(iii) [A one side of argument only]

1 one cotyledon or two; [A seed leaf]
 2 parallel (leaf) veins or branching;
3 stomata in rows or distributed irregularly;
4 narrow leaves (with many exceptions) or broad
leaves (with many exceptions);
5 no petioles or petioles (usually);
6 leaves sheathing the stem or not;
7 unbranched / adventitious, roots or, branched / tap,
roots;
8 tepals only or sepals and petals;
9 floral organs in threes or floral organs in, fours /
fives; [R ‘flowers’] max 6
Total : 20

2. (a) (i) maintain genetic, variation / diversity;

for future use;
in changed circumstances;
example of change; (climate / pathogen / fashion /etc)

(ii) diluted with buffer;

citrate / albumen;
checked for structural abnormalities;
motility measure / genetically tested / sexed;
placed into narrow phials / ‘straws’
frozen, in liquid nitrogen / at – 196o c; max 3

(b) (i) blocked oviducts / hostile mucus / immunity problem /

A.V.P.;
(ii) female superovulated by hormone treatment;
FSH/LH/gonadotrophin;
eggs/oocytes, harvested via catheter;
from ovary (human) / from oviduct (mouse); max 3

(c) allows sparm to penetrate, zona pellucida / egg surface;

glycoproteins on (c-s-membrane) of sperm;
correctly foided via protein C;
bind with zona pellucida;
stimuates mitosis;
ref. figures; max 2
 (d) ref. figures re success rate for eggs;
For live births;
No evidence success after longer storage / 3 months v. short of.
frozen sperm;
cheaper / less space needed / easily transported;
ref endangered species / transgenic lines / other example;
A.V.P, max 3
Total : 15

3. (b) (i) Explain what is meant by phenotypic variance. [6]

(ii) Describe two examples of the effect of the environment
on the phenotype. [6]
(iii) Discuss, with examples, the effect of dominance on
phenotypic variance. [8]

(i) 1 measure of spread about the mean value;

2 shown by distribution curve;
3 quantitative character;
4 continuous;
5 range between extremes;
6 affected by genotype;
7 affected by environment; (VP = VG + VE gets both
marks)
8 discontinuous
9 limited number of discrete classes;
10 each with spread; max 6

(ii) 1 e.g. 1; [organism + character]

2 environmental factor;
3 description of effect;
4 e.g. 2; [organism + character]
5 environmental factor;
6 description of effect; 6

(iii) 1 ref. complete dominance;

2 ref incomplete dominance / codominance;
3 complete dominance reduces phenotypic variation;
4 homozygous dominant and h eterozygote show one
phenotype;
5 homozygous recessive shows another;
 6 2 phenotypes rather than 3;
7 e.g. complete dominance;
8 incomplete dominance does not reduce phenotypic
variation;
9 all three genotypes show different phenotypes;
10 e.g. incomplete dominance;
11 ref. multiple alleles;
12 dominance hierarchy of multiple alleles reduces
phenotypic variation;
13 e.g. hierarchy;
14 ref. epistasis;
15 dominant / recessive, epistasis reduces phenotypic
variation;
16 e.g. dominant / recessive, epistasis max 8
Total : 20

2. (a) (i) protection;

detail of protection (mechanical / reserves / entry of
water or gases);
ref. inhibitors / abscisic acid, and dormancy;
micropyle, lets in, oxygen / water / acts as valve;
affects light reaching embryo; max 2

(ii) failure to germinate;

in suitable conditions;
needs specific trigger; max 2

(b) (i)

Purple loosestrife yellow rocket

o
1. 15 C very low vs zero;
2. rapid rise 20oC vs 15oC;
3. max/peal/platea 22 (23) – 37oC [A range] v. 25/26/27/28oC [A
single peak];
o o
4. 37/39 C [A above 35 C] both fall to zero;
figures % germination for both at one temperature oC;

(ii) no germination / dormancy not broken, at any

temperature for PL; germination occurs / dormancy broken, 16-35oC for YR;
40% / peak, for YR at 30oC; max 6
 (c) ref. to depth of burial;
problem of plumule reaching surface;
ref. phytochrome / quality of light / red light;
signals whether in shade or not;
seeds do not germinate all at one time;
ref. to small, seeds / reserves, and need to photosynthesize
early;

(d) (i) makes (testa) permeable to, water / oxygen;

allows leaching of, inhibitors / named inhibitor; (ABA)
removal of, dormancy / mechanical restraint;

(ii) stratification / breaks dormancy;

action on phytochrome;
action plant growth regulator; [A named pgr e.g. GA]
change in metabolism; max 3
Total : 15

3. (b) (i) Describe the structure of a carpel and the development of

a fully mature ovule in a flowering plant. [8]
(ii) Describe the changes that may occur within an ovule
between fertilization and the formation of a mature seed.
[8]
(iii) Suggest why commercial growers may spray plant
growth regulators on the flowers of certain glasshouse
crops. [4]

(i) 1 stigma + style;

2 ovary;
3 loculus of ovule / funicle,
4 stalk of ovule / funicle,
5 integuments;
6 melosis of mother cell to give four cells;
7 three cells degenerate;
8 remaining cell divides by mitosis (three times);
9 8, cells / nuclei of embryo sac; [A counted off
diagram if embryo sac labeled]
10 3 antipodal cells;
11 2 synergids;
12 1 egg cell;
 13 fusion of polar nuclei; max 8

(ii) 1 zygote divides by mitosis;

2 to form embryo;
3 suspensor with basal cell;
4 embryo forms plumule;
5 radicle;
6 cotyledon(s);
7 endosperm / fusion, nucleus divides by mitosis to
form endosperm; [A description of nucleus]
8 cotyledons / endosperm, act(s) as food store;
9 endosperm may be absorbed by cotyledons;
10 nucellus disappears;
11 integuments form testa;
12 food reserves moved (via funicle) to seed;
13 drying / dehydration, of seed;
14 ref. to micropyle remaining; max 8

(iii) 1 avoids the need for pollination;

2 wind / insects, not available in glasshouse;
3 parthenocarpy induced;
4 fruit develops;
5 seedless fruit;
6 fruit production synchronized;
7 example of seedless fruit;
8 example of suitable regular; [GA/auxin/AA] max 4
Total : 20

2. (a) (i) difference x 100 = 175.50 x 100; [N.B. scales on graph]

original 50

250(%);

(ii) heart rate rises (steadily);

Rises from 50 to 175 beats min-1 / increases x 2.5;

stroke volume increases from below 105 to 162 cm3; [A

figure below 105] rises rapidly at first to;
max. at CO, 19/20, dm3min-1; then remains
constant / rises slowly; max 4
 (b) resting pulse rate (after training) is lower;
heart (after training) is, more muscular / larger / stronger;
heart beat more effective / stroke volume larger;
therefore lower heart rate needed; max 3

(c) heart rate would go up more rapidly; [A is, faster / greater]

stroke volume would increase less rapidly; [A is less]
stroke volume would peak sooner; max 2

(d) N.B. other than fitness training age;

sexigender,
mass / weight / height;
time of day;
background distraction / noise;
A.V.P. (e.g. starting fitness / illness); max 4
Total : 15

3. (b) (i) Explain the role of Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) in

estimating the dietary requirement of people in Britain.
[7]
(ii) Describe how vitamin D deficiency may affect the health
of an individual. [6]
(iii) Discuss the possible consequences if a person suffers
from anorexia nervosa. [7]

(i) 1 DRVs not daily recommended quantities for

individual.
2 based on normal distribution curve of requirements
/ suitable diagram;
3 mean requirement for population = EAR
(Estimated Average Requirement);
4 RNI (Reference Nutrient Intake) is level which
meets needs of almost all population;
5 LRNI (Lower reference Nutrient Intake) is amount
sufficient for people with low needs;
6 tables produced which show differing DRVs for
different groups of people depending on
age/sex/pregnancy/lactation (any 2 of these);
7 tables are for energy or nutrients;
8 there are no LRNI or RNI for energy / only EARs
 for energy;
9 because individual requirements within each
category vary so much;
10 if RNIs for energy were published some people
might eat more than individual requirement
leading to, obesity / other named harmful-to-health
consequence;
11 Safe Intakes are a second group of DRVs;
12 for nutrients for which there are insufficient data to
construct, graphs / normal distribution curves;
13 e.g. vitamin, E/K/F; max 7

(ii) 1 Vit D (converted to an active form) promotes Ca

and PO4 absorption from intestine;
2 affects deposition of Ca (and PO4) in bone;
3 and removal of Ca (and PO4) from bone;
4 deficiency particularly damaging in childhood
because skeleton still growing;
5 deficiency disease in children = rickets;
6 too little Ca (and PO4) in bones;
7 bones too, weak / soft, to support weight of body
and bowing of legs occurs;
8 and bending of spine;
9 in adults leads to esteomalacia;
10 bones, weak / soft, and susceptible to fracture;

(iii) 1 lose weight / very thin / emaciated;

2 loss of body fat;
3 body returns to pre-adolescent state /AW;
4 menstruation may cease;
5 infertility;
6 soft (downy) hair may grow on face and shoulder;
7 thin sparse hair;
8 symptoms of marasmus / reduced resistance to
infection;
9 low blood pressure / cold hands and feat; *
10 muscles waste away because (protein) used as
source of energy;
11 other named minor symptom (constipation /
increased tooth decay / unused point *)
12 vitamin / mineral, deficiency disease;
13 may die of starvation;
14 may need to be hospitalized;
15 social problems; (lying to friends / relationships
with family)
[R causes – anxiety over self-image / growing up /
psychological distress / obsessive about avoiding food /
not eating] max 7
Total : 20