PARVATIBAI CHOWGULE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

(AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
COURSE STRUCTURE
THREE YEARS B.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN PHYSICS

SEMESTER CORE ELECTIVE SEC

I PHY-I.C-1 PHY-I.C-2
Introduction Mechanics- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
to I
Mathematic
al Physics

II PHY-II.C-3 PHY-II.C-4
Heat and Electricity ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Thermodyn and
amics Magnetism

III PHY-III.C-5 PHY-E1 PHY-E2 PHY-E3 PHY-E17 PHY-SEC.1

Electromagn ------- *Optics Modern Oscillations, Introductio Basics of
etic Theory-I Physics Waves and n to Visualizati
Sound Astronomy on and
and ---------
Scientific
Astrophysi
cs
word
processing

IV PHY-IV.C-6 ------- PHY-E5 PHY-E18 PHY-E4 PHY-E7 PHY-SEC.2

Quantum *Electron Introduction Properties of Computati ------- Instrumenta
Mechanics ics-I to Error Matter and onal tion
Analysis Acoustics Physics

V PHY-V.C-7 ------- PHY-E9 PHY-E10 PHY-E11 PHY-E12 PHY-E6

Electromagn *Solid Thermodyna Electronics-II Mathemati Solid
etic Theory- State mics and cal Physics State
II Physics Statistical Devices
Mechanics

VI PHY-VI.C-8 ------- PHY-E13 PHY-E14 PHY-E15 PHY-E16

Atomic and *Mechani Nuclear and Introduction Introductio
Molecular cs II Elementary to Special n to
Physics Particle Theory of Material
Physics Relativity Science

* BoS Physics recommends these elective courses to be taken by students as a

prerequisite to the M.Sc. (Physics) Program.
 Course to be offered as Generic Elective Course

Sr. No. Course Code Course Title

1 PHY-GEC-1 Elementary Physics
2 PHY-GEC-2 Physics for Life Sciences
3 PHY-GEC-3 Introduction to Astronomy
 PARVATIBAI CHOWGULE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE
(AUTONOMOUS),
MARGAO – GOA

SYLLABUS FOR PROGRAMME BACHELOR OF ARTS/SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

SEMESTER-I

Course Title : Introduction to Mathematical Physics

Course Code : PHY-I.C-1

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Course Objectives : To develop basic competence in certain areas of mathematics required

for understanding several important topics in physics.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:
CLO1: Have a good understanding of vector analysis and its application in physics.
CLO2: Have a good grasp on various tests used to test the convergence and divergence of
different kinds of series and learn how to expand a function in power series.
CLO3: Understand the basics of complex numbers.
CLO4: Have an understanding of matrix operations and properties of matrices.
CLO5: Learn basics of partial differentiation and its application in physics.
CLO6: Be able to solve ordinary first and second order differential equations important in the
physical sciences,
CLO7: familiarize with spherical and cylindrical coordinate systems.
CLO8: Use mathematical techniques to solve several problems in physics and enhance
problem solving skills.
Theory:
Unit I: [15 h]
1. Infinite Series and Power Series [10 h]
Geometric Series and other infinite series. Convergent and Divergent Series. Testing
series for convergence. Power series. Expanding functions in power series. Techniques
for obtaining power series expansion.
[Boas 1.1-1.7, 1.10-1.13]
2. Complex Numbers [5 h]
Real and imaginary Parts of a complex number. Complex plane. Complex algebra.
Euler’s formula. Powers and roots of complex numbers. Exponential and trigonometric
functions.
[Boas 2.1-2.5, 2.9-2.11]
Unit II: [15 h]

1. Vector Algebra [5 h]
Scalars and vectors. Basis vectors and components. Multiplication of Vectors. Equation
of lines and planes. Using vectors to find distances.
[Boas 3.4-3.5]

2. Coordinate Systems [3 h]
Plane polar coordinates. Cylindrical and Spherical polar coordinates.
[Harper 1.6.6, Riley 8.9]

3. Matrices [7 h]
Matrix Analysis and Notation, Matrix Operations, Properties of matrices. Transpose
matrix. Complex Conjugate Matrix, Hermitian Matrix, Unit matrix, Diagonal matrix,
Adjoint and self-adjoint matrix, symmetric matrix, anti-symmetric matrix, unitary
matrix, orthogonal matrix, trace of a matrix, inverse matrix. Solution of a system of
linear equations. The eigenvalue problem.
[Harper 2.3-2.8]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Partial Differentiation [6 h]
Definition of the partial derivative. Total differentials. Exact and inexact differentials.
Theorems of partial differentiation. Chain rule. Thermodynamic relations.
Differentiation of Integrals.
[Riley 4.1-4.5, 4.10-4.11]

2. Ordinary Differential Equation [9 h]

Introduction. Linear differential equation of the first order. Homogenous and
inhomogeneous linear differential equation of the second order.
[Boas 8.1-8.6 and Harper 5.1-5.2]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Introduction Error Analysis: Propagation of Errors

2. Statistical Analysis of Random measurement
3. Simulation of Radioactive Decay using Rolling of Dice
4. Plotting of various algebraic and trigonometric functions using Excel.
5. Curve fitting using Excel.
6. Interpretation of graphs.
7. Solving Integration, Ordinary Differential Equation and Matrices using
Mathematica.
8. Tutorial on vector algebra
9. Tutorial on infinite series
10. Tutorial on differential equations
11. Tutorial on matrices and partial differentiation
References:

1. RileyK. F., Hobson M. P., BenceS. J., 1998, Mathematical Methods for Physics and
Engineering, Cambridge University Press, UK
2. Mary L. Boas, Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences 3rd Edition, John Wiley and
Sons, USA
3. Charlie Harper, Introduction to Mathematical Physics, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi

Additional References:

1. B. D. Gupta, 2004. Mathematical Physics, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi

2. M. Spiegel, S. Lipschutz, D. Spellman, 2009, Schaum’s Outline of Vector Analysis, Mc-
Graw Hill Education
Web References:

1. https://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-18-007-calculus-revisited-multivariable-calculus-
fall-2011/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111108081/
3. https://www.math.upenn.edu/~deturck/m104/notes/week6.pdf
4. http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/CalcIII/CalcIII.aspx
5. http://home.iitk.ac.in/~peeyush/102A/Lecture-notes.pdf
6. http://www.jimahoffman.com/MathB30/Matrices/Matrix1.pdf
Course Title : Mechanics I
Course Code : PHY-I.C-2
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Course Objectives : This course provides an introduction to topics in mechanics, which are
essential for advanced work in physics. An objective of this course is to train students to think
about some of the physical phenomenon in mathematical terms.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:

CLO1: develop qualitative and quantitative understanding of Newtonian mechanics in one and
two dimensions and solve the Newton equations for simple configurations.
CLO2: understand the Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum and Angular Momentum
and apply these laws to understand elastic and inelastic collision.
CLO3: demonstrate the knowledge of work and energy in kinematics
CLO4: understand the Principle of Conservation of Mechanical Energy (for conservative
forces) and apply this law to problems of objects moving under the influence of conservative
forces.
CLO5: develop ideas of Newton’s Law of gravity, gravitational field and potential energy by
solving various problems.

Theory:

Unit I: Elements of Newtonian Mechanics, Motion of Particle in one dimension [15 h]

1. Elements of Newtonian Mechanics [7 h]

Mechanics an exact science, Brief description of classical view of Space and Time.
Kinematics, the description of motion. Dynamics, the concept of Mass and Force. Newton’s
First and Second Laws; Inertial frames. Equations of motion. Interpretation of Newton’s third
Law as Conservation of Momentum. Units and dimensions, Some elementary problems in
Mechanics (Applications of Newton’s Laws) - Atwood Machine, Forces acting on a brick
sliding down an inclined plane.
[Symon 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.6,1.7, Taylor 1.1-1.7, Kleppner 2.4]

2. Motion of Particle in one dimension [8 h]

Momentum and Energy theorems, Discussion of the general problem of one dimensional
motion, Applied force dependent on time, Damping force dependant on the velocity.
Conservative force depending on position. Potential Energy, Falling bodies.
[Symon 2.1,2.2,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.6]

Unit II: Motion of a particle in two dimensions [15 h]

1. Motion of a particle in two dimensions [15 h]

Vector algebra, Applications to set of forces acting on a particle, differentiation and integration
of vectors, kinematics in a plane, momentum and energy theorems, plane and vector angular
momentum theorems, The harmonic oscillator in two dimensions, projectiles, potential energy.
[Symon 3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.7,3.8,3.9,3.10,3.11,3.12]
Unit III: Motion of system of particles, Gravitation [15 h]
1. Motion of system of particles [8 h]
Conservation of linear momentum, conservation of angular momentum,conservation of
energy.
[Symon 4.1,4.2,4.3]

2. Gravitation [7 h]
Centres of gravity for extended bodies, Gravitational field and gravitational potential,
Gravitational field equations
[Symon 6.1,6.2,6.3]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Dimensions of different solid body
2. Moment of Inertia of a flywheel
3. Atwood Machine
4. Verification of Newton’s Second Law using Air Track
5. Conservation of linear momentum using Air Track
6. Spring Mass System: Determining the Spring Constant
7. Simple Pendulum
8. Determining “g” using time of flight method using Python

References:
1. Symon Keith, 2016, Mechanics, Pearson Education
2. Taylor J. R., 2005, Classical Mechanics, University Science Books, USA
3. Kleppner, Kolenkow, 2013, Introduction to Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, UK

Additional References:
1. Kittle, Knight, 2011, Mechanics, Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. 1, McGraw Hill
Education,
2. .Mathur D. S, 2005, Mechanics, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi
3. Takwale R. G., and Puranik P. S., 1997, Introduction to Classical Mechanics, Tata
Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi
4. Javier E. Hasbun, 2010, Classical Mechanics, Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.
5. Atam Arya, 1997, Introduction to Newtonian Mechanics, Addison-Wesley
5. Symon K. R., 1971, Mechanics, Addison Wesley, New York
6. Brij Lal and N. Subramanyam, 2005, Mechanics and Electrodynamics, S. Chand and
Company Ltd., New Delhi

Web References:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/122106027/
2. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-01sc-classical-mechanics-fall-2016/
3. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/
4. https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_13.html
5. http://hep.physics.wayne.edu/~harr/courses/5200/f07/lecture06.htm
 SEMESTER-II

Course Title : Heat and Thermodynamics

Course Code : PHY-II.C-3
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Course Objectives : To acquaint students with fundamental concepts of Thermal Physics
and explain the usefulness of these concepts for wide range of
applications that include heat engines, refrigerators and air conditioners.

Course Learning Outcomes : At the end of this course students will be able to:
CLO1: Understand different types of temperature scales and relationship between different
scales of temperature.
CLO2: Able to relate the effects of changes in temperature, pressure and volume on physical
systems at macroscopic scale by analyzing collective motion of their particles.
CLO3: Able to comprehend the first law of thermodynamics to represent the relationship
between heat and mechanical work.
CLO4: Able to comprehend the second law of thermodynamics to depict the manner in which
thermodynamic changes take place.
CLO5: Explain the usefulness of these concepts for wide range of applications that include
heat engines, refrigerators and air conditioners.
CLO6: Calculate change in entropy in matter during change in phase.

Theory:
Unit I: [15 h]
1. Principle of Thermometry [6 h]
Review of concept of heat and temperature, Thermometry, Types of thermometers,
Centigrade, Fahrenheit, Rankine Scales and relations between them, Platinum
resistance thermometer, Thermocouple (thermoelectric) thermometers.
[Brij Lal: 13.1 – 13.5, 13.15, 13.23]

2. Equations of State [9 h]
Equation of state, Andrew’s experiment, Amagat’s experiment, Van der Waal’s
equation of State, Critical constants, Reduced equation of state, Boyle temperature.
Joule’s Law for a perfect gas, expression for Joule’s coefficient, Joule Thomson effect,
Joule Thomson porous plug experiment, Joule-Kelvin effect-temperature of inversion.
[Saha and Shriavastava: 10.1 -10.6], [Brij Lal: 2.6, 2.14, 2.17-2.21]
Unit II: [15 h]

1. Laws of Thermodynamics [15 h]

Thermodynamic system, Thermodynamic variables, Thermodynamic equilibrium, and
Thermodynamic processes, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Concept of work and
internal energy, First law of thermodynamics, Isothermal and adiabatic changes, Work
done in isothermal and adiabatic changes, Relation between pressure, volume and
temperature in adiabatic process, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot Heat
engine, Carnot cycle for perfect gas, efficiency, Second law of thermodynamics (Kelvin
– Planck Statement, Clausius Statement)
[Brij Lal: 4.1, 4.4 – 4.7, 4.10.4, 4.11 - 4.13, 4.20 – 4.24, 4.28]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Applications of First and Second Law of Thermodynamics [9 h]

Otto cycle and Otto engine, Diesel cycle and Diesel engine, Efficiencies, Introduction
to refrigeration, Principle and coefficient of performance, Principle of air conditioning,
comfort chart A.C. machine, factors affecting size and capacity of A.C. machines.
[Saha and Shriavastava: 4.16 – 4.19], [Brij Lal: 4.26, 4.27, Chapter 17]

2. Concept of Entropy [6 h]
Changes of entropy during reversible and irreversible process, Temperature – Entropy
diagram, Temperature – Entropy diagram of Carnot’s cycle, Physical significance of
Entropy, Entropy of a perfect gas, Principle of increase of entropy, Third Law of
Thermodynamics.
[Saha and Shriavastava: 6.9, 6.12], [Brij Lal: 5.1 – 5.8]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Latent heat of ice

2. Calibration of Si diode as a thermometer.
3. Constant volume air thermometer.
4. Constant pressure air thermometer.
5. Thermal conductivity by Lee’s method.
6. Thermal conductivity of copper.
7. Temperature coefficient of resistance of copper.
8. Temperature coefficient of resistance of Platinum thermometer using PT-100.
9. Callender-Griffith Bridge.
References:

1. Brij Lal, Subramanyam N., Hemne P.S. 2007, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical
Physics, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi

2. Saha M.N., Shrivastava B.N. 1965, Treatise on Heat, 5th Ed., The Indian Press,
Allahabad and Calcutta.
Additional References:

1. Roberts J. K., Miller A.R. 1960, Thermodynamics, E.L.B.S.

2. Zemansky M.W., Ditman R.H. 2013, Heat and Thermodynamics, 8th Ed., McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.

Web References:
1. http://www.zytemp.com/infrared/thermometry_history.asp
2. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-60-thermodynamics-kinetics-spring-
2008/video-lectures/lecture-1-state-of-a-system-0th-law-equation-of-state/
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/high-school/physics/exam-prep/kinetic-theory-
thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/
4. https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/124-applications-thermodynamics-heat-
engines-heat-pumps-and-refrigerators
5. https://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/compression_refrigeration_system/compr
ession_refrigeration_system.html
6. http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node41.html
7. F., R. A Treatise on Heat. Nature 137, 554-556 (1936)
https://doi.org/10.1038/137554a0
Course Title : Electricity and Magnetism

Course Code : PHY-II.C-4

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Course Objectives : The objective of this course is to introduce fundamentals of electricity

and magnetism to the students, which is an essential preparation for
more advanced courses like Electromagnetic theory.

Course Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this course, student will be able
to:
CLO1: Demonstrate Gauss law, Coulomb’s law for the electric field, and apply it to
systems of point charges as well as line, surface, and volume distributions of charges.
CLO2: Explain and differentiate the vector (electric fields, Coulomb’s law) and scalar
(electric potential, electric potential energy) formalisms of electrostatics.
CLO3: Apply Gauss’s law of electrostatics to solve a variety of problems.
CLO4: Understand the dielectric properties, magnetic properties of materials and the
phenomena of electromagnetic induction.
CLO5: Describe how self-inductance/mutual inductance is produced.
CLO6: Apply Kirchhoff’s rules to analyse DC circuits consisting series combinations of
voltage sources with resistors, capacitor and inductors.
CLO7: Apply j-operator method and vector diagram to analyse AC circuits consisting
parallel/ series combinations of voltage sources with resistors, capacitor and inductors.
CLO8: Construct, understand the working and use of various AC bridges,
CLO9: In the laboratory course the student will learn about the construction and working
of DC and AC circuits. The student will get an opportunity to use various measuring
instruments.
Theory:
UnitI:[15 h]
1. Electrostatics [10 h]
Coulomb’s law: Statement, Vector form of Coulomb’s law for like and unlike charges,
Variation of force with distance (F.vs.r graph), Concept of electric field and Electric
Field Lines: Electric field, Electric field due to (i) a Point Charge, (ii) an Electric Dipole,
(iii) a Line of Charge and (iv) a Charged Disk, Concept of electric flux: Gauss’ Law of
 electrostatics (Conceptual explanation), Applications of Gauss law: Coulomb’s Law
from Gauss’ Law, Electric Field due to (i) an isolated uniformly charged sphere, (ii) an
uniform distribution of charge throughout the sphere and (iii) an uniformly charged
hollow cylinder, Electric Field near (i) a charged infinite cylindrical conductor or a
cable and (ii) a plane of sheet charge, Concept of Electric Potential: Electric Potential
Energy, Equipotential Surfaces, Calculating the Potential from the Field Potential due
to (i) a Point Charge, (ii) a Group of Point Charges and (iii) an Electric Dipole
Calculating the Field from the Potential
[Halliday: 22.4, 23.2-23.7, 24.1-24.5, 25.1-25.7, 25.9] [Vasudeva: 2.4(1-6)]
2. Capacitors and Dielectrics [5 h]
Capacitance: Calculation of capacitance of (i) a Parallel-Plate Capacitor, (ii) a
Cylindrical Capacitor and (iii) a Spherical Capacitor; Energy stored in an electric field,
Capacitor with a Dielectric, Dielectrics: An Atomic View, Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law,
Relation between three electric vectors (E, D and P)(Without derivation, qualitative
discussion only)
[Halliday: 26.1- 26.3, 26.5-26.8]
UnitII:[15 h]
1. Magnetostatics [6 h]
Concept of magnetic field: Definition and properties of magnetic field Biot–Savart’s
law and its applications: (i) a long straight wire and (ii) a current carrying circular loop
(for a point on the axis only) Ampere’s circuital law and its applications: (i) Field of
solenoid and (ii) Field of toroidal solenoid Magnetic Field lines and Magnetic flux;
Gauss’ law for magnetism
[Halliday: 29.1, 29.2, 30.1, 30.3, 30.4, 32.2][Young:27.2, 27.3]
2. Self and Mutual Inductance [9 h]
Self induction; Calculation of self inductance of (i) a long solenoid, (ii) long parallel
wires and (iii) a coaxial cable, Mutual inductance, Coefficient of coupling; Calculation
of mutual inductance between two coaxial solenoids, Mutual inductance of two coils in
series, Energy stored in a magnetic field and Energy density of a magnetic field
[Fewkes: 5.1, 5.2, 5.8, 5.9] [Halliday:31.8, 31.10, 31.11, 31.12]
Unit III: [15 h]
1. Transient Circuits [6 h]
Transient currents, Growth and Decay of current in an inductive (L-R) circuit, Physical
meaning of time constant, Charging and Discharging of a capacitor through resistor in
C-R circuit, Physical meaning of time constant, Charging and Discharging of a
capacitor through resistor and inductor in L-C-R circuit: Over damped, Critically
damped and Under damped conditions of L-C-R circuit.
[Fewkes:5.3, 5.4, 5.13, 5.14]
2. Alternating Current Circuits [9 h]
Inductive and Capacitive reactance, Variation of inductive reactance and capacitance
reactance with frequency Introduction to vector or phasor diagrams method and its
application to A.C. circuits(Series L-R, Series C-R, Series L-C-R and Parallel L-C-R)
Introduction to j-operator method and its application to A.C. circuits (Series L-C-R and
Parallel L-C-R) Physical significance of Series resonance, Parallel resonance, Quality
factor and Bandwidth, Graphical representation of resonance A.C. bridges: Maxwell’s
inductive bridge, Maxwell's L/C bridge, de Sauty's capacitance bridge, Wien's
frequency bridge.
[Vasudeva:22.3, 22.4, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 22.9, 22.10, 22.13, 22.14] [Vasudeva: 22.19,
22.20, 22.21(b), 22.22] [Fewkes:6.5, 6.6, 6.7(c), 6.9, 6.14, 6.20, 6.21, 6.22, 6.24]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Susceptibility measurement of a parallel plate capacitor in a dielectric medium
2. Step Response of RC circuit with DC emf.
3. Study of LR circuit to DC using Excel worksheet
4. LCR- Transient Response
5. Response of LR circuit to A.C. - phasor diagrams
6. Response of CR circuit to A.C. - phasor diagrams
7. LCR- Series resonance –Resonant frequency, Q value and Bandwidth
8. LCR- Parallel resonance –Resonant frequency, Q value and Bandwidth
9. de Sauty’s bridge - comparison of capacitance
10. Maxwell’s Inductive bridge - determination of mutual inductance
References:
1. Halliday David, Resnik Robert and Walker Jearl, 2003, Fundamentals of Physics, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 6th Edition.
 2. Vasudeva D. N., 1999, Fundamentals of Magnetism and Electricity, S. Chand &
Company Ltd., 12th Revised Edition.
3. Young Hugh D., Freedman Roger A. and Ford A. Lewis, 2012, Sears and Zemansky’s
University Physics with Modern Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishers, 13th
Edition(PDF).
4. FewkesJ. H. and Yarwood John,1991, Electricity, Magnetism and Atomic Physics,
Volume I, Oxford University Press Ltd., 10th Impression.

Additional References:
1. Purcell Edward M., Electricity and Magnetism-Berkeley Physics Course,Volume 2,
McGraw-Hill Book Company (PDF)
2. Brij Lal and Subramaniam, 1966, Electricity and Magnetism, Ratan Prakashan, New
Delhi.
3. Thereja B.L., 1990, Text Book of Electrical Technology, S. Chand and Co Ltd. New
Delhi.

Web References:
1. https://youtu.be/T8bjzTsZyqE
2. https://youtu.be/KNERqAu3aWU
3. https://youtu.be/7jxUT5sIbxY
4. https://youtu.be/iqzpuxVloUc
5. https://youtu.be/iqzpuxVloUc
6. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/electric-potential-energy.php
7. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/electric-potential.php
8. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/relation-between-electric-field-and-potential.php
9. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/equipotential-surfaces.php
10. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/electric-potential-dipole.php
11. https://physicscatalyst.com/elec/potential-energy-of-dipole.php
12. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02t-electricity-and-magnetism-spring-
2005/lecture-notes/
 SEMESTER-III

Course Title : Electromagnetic Theory – I

Course Code : PHY-III.C-5

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Electricity and Magnetism (PHY-II.C-4) and Introduction to

Mathematical Physics (PHY-I.C-1)

Course Objectives : To acquaint students with fundamental principles of Electrostatics part

of the Electromagnetic Theory.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:
CLO1: Apply vector calculus to understand concepts in electrostatics.
CLO2: Comprehend the interaction between charges in vacuum as well as in medium.
CLO3: Calculate the electric field and electrical potential for discrete charges and continuous
distribution of charge.
CLO4: Applysuitabletechniques to solve various electrostatic problems.
CLO5: Understand how ferroelectric materials can be used as memory devices.

Theory:

UNIT I: Vector Analysis [10 h]

1. Vector Analysis [10 h]
Review of Vector Operations and Vector Algebra
Position, Displacement and Separation Vectors, Differential Calculus: Ordinary
⃗⃗⃗ , The Divergence and Curl, Product Rules,
Derivatives, Gradient, The Operator ∇
Second Derivatives, Integral Calculus: Line, Surface and Volume Integrals, The
fundamental Theorem for Divergences, The fundamental Theorem for Curls, Different
Co-ordinate Systems: Cartesian Co-ordinate System, Cylindrical Co- ordinate System,
Spherical Co-ordinate System, Some Useful Vector Identities with Proofs.
[Griffiths pp. 1 – 8, 13 – 22, 28] [Harper pp. 20, 26 30-31, 36]
UNIT II: Electrostatics and Techniques to Solve Electrostatic Problems [20 h]
1. Electrostatics [12 h]
The Electric Field: Coulomb’s Law, The Electric Field, Continuous Charge
Distributions, Divergence and Curl of Electrostatic Fields: Field Lines, Flux and
Gauss’s Law, The Divergence of E, Applications of Gauss’s Law, The Curl of E,
Electric Potential: Introduction to Potential, Poisson’s Equation and Laplace’s
 Equation, Potential of a Localized Charged Distribution, Summary: Electrostatic
Boundary Condition, Work and Energy in Electrostatics: Work Done to Move a
Charge, The Energy of a Point Charge Distribution, The Energy of a Continuous Charge
Distribution, Comments on Electrostatic Energy, Conductors: Basic Properties of
Conductor, Induced Charges, Surface Charge and the Force on a Conductor, Capacitors.
[Griffiths, pp. 58 – 103]
2. Techniques to Solve Electrostatic Problems [8 h]
Poisson’s Equation, Laplace’s Equation: Laplace’s Equation in One Dimension,
Laplace’s Equation in Two Dimensions, Laplace’s Equation in Rectangular Co-
ordinates, Solution to Laplace’s Equation in Spherical Co-ordinates (Zonal
Harmonics), Conducting Sphere in Uniform Electric Field, Electrostatic Images: Point
Charge and Conducting Sphere, Line Charge and Line Images.
[Griffiths, pp. 51 – 67]
UNIT III: Electrostatic Field in Matter and Microscopic Theory of Dielectrics [15 h]
1. Electrostatic Field in Matter [8 h]
Polarization, Gauss's Law in a Dielectric, Electric Displacement Vector, Electric
Susceptibility and Dielectric Constant, Boundary Conditions on the Field Vectors,
Boundary Value Problems Involving Dielectric, Dielectric Sphere in a Uniform Electric
Field
[Reitz, pp. 75 – 93]
2. Microscopic Theory of Dielectrics [7 h]
Molecular field in a dielectric: Clausius Mossotti Relation, Polar and Non-Polar
Molecules, Induced Dipoles, Langevin's Debye Formula, Permanent Polarization,
Ferroelectricity.
[Reitz, pp. 101 – 109]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Van-de-graff Generator. [Demonstration]
2. Measurement of dielectric constant and susceptibility of liquid using parallel metal
plates.
3. Measurement of dielectric constant and susceptibility of liquid using coaxial metal
tubes.
4. Measurement and Study of variation of dielectric constant of BaTiO3 ferroelectric and
determination of its Curie temperature.
5. E and D measurement for a parallel plate capacitor and calculation of dielectric
constant.
6. Law of Capacitance using Dielectric Constant Measurement Kit.
7. Absolute capacity by ballistic galvanometer.
 8. C1/C2 by De-Sauty’s method using ballistic galvanometer.
9. Dipole Moment and Polarizability of Benzene.

References:
1. Griffiths D. J., 2011, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Ed., Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi
2. Harper Charlie, 1993, Introduction to Mathematical Physics, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi
3. Reitz J. R., Milford F. J., Christy R. W., 1979, Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory,
3rd Ed. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Additional Reference:
1. Mukherji U., 2008, Electromagnetic Field Theory and Wave Propagation, Narosa
Publishing House.

Web References:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115101005/
2. https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_ph08/preview
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-07-electromagnetism-ii-fall-2012/lecture-notes/
4. https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_10.html
5. https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/~ph324/ExptManuals/DielectricConstant.pdf
Course Title : Optics

Course Code : PHY-E1

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite :Nil.

Course Objective: The course aims to enable the students to develop an understanding towards
the properties of light, its nature, its propagation and the different phenomena exhibited by
light. The whole branch is divided into: (1) Geometrical Optics involving geometrical
consideration of image –formation based on the rectilinear propagation of light and (2) Physical
Optics considering the wave nature of light, then explaining the optical phenomena such as
Interference, Diffraction and Polarization exhibited by light using suitable theories. The
primary aim of this course is to emphasize the different fundamental principles and the
techniques used for different optical phenomena.

Course Learning Outcomes:On completion of this course, the students will be able to:

CLO1: Apply cardinal points technique and aberration to study the image formation in
optical systems
CLO2: Solve numerical problems based on aberration and cardinal points
CLO3: Apply division by wave front and division by amplitude techniques to study
interference patterns
CLO4: Solve numerical problems based on interference in thin films
CLO5: Derive conditions for Fresnel class diffraction and Fraunhofer class diffraction
CLO6: Solve numerical problems based on diffraction grating, resolving power of telescope
and prism
CLO7: Apply Huygen’s theory of double refraction to study the types of crystal
CLO8: Analyze the types of polarized light with help of Nicol Prism and retardation plate
CLO9: Determine optical rotation of sugar solution using Polarimeters

Theory:

Unit I: Geometrical Optics [15 h]

1. Fundamentals of Reflection and Refraction [6 h]

Refractive index and optical path, Fermat’s Principle of least time, Derivation of the
laws of reflection and refraction using Fermat’s Principle.
Lenses: thin and thick lenses, Lens equation, Lens maker’s formula, Cardinal points of
an optical system, Combination of coaxially placed two thin lenses (equivalent lenses)
(including derivation for focal length and cardinal points).
[Subramanyam; Chapter.1: 1.6, 1.7; Sing; Chapter.1: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4;
Subramanyam; Chapter.4: 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.15, 4.17; Chapter.5: 5.2,
5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.3, 5.3, 5.10, Chapter.6: 6.1, 6.2]
 2. Lens Aberrations [5 h]
Introduction, Types of aberrations: monochromatic and chromatic aberration,
Monochromatic aberration and its reduction: Spherical aberration, Types of chromatic
aberration: Achromatism (lenses in contact and separated by finite distance).
[Subramanyam; Chapter.9: 9.1, 9.2, 9.5, 9.5.1, 9.10, 9.11, 9.12, 9.13]

3. Optical Instruments[4 h]
Objective and Eyepiece, Huygen’s eyepiece, Ramsden’s eyepiece, Telescopes,
Refracting and Reflecting type of telescopes and Spectrometer.
[Subramanyam; Chapter.10: 10.8, 10.10, 10.10.1, 10.11, 10.11.1,10.12, 10.15,
10.15.1, 10.16, 10.16.1,10.17]

Unit II: Interference and Diffraction [20 h]

1. Introduction to Interference and Interference in Thin Films [6 h]

Superposition of waves, Interference, Coherence, Conditions for Interference,
Techniques of obtaining Interference, Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Phase Change
on reflection: Stoke’s law.
[Subramanyam:Chapter.14: 14.3, 14.4, 14.4.2, 14.4.4, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8 and Singh
Ref.2: Chapter6: 6.3]

Thin Film, Interference due to reflected and transmitted lights in thin films: Plane
Parallel Film, Wedge-shaped Film, Newton’s Rings, Types of fringes.
[Subramanyam: Chapter.15: 15.1, 15.2, 15.2.1 - 15.2.5, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.5.1 -
15.5.4, 15.6, 15.6.1 - 15.6.9]

2. Interferometry [3 h]
Michelson’s Interferometer: Principle, Construction, Working, Circular Fringes,
Localised Fringes, White Light Fringes, Application of Michelson’s Interferometer:
Measurement of Wavelength and Determination of the difference in the wavelength of
two waves.
[Subramanyam; Chapter.15: 15.7, 15.7.1 - 15.7.5, 15.8, 15.8.1, 15.8.2]

3. Introduction to Diffraction and Fresnel Class Diffraction [5 h]

Difference between Interference and Diffraction, Types of diffraction: Fresnel Class
and Fraunhoffer Class.
[Subramanyam; Chapter.17: 17.6, 17.7 and Sing: Chapter7: 7.5, 7.6]
Diffraction of Light (Fresnel Class): Division of cylindrical wave-front into Fresnel’s
half period strips, Diffraction at straight edge, Diffraction at a narrow wire.
[Singh: Chapter.7: 7.9, 7.10, 7.11]

4. Fraunhoffer Class Diffraction and Resolving Power of optical Instruments [6 h]

Diffraction at a single slit (Central maximum, Secondary maxima and Secondary
minima), Diffraction at double slit, Distinction between single slit and double slit
diffraction patterns, Missing orders in a double slit diffraction pattern, Diffraction at N
slits(only conceptual), Determination of wavelength of a spectral line using Plane
 Transmission Grating. Resolving Power, Rayleigh’s criterion, Resolving power of
telescope and Resolving Power of Prism.
[Subramanyam: Chapter.18: 18.2, 18.2.1, pg.431 to 433, 18.4, 18.4.1, 18.4.2, 18.4.3,
18.7, 18.7.1, 18.7.2, 18.7.6 and Chapter.19: 19.1, 19.2, 19.6, 19.7, 19.11]

Unit III: Polarization [10 h]

1. Production and Analysis of Polarized lights [7 h]

Polarized Light, Natural Light, Production of Linearly Polarised Light, Anisotropic
Crystal, Calcite Crystal, Huygens Theory of Double Refraction in Uniaxial crystal,
Nicol prism- its fabrication, working and use, Types of Polarized Light, Retardation
plates - Quarter wave plate and Half wave plate, Production of Elliptically and
Circularly Polarized Lights, Detection of plane, circularly, elliptically polarized lights,
Analysis of polarized light.
2. Polarimeter [3 h]
Optical activity, Specific rotation, Simple Polarimeter, Laurent’s Half-Shade
Polarimeter.
[Subramanyam: Chapter.20: 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.5.1 to 20.5.5, 20.7, 20.8, 20.8.1 to
20.8.3, 20.9, 20.9.1, 20.9.2, 20.6.1, 20.6.3, 20.15, 20.17.1, 20.17.2, 20.18, 20.18.1,
20.19, 20.19.1, 20.20, 20.24, 20.24.1, 20.25, 20.26]

Experiments: (Minimum six)

1. Cardinals points of Two lenses

2. Prism Spectrometer: Optical levelling, Angle of Prism
3. Dispersive power of prism
4. Newton’s Rings
5. Wedge shaped air film
6. Single Slit Diffraction using LASER/Sodium source.
7. Diffraction Grating using LASER/Sodium source.
8. Malus’s Law using LASER source.
9. Brewster’s Law using LASER source.
10. Polarimeter (Demonstration)
11. Lloyd’s Mirror/Biprism (Demonstration)
12. Cylindrical Obstacle (Demonstration)

References:

1. Subramanyam N., Lal Brij, Avadhanulu M. N., 2006, A Text book of Optics,
Firstmulticolour Edition,S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
2. Singh S. P., Agarwal J. P., 2001, Optics, 8th Edition,PragatiPrakashan, Meerut
Additional References:

1. Mathur B. K., Principles of Optics, New Global Printing Press, Kanpur.

2. GhatakA., 1977, Optics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi
3. Jenkins F. A., White H. E., 1981, Fundamentals of Optics, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi

Web References:

1. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-71-optics-spring-2009/video-
lectures/
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkzOLGQfSuu0L7NRVSxXrMd73NDc48I
Lb
3. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9jo2wQj1WCP2eeRb8UacmKJy850Y9DY
Q
4. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX2gX-ftPVXWA5TjEhVQSQQzZ-
5_5Nui8
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htSPI7YHnP4&list=PLD707C7AF1A0BC358
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1U38n52h9A&list=PLA435953DF9CC6BB9
Course Title : Modern Physics

Course Code : PHY-E2

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite :Nil.

Course Objectives:

Modern Physics involves the study of radiation and matter at atomic levels and velocities close
to the speed of light. This course will focus on the early development of the theory of atomic
structure, wave particle duality, mass spectrographs, accelerators and Lasers. Lectures will help
you clarify concepts of modern physics through various conceptual questions and problems.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:

CLO1: have an understanding of constituents of an atom and atomic structure.

CLO2: discuss and interpret experiments that reveal the wave properties of matter.
CLO3: discuss and interpret experiments that reveal the particle properties of waves and
wavelike properties of particle.
CLO4: apply uncertainty principle to solve physics problems
CLO5: understand the working of mass spectrographs and accelerators
CLO6: understand the basic operating principle of the laser and the optical fiber.

Theory:

Unit I: [15 h]

1. Electrons, Nucleus and Atoms: [4 h]

Determination of e/m for cathode rays. Thomson’s model of the atom and qualitative
discussion of alpha scattering experiment. Rutherford’s model of the atom.
Determining upper limit to nuclear dimension. Electron orbits. Failure of Classical
Physics.
[Rajam: Pages 33-36, 44-50, Beiser: 5.1, 5.3, 5.5-5.7]

2. Brief review of Atomic models: [6 h]

Atomic Spectra. Frank-Hertz experiment. The Bohr Atom: Quantization of energy.
Bohr-Sommerfeld model. Nuclear motion and reduced mass. Bohr’s Correspondence
Principle.
[Beiser: 6.1, 6.3-6.8]

3. Particle Properties of waves: [5h]

Concepts of Blackbody radiation. The Photoelectric effect. Compton Effect.
Experimental verification of the Photoelectric effect.
[Singh: 1.1-1.3, Beiser: 3.1,3.2, 3.5, Muregeshan: 8.5]
Unit II: [ 15 h]

1. De Broglie’s Postulate - Wavelike properties of Particles: [9 h]

a. Dual nature of matter: Experiments with bullets, waves and electrons. The
interference of electron waves. Watching the electrons.
[Feynman: 1.1-1.6]
b. Matter Waves: De Broglie’s postulate. Davisson and Germer experiment.
Electron diffraction experiment of G. P. Thomson. Review of the Bohr’s
postulate about stationary states in the light of De Broglie’s concepts.
[Eisberg: 3.1], [Singh: 2.8]
c. Properties of Matter waves: Wave and group velocities. Relation between the
group velocity and phase velocity. Velocity of De Broglie wave. Wave packet
and its motion in one dimension.
[Singh: 2.3-2.5, 2.9]

2. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle: [6 h]

Uncertainty principle. Elementary proof of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation between
position and momentum. Elementary proof of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation
between energy and time. Illustration of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle with
thought-experiments. Consequences of the uncertainty relation.

[Singh: 3.1-3.5]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Measurement of Mass and accelerators [6 h]

Measurement of Mass: Thomson’s positive ray analysis, Dempster’s Mass
spectrometer, Bainbridge Mass spectrograph.
Linear accelerator and Cyclotron.
[Rajam: pg. 227-233, 240-244, Muregeshan: 30.3, 30.4]

2. Lasers: [9 h]
Attenuation of light in an optical media. Thermal Equilibrium. Interaction of light with
matter. Einstein’s A and B coefficients and their relations. Population inversion.
Principal pumping schemes. Ruby Laser, He-Ne Laser and Semiconductor laser.
Applications of Laser.
Optical fibres: Optical fibre, Total internal reflection, Propagation of light through
optical fibre, Losses in optical fibre.
[Subrahmanyam: 22.1-22.11,22.15, 22.16.1, 22.16.3, 22.7, 24.1-24.4, 24.15]
Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Determination of e/m of electrons using Thomson’s method.

2. Measurement of k/e.
3. Measurement of diameter of Lycopodium powder.
4. To determine wavelength of Laser source by diffraction of single slit.
5. To determine wavelength of Laser source by diffraction of double slit.
6. Frank Hertz Experiment.
7. Photoelectric effect.
8. IV Characteristics of LASER
 9. Optical fibre: Numerical aperture
10. Bending loss in optical fibre

References:

1. Beiser, A. 1969, Perspectives of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Singapore.
2. Feynman, R. 2012, Feynman Lectures on Physics: Quantum Mechanics (Volume - 3),
Pearson Education, India.
3. Murugeshan, R 2009, Modern Physics, S. Chand and Company limited, New Delhi.
4. Rajam, J. 2000, Atomic Physics, S. Chand and Company limited, New Delhi.
5. Subramanyam, N., Lal, B. and Avadhanulu, M. 2004, A Textbook of Optics, S. Chand
and Company limited, New Delhi.
6. Singh, K. And Singh, S. 2013, Elements of Quantum Mechanics, S. Chand, New Delhi.

Additional References:

1. Ghatak 2012, Optics,McGraw Hill Education, India.

2. Richtmyer, F., Kennard, E., Cooper, J. 2001, Introduction to Modern Physics, 6th ed.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New Delhi.
3. Tipler, P. 2012, Modern Physics, WH Freeman, New York.
Web References:

1. https://hcverma.in/QuantumMechanics
2. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091sc-introduction-
to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2010/
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2016/
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLU4dntonhE&list=PLLUpvzaZLf3LeHh3JgG
DSfkLQX02BsDK1
5. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/category/physics
Course Title : Oscillations, Waves and Sound

Course Code : PHY-E3

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Prerequisite : Nil

Course Objectives :Simple harmonic motion is one of the fundamental types of motion that
exists in nature. The objective of this course is to cover the fundamental physical concepts of
Simple harmonic motion, waves and sound.

Course Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this course, students will be able
to:
CLO1 :Set up an equation of motion for simple harmonic motion and obtain its solution.
CLO2 :Explain how superposition of waves leads to different Lissajous figures.
CLO3 :Set and solve the equation of motion for damped and driven damped harmonic
oscillators and analyse the nature of oscillations.
CLO4: Understand the dependence of velocity of sound waves on various factors like
temperature, pressure, density, humidity.
CLO5: Solve problems for different cases of Doppler effect.

Theory:

Unit I: Undamped free oscillation [15 h]

1. Undamped free oscillation [15 h]

Different type of equilibria (Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium). Periodic
oscillations and potential well.
[Mathur: 5.9]
Differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator and its solutions. Energy of the
harmonic oscillator.
[Taylor: 5.1-5.2]
Examples of simple harmonic oscillations: spring and mass system, simple and
compound pendulum, torsional pendulum, bifilar oscillations, Helmholtz resonator.
[Mathur: 7.7.1-7.7.5]
Superposition of two simple harmonic motions of the same frequency along the same
line. Superposition of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic vibrations of the
same frequency. Superposition of two mutually perpendicular simple harmonic
vibrations and having time periods in the ratio 1:2. Uses of Lissajous’ figures.
[Subrahmanyam: 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.9]
Unit II: Damped Oscillations and Driven Damped Oscillations [15 h]

1. Damped Oscillations [5 h]
Introduction. Differential equation of damped harmonic oscillator and its solution,
discussion of different cases (Strong, weak and Critical damping).Logarithmic
decrement. Energy equation of damped oscillations. Power dissipation. Quality factor.
[Taylor: 5.4 and Mathur: 8.2-8.4]

2. Driven Damped Oscillations [5 h]

Introduction, Differential equation of forced oscillation and its solution (transient and
steady state). Resonance. Width of the resonance; the Q factor. The phase at resonance.
Velocity resonance.
[Taylor: 5.5-5.6 and Mathur: 8.9]

3. Coupled Oscillations [5 h]
Coupled oscillations. Normal Coordinates. Energy of coupled oscillations.

Unit III: Waves and Sound and Doppler Effect [15 h]

1. Waves and Sound [10 h]

Transverse vibrations in strings. Velocity of longitudinal waves in gases. Newton's
formula for velocity of sound. Velocity in a homogeneous medium. Laplace’s
correction. Kundt's tube-determination of velocity of sound in a gas and in solids.
Intensity level and Bel and Decibel.
Production and detection of Ultrasonic waves and its applications
[Khanna 4.2, 5.3-5.5, 11.1, 11.3, 12.1-12.4, 19.6 and Subrah.: 11.23 11.25,11.27]

2. Doppler Effect: [5 h]
Explanation of Doppler effect in sound. Observer in rest and source in motion. Source
at rest and observer in motion. When both source and observer are in motion. Effect of
wind velocity. Doppler effect in light. Applications of Doppler effect.
[Subrahmanyam: 8.1-8.6]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. To determine the equivalent length of the Kater’s pendulum and the acceleration due to
gravity using a resonance pendulum.
2. To determine the damping constant using Damped harmonic oscillator
3. To determine the velocity of Sound using Helmholtz resonator
4. To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity using a bar pendulum.
5. To determine the frequency of AC mains using Sonometer.
6. Bifilar suspension: Dependence of the time period on the geometry of non-parallel
bifilar suspension.
7. Log Decrement.
8. Velocity of Sound using CRO.
9. Lissajous Figures (Demonstration).
References:

1. Khanna, D., Bedi, R. 1992, A Textbook of Sound, Atma Ram and sons, Delhi.
2. Mathur, D. 2012, Mechanics, S. Chand, New Delhi.
3. Taylor, J. 2005, Classical Mechanics, University Science Books, USA
4. Subrahmanyam, N. and Lal, B. 1994, Waves and Oscillation, Vikas Publishing House,
Noida

Additional References:

1. French, AP 2003, Vibration and Waves, CBS Publisher, India.

2. Halliday, D., Resnick, R. and Walker, J. 2003, Fundamentals of Physics, 6th edition,
John Wiley and Sons, USA.
3. Pain, J. 2005, The Physics of Vibration and Waves, 6th Edition, Wiley.

Web References:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/106/115106119/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/106/115106090/
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-03sc-physics-iii-vibrations-and-waves-fall-
2016/part-i-mechanical-vibrations-and-waves/
4. http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/OscWavesIndex.htm
5. http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/communications/3-what-is-the-
doppler-effect.html
Course Title: Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics
Course Code: PHY-E17
Marks: 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits: 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Prerequisites: Classical Mechanics, Optics, Modern Physics, Quantum Mechanics,
Electromagnetic Theory - I
Course Objectives: The course aims to introduce the students to the Exciting World of
Extragalactic Universe.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, students will be able:
CLO1: Understand the various Extra-galactic objects.
CLO2: Understand the construction, working and mounting of modern telescopes.
CLO3: Understand co-ordinate system of Celestial Objects.
CLO4: Understand different spectral classes of stars, galaxies and the very early universe.
Theory:
UNIT I: FUNDAMENTALS OF ASTRONOMY [15 h]
1. The Celestial Sphere and Mechanics: [7 h]
The Greek tradition: The geocentric universe; The Copernican revolution: Bringing Order to
the Planets; Positions on the Celestial Sphere: The Altitude- Azimuth Coordinate system, The
Equatorial Coordinate System, Precession, Measurement of time
Elliptical orbits: Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion, Geometry of Elliptical Motion
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 1: 1.1-1.3; Chapter 2: 2.1]

2. Continuous Spectrum of Light [8 h]

Stellar Parallax; The Magnitude Scale: Apparent Magnitude, Flux, Luminosity and Inverse
Square Law, Absolute Magnitude, Distance Modulus; Blackbody Radiation: Connection
between color and temperature, Stefan Boltzmann Equation; Planck function and Astrophysics;
Color Index: UBV Wavelength filters, Color indices and the Bolometric Correction, The Color-
Color diagram;
Interaction of Light and Matter: Spectral lines, Kirchoff’s laws, Applications of Stellar Spectra
Data, Spectrographs
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 3: 3.1-3.2, 3.4-3.6; Chapter 5: 5.1]
UNIT II: ASTRONOMICAL TOOLS, THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE NATURE OF
STARS [15 h]
1. Astronomical Instruments: [4 h]
Optical telescopes: Refracting and reflecting telescopes, Telescope mounts, Large Aperture
telescopes, Adaptive optics, Space based observatories, Electronic detectors; Radio telescopes:
Spectral flux density, Improving resolution – Large apertures and Interferometry
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 6: 6.2-6.3]

2. The Solar Sytem: [6 h]

Brief survey: General characteristics of the planets, Moons of the planets, Asteroid belt,
Comets and Kuiper belt objects, Meteorites, Solar system formation – a brief overview; Tidal
forces: Physics of tides, Effects of tides, Synchronous rotation, Additional tidal effects from
the sun, Roche limit
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 19: 19.1-19.2]

3. Classification of Stellar Spectra: [5 h]

Formation of spectral lines: Spectral types of stars, The Maxwell Boltzmann velocity
distribution, The Boltzmann equation, Saha equation; The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram: An
enormous range in stellar radii
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 8: 8.1-8.2]

UNIT III: STAR FORMATION, GALAXIES AND THE UNIVERSE [15 h]

1. Star formation [6 h]
Formation of protostars- Jeans criterion; Pre-Main Sequence- Formation of Brown Dwarfs,
The Zero Age Main Sequence (ZAMS); Evolution of the Main Sequence- Schӧnberg-
Chandrsekhar limit; Late Stages of Stellar Evolution- Subgiant branch, Red Giant branch,
Horizontal branch; Stellar Clusters- Globular and Galactic clusters
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 12: 12.2-12.3, Chapter 13: 13.1-13.3]

2. The Milky Way and the Nature of Galaxies [5 h]

Morphology of the Milky Way Galaxy; Galactic Center; The Hubble Sequence: Classification
of galaxies
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 24: 24.2, 24.4, Chapter 25: 25.1]
3. The Early Universe [4 h]
Fundamental particles, Hot and Cold Dark matter, Planck’s limits on time, mass and length,
Unification and spontaneous symmetry breaking, Problems with the standard theory of the Big
Bang, Inflation
[Carroll & Ostlie: Chapter 30: 30.1]

Experiments: (Minimum six)

1. Resolving power of telescope
2. Study of scattering of light (Diameter of Lycopodium powder)
3. To find radius of curvature of a convex lens using optical lever
4. Measurement of the solar constant
5. Draw constellation map of a) Orion b) Auriga c) Taurus d) Ursa Major (Big Dipper)
marking of pole star.
6. To determine the elements in sun using Frauhoffer spectra
7. To estimate Astronomical Unit using Venus transit data by parallax method
8. Determine the period of revolution of sun using virtual laboratory
9. To become familiar with the astronomical objects visible to naked eye in the night sky
using the software Stellarium
10. To become familiar with the Constellations in the night sky using the software
Stellarium
11. To identify the retrograde motion of Mars with respect to the Background stars using
Stellarium
12. To identify some of the prominent spectral lines in the spectrum of our sun
13. To get familiar with the spectra of different stars using Stellarium
14. To extract coordinates of a star assuming a telescope in equatorial mount using
Stellarium
15. To measure astronomical distances using Cepheid variables using Stellarium
16. To measure the Proper Motion of Barnard's Star using Stellarium
17. To identify a Circumpolar Star using Stellarium
18. To determine the distance and age of cluster using Colour Magnitude Diagram using
Stellarium
19. To determine orbital inclination of the planet Mars using Stellarium
20. To measure planetary distances using Stellarium
21. To measure distance to Moon using Stellarium
22. To determine observer’s location by means of the stars using Stellarium
References:
1. Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III, W. J., 2008. Universe, Eighth Edition. New York:
Clancy Marshall
2. Shu, F. H., 1982. The Physical Universe An Introduction to Astronomy. Sausalito,
California: University Science Books.
3. Kutner, M. L., First published in 2003. Astronomy A Physical Perspective. Second ed.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
1. Carroll, B. W. & Ostlie, D. A., n.d. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics. Second
ed. San Francisco: Addison Wesley.
Additional References:
1. Roy A.E., Clarke D., 1989, Astronomy structure of the Universe, Adam Hilger Pub.
2. Glasstone S., 1965, Source book on the Space Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.,
U.S
3. Bhatia V. B., 2001, Textbook of Astronomy and Astrophysics with Elements of
Cosmology, Narosa Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Narlikar J.V., 1976, Structure of the Universe, Oxford Paperbacks.
5. Badyanath and Basu, 2010, An Introduction to Astrophysics, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall
India Learning Private Limited
1. Abhyankar K.D., 2001, Astrophysics - Stars and Galaxies, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi
2. Sule, A., 2013. A Problem Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics. [Online]
3. Palen, S. E., 2002. Schaum's Outline Series, Astronomy. United States of America:
McGraw Hill.

Web References:
1. https://youtu.be/QJjT9QPlnJs
2. https://youtu.be/vDv3iSMdYyc
3. https://youtu.be/Upy-jNpQW_0
4. https://youtu.be/nzmFc2gjUo4
5. https://youtu.be/0b7-4tfx3J4
6. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-282j-introduction-to-astronomy-spring-2006/
7. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-901-astrophysics-i-spring-2006/
8. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-902-astrophysics-ii-fall-2004/
 SEMESTER-IV
Course Title : Quantum Mechanics

Course Code : PHY-IV.C-6

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1(Practical)

Pre-requisite : Nil

Course Objectives : The objective of this course is to provide an introduction to quantum

mechanics and its application.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:
CLO1: understand central concepts and principles in quantum mechanics, such as the
Schrödinger equation, the wave function and its statistical interpretation, the uncertainty
principle, stationary and non-stationary states, time evolution of solutions.
CLO2: solve the Schrödinger equation to obtain wave functions for some important types of
potential in one and three dimension and give concise physical interpretations and reasoning
underlying the mathematical results.
CLO3: grasp the concepts of angular momentum and spin.
CLO4: have an insight into fundamental issues in quantum mechanics like the EPR paradox,
Bells theorem and Schrödinger’s cat
CLO5: develop an understanding of why both analytic and numerical solutions are important
in quantum mechanics and have acquired experience in using both types of methods on
quantum mechanical problems
CLO6: use numerical tools and software to solve the Schrodinger equation for more
complicated cases.

Theory:

Unit I: Schrödinger’s Theory of Quantum Mechanics [10 h]

Plausibility argument leading to Schrödinger equation, Born interpretation of wave
functions, Operators in quantum mechanics: position, momentum, kinetic energy and
Hamiltonian, Expectation values, The time independent Schrödinger equation,
Required properties of Eigen functions, Energy quantization in the Schrödinger theory.
Postulates of quantum mechanics.

[Eisberg: 5.1- 5.8][Singh: 4.6]

Unit II: Applications of Schrödinger’s Steady state equation [20h]

Free particle.
One dimensional infinite rectangular potential well (Particle in a one-dimensional box).
Stationary states, Concept of parity, parity operator and its eigen values.
Particle in a three-dimensional rigid box. Degree of degeneracy.
One dimensional step potential of finite height (Energy less than step height and energy
greater than step height)
 One dimensional potential barrier. Qualitative discussion of alpha decay,
One dimensional finite rectangular potential well (placed symmetric to origin). Parity
and parity operators.
One dimensional harmonic oscillator (Algebraic method using raising and lowering
operators and analytical method.)
[Eisberg: 6.2 – 6.6], [Griffiths: 2.1-2.3, 2.6]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Angular momentum and Spin [11 h]
Angular momentum operators, Angular momentum Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions.
Spin 1/2, Spinors, Pauli spin matrices, Eigenvalues and Eigenspinors of Spin. Electron
in a Magnetic field,
[Griffiths: 4.3, 4.4.1, 4.4.2]
2. Fundamental issues in quantum mechanics [4 h]
EPR paradox, Bell’s Theorem and Schrödinger’s cat.

[Griffiths: 12.1, 12.2, 12.4]

Experiments:

1. Introduction to Numerov method.

2. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of Infinite
potential well. / Tutorial.
3. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of finite
potential well. / Tutorial.
4. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of Infinite
potential well with a cosine bump. / Tutorial.
5. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of Step
potential. / Tutorial
6. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of
Sloping potential well. / Tutorial.
7. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of
Potential barrier. / Tutorial.
8. Tunnel Diode.

References:

1. Eisberg, R. And Resnick, R. 2010, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids,

Nuclei and particles, 2nd Edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
2. Griffiths, D. 2015, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Pearson Education, India.
3. Singh, K. And Singh, S. 2013, Elements of Quantum Mechanics, S. Chand, New Delhi.
Additional References:

1. Beiser, A. 1969, Perspectives of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Singapore.
2. Flugge, S. 2008, Practical Quantum Mechanics, Springer (SIE).
3. Rajasekar, S. and Veluswamy, R. 2014, Quantum Mechanics I: The Fundamentals,
CRC Press, New York.
4. Richtmyer, F., Kennard, E., Cooper, J. 2001, Introduction to Modern Physics, 6th ed.
Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company, New Delhi.
5. Verma, H. 2012, Quantum Physics, TBS, Calicut.
6. Wichmann, E. 2010, Quantum Physics: Berkeley Physics Course Vol 4, Tata McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New Delhi.
Web References:

1. Verma, P. H. (2016). Retrieved from https://hcverma.in/QuantumMechanics

2. Zwiebach, P. B. (2016). Quantum Physics I. Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2016/video-
lectures/part-1/
3. PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder,
https://phet.colorado.edu/
4. Adams, A. (2013). Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare:
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-04-quantum-physics-i-spring-2013/
5. Greensite, J. (2003). Retrieved from
http://stanford.edu/~oas/SI/QM/papers/QMGreensite.pdf
Course Title : Electronics-I

Course Code : PHY-E5

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Nil

Course Objectives : The general goal of this course is to allow the students to understand
the fundamentals of semiconductor behavior and the operation of basic semiconductor devices.
This course lays the foundations for the understanding of more advanced semiconductor
devices such as those covered in more advanced courses.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, students will be able to:

CLO1: Understand the fundamentals of semiconductor behavior and the operation of basic
semiconductor devices.
CLO2: Understand basic circuit laws; semiconductor based analog circuits from a fundamental
point of view.
CLO3: Use this knowledge to describe bipolar transistors and its applications.
CLO4: Understand and apply the concept of feedback to study operational amplifier and
sinusoidal oscillators.

Theory:

Unit I: [15 h]

1. Basic concepts and resistor circuits [7 h]

Basics of current and voltages in a circuit, Constant voltage and Constant current source,
Conversion of voltage source into current source, Maximum power transfer theorem,
Kirchoff’s Current and voltage Law, Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem,
Techniques for solving circuit problems.
[Eggleston: section1.1, 1.2.1.3, 1.2.3, Mehta:section 1.8-1.16]

2. Semiconductor Diodes [8 h]
Semiconductor materials- intrinsic and extrinsic types, Ideal Diode, Terminal
characteristics of diodes: p-n junction under open circuit condition, p-n junction under
forward bias and reverse bias conditions, Diode I-V characteristic and load line for a
simple diode circuit, Diode applications: Voltage dropper, Diode limiter, Variable diode
clipper, Diode clamp, Rectification-working of Half wave and Full wave – calculation of
efficiency, nature of rectifier output, comparison of rectifiers, Power supply filters
(capacitor filter)
[Eggleston: section 3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.2.1-3.2.4, Mehta: section 5.8-5.18,6.7-6.21]
Unit II: [20 h]

1. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) [12 h]

Physical structure and operation modes, Transistor action, Transistor as an amplifier,
Basic BJT amplifier configuration: common emitter, common base and common collector
connections and their characteristics, comparison of transistor connections, Transistor as
an amplifier in C-E mode, Active region operation of transistor, D.C. analysis of transistor
circuits, performance of transistor amplifier, cut off and saturation points, power rating of
transistor. Biasing the BJT: fixed bias, emitter feedback bias, collector feedback bias
and voltage divider bias.
[Mehta: section 8.1- 8.23, 9.1-9.12, Eggleston:section 4.1-4.4]
2. Sinusoidal oscillators [8 h]
Positive and negative feedback, Voltage and current feedback, series and shunt
feedback, Effect of negative feedback on gain, frequency response, input and output
resistance and distortion, Positive feedback, Barkhausen criterion for oscillations, Phase
shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, Hartley oscillator and Colpitt’s oscillator.
[ Mehta: section13.1-13.13 ,14.1-14.14, Eggleston: section 7.3-7.3.4.1]

Unit III: [10 h]

1. Operation Amplifier (Op-amps) [10 h]

Ideal Op-amp, operation of differential amplifier, differential and common mode
signals, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), d.c. analysis of differential amplifier ,
parameters of differential amplifier due to mismatch of transistors, bandwidth of an Op-
amp, Slew rate limiting, Frequency response, Practical op-amp circuits: inverting
amplifier, non –inverting amplifier, integrator, differentiator.
[Mehta: section 25.1-25.5,25.9,25.11,25.15,25.19,25.21,25.23,25.35,25.37, Eggleston:
section 6.1,6.3,6.4]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Half wave rectifier using Junction Diode

2. Full wave rectifier using Junction Diode
3. Bridge rectifier with capacitor filter- Ripple factor using CRO.
4. C.E. Amplifier: Gain v/s Load
5. C.E. Amplifier:Input and Output Impedance
6. C.E. Amplifier. Frequency response. Calculation of Gain Bandwidth product
7. OP-Amp: Characteristics Input and Output impedance
8. OP-Amp: Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier
9. Colpitt’s Oscillator
10. Wein's Bridge Oscillator
References:

1. Eggleston D. L., 2011, Basic Electronics for Scientists and Engineers, 1stedition
Cambridge University Press.
2. Mehta V. K., Rohit Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S. Chand and Co. Ltd. New
Delhi
Additional References:

1. Kal Saantiram 2006, Basic Electronics: Devices, Circuits and IT fundamentals, PHI,
New Delhi
2. Malvino A. P, Bates D. J. 2006, Electronic Principles, Tata McGraw- Hill, New
Delhi
3. Mottershead Allen 2000, Electronics Devices and Circuits: An Introduction,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Bhargava N. N., Kulshrestha D. C., Gupta S. C., 2017, Basic Electronics and
Linear Circuits, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
5. Gayakwad R. A., 2015, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition,
Pearson Education, Delhi

Web References:
1. http://alan.ece.gatech.edu/ECE3040/Lectures/CircuitReview.pdf
2. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/01/what-is-rectifier-types-of-rectifiers-
their-operation.html
3. https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-rectifiers-working/
4. https://www.pitt.edu/~qiw4/Academic/ME2082/Transistor%20Basics.pdf
5. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/102/115102014/
6. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/oscillators.html
Course Title : Introduction to Error Analysis

Course Code : PHY-E18

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Course Objectives: The objective of this course is that the students will be able to comprehend
some of the important methods used in estimate uncertainties and should be able to use these
methods in estimating uncertainty in laboratory experiments.

Course Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this course, the students will be
able to understand

CLO1: the techniques involved in analyzing measurement data and the errors associated with
the measurement system used.
CLO2: the importance of knowing the uncertainty and nature of uncertainty that occurs during
measurements
CLO3: the method of propagation of errors and applying it to estimate uncertainties.
CLO4: the method of statistical analysis in applying it to estimate uncertainties.
CLO5: several probability distribution functions like Gaussian distribution, Binomial
distribution, and Poisson distribution.
CLO6: plotting of graphs and estimate the best fit lines through the data points.

Theory:
Unit I: [20 h]
1. Preliminary description [7 h]
Errors as uncertainty and its inevitability. Importance of knowing the uncertainties.
Estimating uncertainties. Significant figures. Discrepancy. Comparison of measures
and accepted values. Comparison of two measured numbers. Checking relationship
with graphs. Fractional uncertainties. Multiplying two measured numbers.
[Taylor: 1.1-1.6, 2.1-2.9]

2. Propagation of uncertainties [7h]

Uncertainties in direct measurements. The square root rule for a counting experiment.
Sums and differences; product and quotient. Arbitrary functions of one variable.
General formula for error propagation.
[Taylor: 2.1-2.9]

3. Statistical analysis of random uncertainties [6 h]

Random and systematic errors. The mean and standard deviation. The standard
deviation as the uncertainty in the single measurement. The standard deviation of the
mean. Systematic errors.
[Taylor: 4.1- 4.6]
Unit II: [15 h]
1. The Normal Distribution [9 h]
Histograms and Distributions, Limiting distributions. The normal distribution. The
standard deviation as 68% confidence limit. Justification of the mean as the best
estimate. Justification of addition in quadrature. Standard deviation of the mean.
Acceptability of the measured answer.
[Taylor: 5.1-5.8]

2. Least-Squares fitting [6 h]
Data that should fit a straight line. Calculation of slope and intercept. Uncertainty in the
slope and intercept. Least-squares fit to other curves.
[Taylor: 8.1-8.6]

UnitIII: [10 h]
1. The Binomial Distribution [6 h]
Distributions. Probability in dice throwing. Definition of binomial distribution.
Properties of binomial distribution. The Gauss distribution for random errors.
Application: testing of hypothesis
[Taylor: 10.1-10.6]

2. The Poisson Distribution [4 h]

Definition of Poisson distribution. Properties of Poisson distribution. Applications.
Subtracting a background.
[Taylor: 11.1-11.4]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Tutorial on Propagation of uncertainties
2. Tutorial on Statistical Analysis of Random measurement
3. Tutorial on Normal Distribution
4. Tutorial on Binomial distribution
5. Tutorial on Poisson Distribution
6. Application of Error Analysis based on experimental data.
7. Application of Error analysis based on experimental data.
8. Application of Error analysis based on experimental data.

Reference:

1. Taylor J, 1997, An Introduction to Error analysis, University Science Books.

Additional References:

1. Drosg M. 2007, Dealing with Uncertainties: A guide to error analysis, Springer.

2. Hughes, I. G., Hase, T. P. 2010, Measurements and their Uncertainties A practical

guide to modern error analysis. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.

3. Young, H. D. 1962, Statistical Treatment of Experimental Data. New York: McGraw-

Hill Book Company, Inc.
Web References:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQsDxOdn1hk&list=PLYdroRCLMg5NTT00m-
7ituVGdtY1X680M
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ0HXRz-o4
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XIybCGh4ck&list=RDCMUCCDzHkpuIuD1Z
C0wsCXUuPQ&index=1
4. http://web.pas.rochester.edu/~physlabs/manuals/L2C-StatisticsForWeb-AB5-short.pdf
5. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-621-experimental-
projects-i-spring-2003/lecture-notes/10_errors03.pdf
Course Title : Properties of Matter and Acoustics

Course Code : PHY-E4

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Oscillations, Waves and Sound

Course Objectives : This course provides an introduction to dynamics of rigid bodies and
calculation of moment of inertia, properties of matter and acoustics of rooms. An objective of
this course is to build up an understanding of fundamental physical principles which are
required for most of other physical sciences.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:

CLO1: Gain an introductory knowledge of dynamics of rigid bodies, and its applications to
basic physical problems.
CLO2: Familiarize with of acoustics of rooms and musical scales.
CLO3: Comprehend the phenomenon of elasticity, surface tension, viscosity and their
application.

Theory:
Unit I: [15 h]
1. Dynamics of Rigid bodies: [15 h]

Rigid bodies, Rotational Kinetic energy, Moment of inertia and its physical
significance, Angular acceleration, angular moment, law of conservation of
momentum, Analogy between translatory and rotatory motion, Theorem of
perpendicular axis, Theorem of parallel axis, Moment of inertia of thin uniform bar,
Moment of Inertia of a bar about an axis passing through one end and perpendicular to
its length, Moment of Inertia of a bar about an axis perpendicular to its at a distance ‘a’
from one end, Moment of inertia of rectangular lamina, Moment of inertia of solid
uniform bar of rectangular cross section, Moment of inertia of ring, Moment of inertia
of disc, ,Moment of inertia of Annular disc, Moment of inertia of hollow cylinder,
Moment of inertia of solid sphere, Moment of inertia of hollow sphere, Moment of
inertia of spherical shell, ,Moment of inertia of a uniform elliptical lamina, Moment of
inertia of a uniform triangular lamina, Moment of inertia of a solid cone.
[Brij Lal: Section 3.1-3.25]
Unit II: [15 h]

1. Elasticity: [10 h]

Moduli of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and relationship between them. Bending of beams-
bending moment, flexural rigidity. Cantilever (rectangular bar). Depression of a beam
supported at the ends and loaded at the center. A vibrating cantilever. Torsion in a
string-couple per unit twist, Torsional Pendulum.

[Mathur: Section 8.8, 8.9, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.17, 8.18, 8.22, 8.26, 8.29,
8.30(a(i)), 8.32, 8.33(i)]

2. Surface Tension: [5 h]

Brief review of molecular theory of surface tension. Relation between surface tension
and surface energy. Excess pressure inside a spherical Liquid drop, difference of
pressure across a curved surface, Angle of contact. Capillarity-rise of liquid in a
capillary tube.

[Mathur:Section 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 14.6, 14.8, 14.14, 14.15 and 14.17]

[Brij Lal: section 8.7 -8.9]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Viscosity [9 h]

Equation of continuity: Euler’s equation for liquid flow, Bernoulli’s theorem and its
applications. Streamline flow, Turbulent flow, Critical velocity, Coefficient of
viscosity, Poiseuille's formula for flow of liquid through a capillary tube. Criticism of
Poiseuille's equation

[Mathur: Section 12.1 - 12.12 (12.8 upto equation b)]

2. Acoustics of Rooms and Musical Scales [6 h]

Reverberation of Sound, Reverberation time, Absorption coefficient, Sabine's formula

for reverberation time (discussions only) , Acoustic requirements of an auditorium.
Musical interval, harmony, melody. Diatonic scale. Tempered scale. (only concepts)

[Khanna: Section: 23.1-23.17, Section:17.1-17.12]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Cantilever: Determination of Young's modulus by vertical vibrations of a cantilever.

2. Torsional Pendulum: Determination of Rigidity Modulus of the material of a wire.
3. Jagger’s Method: Determination of Surface Tension
4. Viscosity of a liquid by Poiseuilles method
5. Bending of beams: determination of Young's modulus
 6. Capillarity: determination of Surface tension
7. Flat Spiral Spring: determination of elastic constants by vertical and torsional
oscillations of a loaded spring
8. Young’s Modulus of Brass by Flexural Vibrations of Bar.
9. Rigidity Modulus of Brass.

References:

1. Brij Lal, Subramanyam N., 1999,Properties of matter, Eurasia Publishing House

New Delhi
2. Mathur D. S., 2010, Elements of Properties of Matter, S. Chand and Company, New
Delhi.
3. Bedi R.S.,Khanna D. R.,1994, Text book of Sound. Atma Ram, New Delhi

Additional References:

1. Mee F. G., 1967, Sound. Heinemann Ltd., London

2. Newman, Searle, 1957, General properties of Matter, 5thedition,Hodder &
Stoughton Educational, UK
3. Smith C. J., 2011, Properties of Matter, 2nd edition, Edward Arnold, UK

Web References:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFEExw-
qUSk&list=PLVFqK_9GOGXnSnuU-x2qgX68mWyBqn6O8
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47bEFVyczLk&list=PLwdnzlV3ogoV-
ATGY2ptuLS9mwLFOJoDw
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fa0zHI6nLUo&list=PLbMVogVj5nJTZJHsH
6uLCO00I-ffGyBEm
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyqhgnc5cWI&list=PLbRMhDVUMngeGSq
PVkrc8G_kApltxEEos
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIws3dZEHMU&list=PL546CD09EA2399
DAB&index=7
Course Title : Computational Physics

Course Code : PHY-E7

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite :Nil

Course Objectives : The course aims to enable the students to solve problems in Physics
which involves numerical methods by using FORTRAN as a programming language.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course students will be able to:
CLO1: Understand various numerical methods
CLO2: Use FORTRAN language for numerical calculations.
CLO3: Understand various concepts of Physics using numerical methods using FORTRAN as
a programming language.
CLO4: Solve problems in Physics by numerical methods using FORTRAN as a programming
language.

Theory:
Unit I: Concepts of programming: [5 h]
Definition and Properties of algorithms, Algorithm development, Flow charts- symbols
and simple flowcharts.

Unit II: FORTRAN Programming [20 h]

Evolution of Fortran.
Simple Fortran Programs:
Writing a Program, Input statements, Some Fortran program examples.
Numerical Constants and Variables:
Constants, Scalar Variables, Declaring Variable Names, Implicit Declaration, Named
Constants.
Arithmetic Expressions:
Arithmetic Operators and Modes of Expression, Integer Expressions, Real Expressions,
Precedence of Operations in Expressions, Assignment Statements, Defining Variables,
Some problems due to rounding of real numbers, mixed mode expressions, Intrinsic
functions, Examples of Use of Functions.
Input-Output Statements:
List-directed input statements, List-directed output statements.
 Conditional Statements:
Relational Operators, The block IF construct, Example programs Using IF structure.
Implementing Loops in Program:
The block DO loop, count control DO loop, Rules to be followed in writing DO loops.
Logical expressions and More Control statements:
Introduction, Logical constants, variables and expressions, precedence rules for logical
operators, Some examples of use of Logical expressions, The case statements.
Functions and subroutines:
Introduction, function subprogram, syntax rules for function subprograms, Generic
functions, Subroutines, Internal Procedures.
Defining and Manipulating Arrays:

Arrays Variables, Use of multiple subscripts, Do type notation for Input/Output

Statements, Initializing arrays, Terminology used for multidimensional arrays, use of
arrays in DO loops, whole array operations.

[Rajaraman (Ref. 1): Chapter-1 to Chapter-10]

Unit III: Computational Physics: [20 h]

Errors in Computation:

Inherent errors in storing, Numbers due to finite bit representation to use in Computer,
Truncation error, round off errors (Explain with the help of examples)

Iterative methods:

Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing FORTRAN programs for finding
single root of equation using bi-section method, Newton-Raphson method.

Least Square Curve fitting:

Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing FORTRAN program for straight
line fit with example in physics.

Numerical Integration:

Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing FORTRAN program for

trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.

Solution of Differential equations:

Discussion of algorithm and flowcharts and writing FORTRAN program for Euler’s
method for finding solution of differential equation.

(Derivation of formula is not expected for all the above numerical methods)

[Rajaraman(Ref.2): Chapters - 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9]

Experiments:
Following programs may be discussed thoroughly in theory lectures and implemented in the
practicals.
1. Sum of digits of an integer
2. To find factorial of a number
3. Checking and printing of prime numbers
4. Generation of Fibonacci numbers
5. To find sin(X), cos(X) using series method
6. Sorting of Numerical data - ascending, descending.
7. Matrix operations – addition, subtraction, multiplication
8. Graphics- line, circle, arc, bar, ellipse.
9. Root of equation-Bisection method, Newton Raphson method
10. Numerical integration- Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3rd rule.
11. Least square curve fitting- data for ohm’s law.
12. Freely falling body and motion of falling body including air drag. (using Euler’s method)
13. Electric field due to a point charge
14.Charging and Discharging of Capacitor in RC circuit/Growth and Decay of current in RL
Circuit.
References:

1. Rajaraman V. 1987, Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95, 2nd Edition,

Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi,.
2. Rajaraman V. 1999, Computer Oriented Numerical Methods, Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi.
Additional Reference:

1. Verma P. K. and Ahluwalia and Sharma K. C. 1999, Computational Physics, New Age
International Publishers, India.

Web References:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/106/115106118/
2. https://www.fortrantutorial.com/
3. https://web.stanford.edu/class/me200c/tutorial_77/
4. https://pages.mtu.edu/~shene/COURSES/cs201/NOTES/fortran.html
5. http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/fortran/index.html
 SEMESTER-V
Course Title : Electromagnetic Theory – II
Course Code : PHY-V.C-7
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Pre-requisite : Electromagnetic Theory – I (PHY-III.C-5)
Course Objectives : To acquaint students with fundamental principles of Magnetostatics
part of the Electromagnetic Theory.

Course Learning Outcomes:At the end of this course, students would be able to:
CLO1: Calculate magnetic field induction using Biot-Savart’s law and Ampere’s law.
CLO2: Interpret bound currents and calculate magnetic fields in matter.
CLO3: Comprehend microscopic theory magnetism.
CLO4: Establish the link between electrostatics and magnetostatics using Maxwell’s
equations.
CLO5: Develop the wave equation for propagation of electromagnetic waves through material
media and vacuum at different angles of incidence.
Theory:
Unit I: Magnetostatics [15 h]
1. Magnetostatics [15 h]
Lorentz force law: Magnetic fields, Magnetic forces, Currents, Biot-Savart law: Steady
currents, Magnetic fields of a steady current, Divergence and Curl of B: Straight-line
currents, divergence and curl of B, applications of Ampere’s law, comparison of
magnetostatics and electrostatics, Magnetic vector Potential: Vector potential,
magnetostatic boundary conditions, multipole expansion of the vector potential.
[Griffiths: 5.1: 5.1.1 – 5.1.3, 5.2: 5.2.1 – 5.2.2, 5.3: 5.3.1 – 5.3.4, 5.4: 5.4.1 – 5.4.3]
Unit II: Magnetic Fiels in Matter and Microscopic Theory of Magnetism [15 h]
1. Magnetic Fields in Matter [11 h]
Magnetization: Diamagnets, paramagnets and ferromagnets, torques and forces on
magnetic dipoles, effect of a magnetic field on atomic orbits, magnetization, the field
of a magnetized object: Bound currents, physical interpretation of bound currents,
magnetic field inside matter, The auxiliary field H: Ampere’s law in magnetized
materials, a deceptive parallel, boundary conditions, Linear and nonlinear media:
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, Energy in magnetic fields.
[Griffiths: 6.1: 6.1.1 – 6.1.4, 6.2: 6.2.1 – 6.2.3, 6.3: 6.3.1 – 6.3.3, 6.4: 6.4.1 – 6.4.2,
7.2.4]
2. Microscopic Theory of Magnetism [4 h]
Molecular field inside matter, origin of diamagnetism, origin of paramagnetism, theory
of ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic domains, ferrites
[Reitz: 10.1 – 10.2]
Unit III: Maxwell’s Equations and Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves [15 h]
1. Maxwell’s Equations [5 h]
Generalization of Ampere’s law, displacement current, Maxwell’s equations and their
empirical basis, electromagnetic energy, Poynting theorem.
[Reitz: 16.1 – 16.3]
2. Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves [10 h]
The wave equation, plane monochromatic waves in non-conducting media,
polarization, plane monochromatic waves in conducting media, reflection and
refraction at the boundary of two non-conducting media: normal incidence and oblique
incidence, Brewster’s angle, critical angle.
[Reitz: 16.4, 17.1, 17.2, 17.4, 18.1, 18.2]
Experiments: (Minimum Six)
1. Hysteresis by magnetometer.
2. B-H curve in a hard magnetic material and in a soft ferrite.
3. Core losses and copper losses in a transformer.
4. Measurement of mutual inductance using ballistic galvanometer.
5. Calibration of lock-in-amplifier and determination of mutual inductance.
6. Determination of magnetic susceptibility of FeCl3 by Quincke’s method.
7. M/C using ballistic galvanometer
8. Helmholtz coils.
References:
1. Griffiths D. J., 2011, Introduction to Electrodynamics,3rd Ed., Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi

2. Reitz J. R., Milford F. J., Christy R. W., 1979, Foundations of Electromagnetic

Theory,3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Additional Reference:
1. Mukherji U., 2008, Electromagnetic Field Theory and Wave Propagation, Narosa
Publishing House.

Web References:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115101005/
2. https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_ph08/preview
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-07-electromagnetism-ii-fall-2012/lecture-notes/
4. https://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_toc.html
5. http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/more_stuff/Maxwell_Eq.html
Course Title : Solid State Physics
Course Code : PHY-E9
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Pre-requisites : Quantum Mechanics (PHY-IV.C-6)

Course Objective: This course deals with crystalline solids and is intended to provide students
with basic physical concepts and mathematical tools used to describe solids. The course
broadly deals with the topics related to structural aspects and the various physical properties of
crystalline solids.

Course Learning Outcomes:After completion of this course, students will be able to

CLO1: Identify bonding types in crystalline solids and correlate the nature of bonding of solid
to some of the physical properties associated with it.
CLO2: Identify different crystal systems and determine structural parameters like unit cell of
crystal lattices, translation vectors, atomic packing, crystal planes and directions with help of
Miller Indices.
CLO3: Derive and apply Bragg’s law to determine crystal structure.
CLO4: Derive and apply classical free electron theory of metals to study electrical
conductivity
CLO5: Derive and apply density of energy states to estimate density of free electrons, Fermi
energy and mean energy of electron gas at absolute zero
CLO6: Derive and apply Fermi Free electron gas model in 3 dimensions to study electrical
properties of metals.
CLO7: Apply Kronig-Penney Model and Bloch theory to interpret energy band structures in
solids, in particular knowing effective mass and E v/s k relationship.
CLO8: Differentiate materials with respect to their magnetic properties.
CLO9: Apply the knowledge gained to solve problems in solid state physics using relevant
mathematical tools.

Theory:
Unit I: Bonding in Solids and Crystal Structures [20 h]
1. Bonding in Solids [5h]
Introduction, Bonding in Solids, Cohesive energy, Ionic bonding, Calculation of
Cohesive energy of ionic solids, Covalent bonding, Metallic bonding, Hydrogen
bonding, Van der Waals (Molecular) bonding.
[Pillai: Ch-3.I– 3.IX, 3.XII–3.XXIV]
2. Crystal Structure [11h]
Introduction, Space Lattice, Unit cell, Lattice Parameter of unit cell, Bravais lattices,
Crystal Symmetry, Stacking sequences in metallic crystal structure, SC, BCC, FCC
and HCP structures, Crystal structures- NaCl, diamond, CsCl, ZnS, Directions in
crystals, Planes in crystals- Miller indices, Distances of Separation between
Successive (hkl) Planes.
[Pillai: Ch-4.I – 4.VIII, 4.XIV – 4.XXII]
 3. Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals [4 h]
Introduction, Bragg’s law, Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer, Powder Crystal method
(Debye Scherrer method), Rotating Crystal method.
[Pillai: Ch-5.VII – 5.XI]

Unit II: Electrical Properties of Metals [20 h]

Introduction, Classical Theory of Electric Conduction, Drawbacks of Classical
theory,Revision of particle in a rectangular three-dimensional box, Fermi-Dirac
Statistics and Electronic distribution in Solids, Fermi distribution function, Density of
energy states and Fermi energy, Mean energy of electron gas at absolute zero, Electrical
conductivity from Quantum mechanical consideration, Sources of electrical resistance
in metals, Thermal conductivity in metals, Joule’s law, Thermionic emission, Failure
of Sommerfeld’s free electron model, Band theory of Solids, Brillouin Zones, Motion
of electrons in one- dimensional periodic potential, Distinction between metals,
insulators and semiconductors.
[Pillai: Ch-6.II – IV, 6.XIV – 6.XVIII, 6.XX – 6.XXII, 6.XXV, 6.XXIX, 6.XXXI,
6.XXXV – 6.XXXXI]
Unit III: Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Properties [5 h]
Introduction, Classification of magnetic materials, The quantum numbers, Origin of
magneticmoment, Ferromagnetism, Ferromagnetic domains, Hysteresis, Hard and soft
materials.
[Palanisamy: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7, 8.7.3, 8.7.5, 8.7.6]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Energy band gap of a semiconductor using a diode.
2. Energy band gap of a semiconductor using LEDs
3. Energy band gap of a thermistor.
4. To determine value of Planck’s constant using LEDs of at least 4 different colours.
5. Fermi energy of Copper
6. Measurement of Hysteresis loss using CRO
7. Calculation of lattice constant by of Copper – X-ray diffraction pattern is given and
student calculates: d-spacing, miller indices and lattice constant.
8. To measure the resistivity of a semiconductor (Ge) crystal with temperature by four-
probe method (room temperature to 150 oC) and to determine its band gap
9. Investigating crystal structure using Vesta software.
References:
1. Pillai S. O., 2018, Solid State Physics,8th Multi Colour Edition, New Age International
Publisher.
2. Palanisamy P. K., 2004, Solid State Physics, Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Additional References:
1. Kittel C., 2004, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition,John Wiley and Sons.
2. Dekker A. J., 1998, Solid State Physics, Macmillan India Ltd. Publisher.

Web References:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RImqF8z91fU&list=PLtTPtV8SRcxi91n9Mni2x
cQX4KhjX91xp
2. https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-introduction-to-solid-state-physics-
13045
3. https://www.classcentral.com/course/swayam-solid-state-physics-14298
4. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLaNkJORnlhZnC6E3z1-i7WERkferhQDzq
5. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0jxQTuSuktJd7Gbelcg9R0f3oYYeMbRs
Course Title : Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

Course Code : PHY-E10

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Heat and Thermodynamics (PHY-II.C-3)

Course Objectives : This course will introduce kinetic theory, classical thermodynamics,
probability and statistical methods.

Course Learning Outcomes: After completion of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1: Understand basics of kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamic potentials.
CLO2: Understand Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein statistics and its
application to the classical gas, electrons in a metal and blackbody radiation
CLO3: Understand the specific heat of solids by invoking statistical mechanics.

Theory

Unit I: Kinetic theory of Gases and Thermodynamic Potentials. [15 h]

1. Kinetic theory of Gases: [9 h]

Basic assumptions, Equation of State of an Ideal Gas, Collisions with a moving wall,
the principle of equi-partition of energy, classical theory of specific heat capacity,
specific heat capacity of a solid.
[Sears and Salinger: 9.1, 9.2, 9.4 – 9.8]

2. Thermodynamic Potentials [6 h]
The Helmholtz function and Gibbs function, Thermodynamic Potentials, Maxwell
Relations.
[Sears and Salinger: 7.1-7.3]

Unit II: Statistical Thermodynamics and Quantum Statistics [20 h]

1. Statistical Thermodynamics [10 h]

Phase space, Probability of distribution, The most probable distribution, Maxwell
Boltzmann Statistics. Molecular speeds: mean, most probable and r. m. s. speeds.
Experimental verification of Maxwell Boltzmann statistics.
[Beiser: 15.1 – 15.5]

2. Quantum Statistics [10 h]

Bose Einstein statistics, Blackbody Radiation, Rayleigh Jeans formula, Plank radiation
formula, Fermi Dirac statistics.
[Beiser: 16.1 – 16.6]
Unit III: Specific Heats of Solids [10 h]

1. Lattice Vibrations and Specific Heats of Solids [10 h]

Thermal Vibrations: Frequencies. Thermal Vibrations: Amplitudes. Normal Modes of
a Lattice. Phonons. Specific Heats of Solids. The Einstein’s theory. The Debye Theory.
Fermi energy, Electron energy distribution.
[Beiser: 19.1 – 19.7, Kachhava: 2.5, 2.6. 2.13]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Specific heat of Graphite

2. Study the temperature dependence of resistivity.
3. OPAMP as a bridge amplifier and its application in temperature measurement.
4. Determination of Boltzmann constant.
5. Study of Stefan’s Law.
6. Determination of Stefan’s constant
7. Thermal conductivity of poor conductor by LEE’s method.
8. Tutorial on Maxwell Equation and Free energy
9. Tutorial on Statistical Thermodynamics
10. Tutorial on Statistical Thermodynamics

References:
1. Beiser A., 1995, Perspectives of modern physics, 5th edition, McGraw hill.
2. Sears F. and Salinger G., 1998, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical
Thermodynamics, 3rd Edition, Narosa.
3. Kachhava C. M., 2003, Solid State Physics Solid State Devices and electronics, New
Age International (P) Limited.
Additional References:

1. Garg S., Bansal R.and Ghosh C., 1993, Thermal Physics, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Zemansky M. and Ditman R., 1997, Heat and Thermodynamics, McGraw Hill.
3. Reif F., 1965, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, Mc Graw Hill
4. Brijlal, Subrahmanyam N., 2008, Heat thermodynamics and Statistical Physics, S
Chand Company Ltd.
5. Laud B., 2003, Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, New Age International.
6. Saha M. and Shrivastava B., 1965, Treatise on heat, The Indian Press.

Web References:

1. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-60-thermodynamics-kinetics-spring-2008/
2. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113106039/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ef54OnrZBg4&list=PLclocfvsabE1j2OcBdWfVhz
NJNnbQ3YM7
4. https://aptv.org/Education/khan/topic.php?topic=thermodynamics
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Th-LQz5bBJA
Course Title : Electronics-II
Course Code : PHY-E11
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Pre-requisite : Electronics-I (PHY-E5)
Course Objectives : This course aims at introducing students to analog and digital circuits.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1: Analyse AC circuits and apply the techniques in designing circuits.
CLO2: Generate different kinds of waves using OP-Amp
CLO3: Understand the basic concepts of 555 timer.
CLO4: Apply binary operations to different digital circuits
CLO5: Understand the clocked digital electronics and its applications in different types of
Counters

Theory
Unit I: [15 h]
1. AC Models (BJT) [4 h]
Base-Biased amplifier, Emitter-Biased amplifier, Small signal operation, analyzing an
amplifier.
[Malvino: Article 9.1 to 9.7]

2. Transistor Multivibrators [4 h]
Transistor as a switch, switching times, Multivibrators – Astable, Monostable, Bistable
and Schmitt Trigger.
[Mottershed: Article 18.1 to 18.5]

3. FET’s and MOSFET’s [7 h]

Basic structure of the JFET, Principles of operation, Characteristic curves and parameters,
Common source amplifiers, Common gate amplifier, MOSFET: Depletion Mode and
Enhancement mode, Dual-Gate MOSFET. FET Phase shift oscillator, FET as VVR and its
applications in Attenuator, AGC and Voltmeter circuits.
[Malvino: Article 13.1 to 13.9, 14.1 to 14.5]

Unit II: [10 h]

1. OPAMP Applications [5 h]
Active diode circuits, Comparator, Window comparator, Schmitt Trigger, Waveform generator
–Square wave, Triangular and Ramp Generator and monostable.
[Malvino: Article 22.7, 22.8]

2. Timers [5 h]
The 555 Timer, Basic concept, 555 block diagram, Monostable, Astable, Bistable, Schmitt
Trigger and Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using 555 timer.
[Malvino: Article 23.7, 23.8]
[Malvino and Bates: 24.4, 24.5]

Unit III [20 h]

1. Digital Circuits [10 h]
Binary number system, Binary to Decimal and Decimal to Binary conversion, Basic logic
gates, AND, OR, NOT(realization using Diodes and Transistor), NAND, NOR as universal
building blocks in logic circuits, EX-OR and Ex-NOR gates. Boolean Algebra:De Morgan's
Law's, Boolean Laws, NAND and NOR gates, Sum of Products methods and Product of Sum
methods of representation of logical functions. Half adder and Full adder, Data Processing
Circuits: Multiplexer and Demultiplexer, Encoders and decoders.
[Jain: Article 5.1 to 5.8.1, 6.1, and 6.2]

2. Sequential Circuits [10 h]

Basic RS FF, Clocked RS FF, JK FF, D-type and T-type FF, Master Slave Concept. Shift
Registers:Serial-in-Serial-Out, Serial-in-Parallel-out, Parallel-in-Serial-out, Parallel-in-
Parallel-out Shift registers (upto 4 bits), Counters: Applications of FF's in counters, binary
ripple counter, Modulus of counter (3,5) BCD Decade Counter, Cascade BCD Decade
counters.
[Jain: Article 7.1 to7.9, 8.1, 8.2, 8.4]

Experiments (Minimum Six):

1. Astable Multivibrator
2. Monostable Multivibrator
3. Bistable Multivibrator
4. Schmitt Trigger
5. F.E.T Characteristics
6. IC LM 317 Voltage Regulator
7. IC 555 Timer as Astable Multivibrator and its use as Voltage Controlled Oscillator
8. IC 555 Timer as Monostable Multivibrator
9. Digital Multiplexer
10. Verification of De Morgan’s Theorems and Boolean Identities
11. NAND and NOR Gates as Universal Building Blocks
12. Binary Addition –Half Adder and Full Adder Using Gates
13. JFET as a common source amplifier.

References :
1. Malvino A.,1996, Electronic Principles, 5thedition,Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Jain R. P. 2003, Digital Electronics, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Mottershed A. 1997, Electronics Devices and Circuits an Introduction, PHI
4. Malvino A. and Bates D.J., 2007, Electronic Principles, 7th edition, Tata
McGraw Hill

Additional References:
1. Malvino A. and Leach D. 1986, Digital Principles and Applications,4th edition
Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Millman J. and Halkias C., 1972, Integrated Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Millman J. and Halkais C., 1967, Electronic Devices and Circuits, Mc Graw Hill.
4. Mehta V.K., 2003, Principles of Electronics, 8th edition, S. Chand & Company.

Web References:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/107/117107094/
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws
3. https://www.electronicshub.org/
4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105132/
5. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering
Course Title : Mathematical Physics
Course Code : PHY-E12
Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Pre-requisite : Introduction to Mathematical Physics (PHY-I.C-1)
Course Objectives : To acquaint students with mathematical skills which are required to
study various concepts of Physics.

Course Learning Outcomes:At the end of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1: Comprehend the functions of complex variables.
CLO2: Apply mathematical techniques such as: calculus of residues to evaluate definite
integrals.
CLO3: Apply solutions of Legendre, Bessel and Hermite equations, Fourier transforms of
different functions in solving various Physics problems.
CLO4: Able to solve higher order problems in Physics.

Theory:
Unit I: Functions of a Complex Variables and Calculus of Residues [15 h]
1. Functions of a Complex Variables [8 h]
Introduction, complex variables and representations: algebraic operations, Argand
diagram: vector representation, complex conjugate, Euler’s formula, De Moivre’s
theorem, the nth root or power of a complex number, analytic functions of a complex
variable: the derivative of f(z) and analyticity, harmonic functions, contour integrals,
Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula.
[Harper: 3.1, 3.2: 3.2.1 – 3.2.6, 3.3: 3.3.1 – 3.3.5]
2. Calculus of Residues [7 h]
Zeroes, isolated singular points, evaluation of residues: mth order pole, simple pole, the
Cauchy residue theorem, the Cauchy principal value, evaluation of some definite
integrals.
[Harper: 4.1 – 4.3: 4.3.1 – 4.3.2, 4.4 – 4.6: 4.6.1-4.6.4]

Unit II: Partial Differential Equations and Special Functions of Mathematical Physics
[15 h]
1. Partial Differential Equations and Special Functions of Mathematical Physics
[15h]
Introduction,Some important partial differential equations in physics, an illustration of
the method of direct integration, method of separation of variables, the Hermite
polynomials: basic equations of motion in mechanics, one-dimensional linear harmonic
oscillator, solution of Hermite’s differential equation, Legendre and associate Legendre
polynomials: spherical harmonics, the azimuthal equation, Legendre polynomials,
 Bessel function: introduction: solution of Bessel’s equation, analysis of various
solutions of Bessel’s equation, characteristics of Bessel functions.
[Harper: 6.1 – 6.5: 6.5.1 – 6.5.3, 6.5.8]

Unit III: Fourier Series and Fourier Transforms [15 h]

1. Fourier Series [7 h]
Introduction: The Fourier cosine and sine series, change of interval, Fourier integral,
complex form of Fourier series, generalized Fourier series and Dirac-delta function,
summation of the Fourier series.
[Harper: 7.1 – 7.3]
2. Fourier Transforms [8 h]
Introduction, theory of Fourier transforms: formal development of the complex Fourier
transform, cosine and sine transforms, multiple-dimensional Fourier transforms, the
transforms of derivatives, the convolution theorem, Parseval’s relation, the wave packet
in quantum mechanics: origin of the problem - quantization of energy, the development
of a new quantum theory, a wave equation for particles - the wave packet.
[Harper: 8.1 – 8.3]
Experiments: (Minimum Six)
1. Generating and plotting Legendre Polynomials.
2. Generating and plotting Bessel function.
3. Generating and plotting Hermite Polynomials.
4. Using spherical polar co-ordinates obtain an expression for divergence and curl of a
vector function, operate gradient and Laplacean operator on a scalar function.
5. Using cylindrical co-ordinates obtain an expression for divergence and curl of a
vector function, operate gradient and Laplacean operator on a scalar function.
6. Fourier series: programme to sum:∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(0.2) , and to evaluate Fourier co-efficients

of a given periodic functions.

7. Compute the nth roots of unity for n = 2, 3, and 4.
References:
1. Harper, C., 1993, Introduction to Mathematical Physics, 5th Ed., Prentice Hall of India
2. Arfken G., 2005, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Elsevier.
3. Spiegel, M.R., 2004, Fourier Analysis, Tata McGraw-Hill.

Additional References:
1. Riley K. F., Hobson M. P., Bence S. J., 1998, Mathematical Methods for Physics and
Engineering, Cambridge University Press
2. Boas M. L., 2013, Mathematical Methods in Physical Sciences, 3rd Ed., John Wiley and
Sons
3. Lipschutz S., 1974, Schaum Outline of Theory and Problems of Complex Variables, Mc
Graw Hill.
Web References:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115106086/
2. https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~jmf/Teaching/MT3/ComplexAnalysis.pdf
3. https://www-
thphys.physics.ox.ac.uk/people/FrancescoHautmann/ComplexVariable/s1_12_sl8.pdf
4. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/111/106/111106100/
5. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/105/115105097/
Course Title : Solid State Devices

Course Code : PHY-E6

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1(Practical)

Pre-requisite : Nil

Course Objectives : The objectives are to provide a clear explanation of the operation of
most commonly used solid state devices.

Course Learning Outcomes : At the end of this course, the students will be able to:
CLO1: Comprehend the p-n junction theory and analyse the effect of heat and light on the
performance of the semiconductor devices.
CLO2: Understand different types of special diodes and their uses in various electronics
applications.
CLO3: Understand different types of optoelectronic devices and their uses in various
electronics applications.
CLO4: Design, construct and study the performance of circuits based on breakdown devices.
CLO5: Corelate the theory to understand the working of these devices.

Theory:

Unit I: Basic Semiconductor and pn-Junction Theory and Special Diodes [15 h]

1. Basic Semiconductor and pn-Junction Theory [10 h]

The Atom, Electron Orbit and Energy Levels, Energy Bands, Conduction in Solids,
Conventional Current and Electron Flow, Bonding Forces between Atoms,
Classification of Solids, Intrinsic Semiconductor, Conduction of Electrons and Holes,
p-Type and n-Type Semiconductors, Effect of Heat and Light, Drift Current and
Diffusion Current, The pn-Junction, Reverse-biased Junction, Forward-biased
Junction, Temperature Effect, Mobility and Conductivity, Hall Effect and Hall
Coefficient.

[Bell: Chapter 1 and Ref.2: Chapter 1: 1.8 and1.9]

2. SpecialDiodes: [5 h]

Zener Diode, Use of Zener Diode as voltage regulator and as Peak Clipper, Meter
Protection, Tunneling Effect, Tunnel Diode, Tunnel Diode as Oscillator, Varactor, PIN
Diode, Schottky Diode, Step Recovery Diode.

[Theraja: Chapter 15]

Unit II: Optoelectronic Devices and Industrial Devices [20 h]

1. Optoelectronic Devices: [8 h]

Light Units, Photomultiplier tube, Photoconductive Cell, Photovoltaic Cell,

Photodiode, Solar Cell, Phototransistor, PhotoFET, Spectral response of Human eye,
Light Emitting Diode(LED), Liquid Crystal Display(LCD), Optoelectronic Couplers,
Laser Diode, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR).

[Bell: Chapter 19: 19-1 to 19-7, 19-9, 19-11, 19-12 and Theraja: 16.1 to 16.3]

2. Industrial Devices: [12 h]

Silicon Controlled Rectifier(SCR), SCR Characteristic and Parameters, Simple

applications of SCR: HWR, Battery-charging regulator and Temperature Controller,
Silicon Controlled Switch (SCS), Gate Turn Off switch (GTO), Light Activated SCR
(LASCR), Shockley Diode, The TRIAC and DIAC, Typical Diac-Triac Phase control
circuit, The Unijunction Transistor(UJT), UJT Characteristics, UJT Parameter and
Specification, UJT Relaxation Oscillator, UJT Control of SCR, Programmable
Unijunction Transistor.

[Bell: Chapter 18: 18-1, 18-2, 18-4, 18-6 to 18-11; Ref.4: Chapter 21: 21.6 to 21.10
and Mottershead: Chapter 28: 28-4]

Unit III: Field Effect Transistors [10 h]

1. Field Effect Transistors: [10 h]

Advantage and Disadvantage of The FET, Basic Construction of JFET, Characteristics

curves of The JFET, Principle of operation of The JFET, Effect of VDS on Channel
Conductivity, Channel Ohmic Region and Pinch-Off Region, Characteristic Parameters
of The FET, Effect of Temperature on FET Parameters, The MOSFET, The Depletion
MOSFET, The Enhancement MOSFET, The difference between JFETs and MOSFETs,
Dual Gate MOSFET, FET used in Phase-Shift Oscillator Circuit, Applications of FET
in its Channel Ohmic Region, FET as a VVR in Voltage controlled Attenuator and in
an Automatic Gain Controlled Circuit, Field-Effect Diode and its use as CRD, Power
MOSFETs.

[Mottershead: Chapter 21: 21-1 to 21-8, Chapter 22: 22-1 to 22-5, 22-9, 22-10;

Bell: Chapter 8: 8-9]

Experiments: (Minimum six)

1. Energy Gap of a Semiconductor

2. Energy Gap of a LED.
3. Zener Diode Characteristics and Voltage regulation
4. LDR Characteristics
5. LED VI Characteristics
6. Phototransistor
 7. SCR characteristics and gate controlled ac half wave rectifier
8. UJT Characteristics and its use in relaxation oscillator
9. FET Characteristics
10. Solar Cell.
11. SCR, Diac, Triac Characteristics.
References:

1. Bell D. A.,2000, Electronics Devices and Circuits, 3rd Edition, Prentice-Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,
2. Singh K., Singh S. P., 2007, Solid State Devices and Electronics,1st Edition, S. Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi,
3. Theraja B. L., 2005, Basic Electronics (Solid State), 1stMulticolour Edition, S. Chand
and Company Ltd., New Delhi,
4. Boylestad R., Nashelsky L., 2000, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 6th Edition,
Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
5. Mottershead A., 2000, Electronics Devices and Circuits An Introduction, Prentice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

Web References:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117106091/
2. https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-diodes-and-applications/
3. https://www.electronicshub.org/types-of-diodes/
4. https://www.electronicshub.org/thyristor-basics/
5. https://gradeup.co/field-effect-transistor-study-notes-i-96d9d1d0-79ad-11e7-bf36-
f08a68dca14c
 SEMESTER-VI

Course Title : Atomic and Molecular Physics

Course Code : PHY-VI.C-8

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Quantum Mechanics (PHY-IV.C-6)

Course Objectives : Atomic and molecular physics is the study of dynamics and
interactions of the basic building blocks of matter. The objective of this course is to study the
behaviour of the electrons that surround the atomic nucleus which will help students to
understand the dynamics atoms and molecules.

Course Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this course, student will be able
to:
CLO1: solve the case of the hydrogen atom using the three dimension time-independent
Schroedinger equation, identify atomic effect such as space quantization and interpret the wave
functions and probability densities.
CLO2: become familiar with the orbital, spin and total angular momentum of many electron
atoms.
CLO3: explain the observed dependence of atomic spectral lines on externally applied
magnetic fields.
CLO4: grasp the physics of diatomic molecules, their electronic states, vibrations and rotations
and their spectra.
CLO5: comprehend classical and quantum theory of Raman effect.
CLO6: develop analytical and computing skills through problem solving, and computer-based
exercises, which involve quantum mechanical systems such as the Harmonic oscillator,
Hydrogen atom and Morse potential.

Theory:

Unit I: [15 h]
1. Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom[7 h]
Schrodinger’s equation for the H-atom. Separation of variables, Eigen values, Quantum
numbers and Magnetic moment. Angular momentum, Electron Probability density.
[Beiser 9.1-9.9]
2. Many Electron Atoms: [8 h]
Electron Spin. Pauli Exclusion Principle and classification of elements in periodic table.
Symmetric and Antisymmetric wave functions. Electron configuration. Hund’s rule.
Total angular momentum. L-S coupling. J-J coupling.
[Beiser 10.1, 10.3- 10.9]
Unit II: [15 h]
1. Atoms in a Magnetic Field: [7 h]
Effects of magnetic field on an atom. Larmor Precession. The Stern-Gerlach
experiment. Spin Orbit Coupling. The Normal Zeeman effect, Lande ‘g’ factor. Zeeman
pattern in a weak field (Anomalous Zeeman effect).
[Eisberg 8.1-8.4, 10.6]

2. Atomic Spectra: [4 h]
Origin of Spectral lines. Selection rules (derivation from transition probabilities). Alkali
metal type spectra. Principal, Sharp, Diffused and Fundamental series, fine structure in
alkali spectra.
[Beiser 11.1-11.2, Mcgervey 9.1]

3. X-ray Spectra: [4 h]
Characteristic spectrum. Moseley’s law. Explanation of X-ray spectra on the basis of
quantum mechanics. Energy levels and characteristic X-ray lines. X-ray absorption
spectra. Fluorescence and Auger effect.
[Richtmayer: 7.6, 7.7, 16.1-16.3, 16.5]

Unit III: [15 h]

1. Spectra of Diatomic Molecules: [9 h]
Rotational energy levels. Rotational spectra. Vibrational energy levels. Vibration -
Rotation spectra. Fortrat Parabolas and explanation of band structure on its basis.
Electronic spectra.
[Beiser 14.1, 14.3, 14.5, 14.7, 14.8 and Rajam 11.2]

2. Raman Effect: [6 h]
Quantum theory of Raman effect. Classical theory of Raman effect. Pure rotational
Raman spectra. Vibrational Raman spectra. Rotational fine structure. Experimental set
up for Raman effect.
[Banwell 4.1-4.3]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. To find the wavelengths of Balmer series of visible emission lines and to determine the
value of Rydberg constant.
2. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of
Harmonic oscillator./Tutorial.
3. Numerically solving the Radial Schrödinger equation for the case of Hydrogen
atom./Tutorial.
4. Numerically solving the Time Independent Schrödinger equation for the case of Morse
potential./ Tutorial.
5. Absorption spectra of KMnO4
6. X-ray Emission (characteristic lines of copper target)- Calculation of wavelength and
Energy.
7. Resolving Sodium D-lines using grating.
8. Resolving Mercury lines using prism.
 9. Determination of wavelength of Sodium light using Lloyd’s Mirror.
10. Determination of wavelength of Sodium light using a cylindrical obstacle.
11. Double Refraction

References:

1. Beiser, A. 1969, Perspectives of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,

Singapore.
2. Eisberg, R. And Resnick, R. 2010, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids,
Nuclei and particles, 2nd Edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd.
3. Mcgervey, J. 1983, Introduction to Modern Physics, Academic Press, USA.
4. Richtmyer, F., Kennard, E., Cooper, J. 2001, Introduction to Modern Physics, 6th ed.
Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company, New Delhi.
5. Rajam, J. 2000, Atomic Physics, S. Chand and Company limited, New Delhi.
6. Banwell, C. 1994, Fundamentals for Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Edition, McGraw-
Hill Higher Education.

Additional Reference:

1. White, H. 1934, Introduction to Atomic Spectra, McGraw-Hill Inc., USA.

Web References:

1. Das, A.K. (2017). Retrieved from https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/105/115105100/#

2. PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder,
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/stern-gerlach
3. Geva, E. (20120). Retrieved form
https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/HydrogenAtomRadialFunctions/
4. Morse, P. M. (1929). Diatomic Molecules According to the Wave Mechanics. II.
Vibrational Levels. Physical Review, 34(57).
5. Singh, R. (2002). C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect. Physics in
Perspective, 4, 399-420.
Course Title : Mechanics – II

Course Code : PHY-E13

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Mechanics – I (PHY-I.C-2)

Course Objectives : To acquaint students with a higher-level Mechanics which includes

advanced concepts through topics like central force problems, mechanics in non-inertial
frames, motion of rigid bodies, collision theory and Lagrangian formulation.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to:

CLO1: Separate two body problem into two equivalent single body problems
CLO2: Establish equation of orbit for the motion under inverse square law force and study
different types of orbits.
CLO3: Establish the relation between time derivative of a vector in a fixed frame of reference
with respect to moving frame of reference.
CLO4: Comprehend the occurrence of some pseudo forces due to relative motion between
frames of references such as Coriolis’s force, centrifugal force
CLO5: Understand the motion of rigid bodies by solving Euler’s equations of motion.
CLO6: Understand the advantages of Lagrangian formulation over Newtonian formulation.
CLO7: Solve various mechanical problems using Lagrangian equation of motion.

Theory

Unit I: Motion Under a Central Force and Collisions of Particles [15 h]

Motion Under a Central Force [10 h]
Center of mass coordinate, equivalent one body problem, general features of motion in a central
force field, motion in an inverse square law force field, equation of the orbit, nature of orbits,
elliptical orbits: the Kepler problem, hyperbolic orbits, parabolic orbits.
Symon: 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16 [pg. 122-140]
Takwale: 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 [pg. 133-153]
Collisions of Particles [5 h]
Elastic and inelastic cross section, scattering in a central force field, scattering cross section,
Rutherford scattering cross-section.
Symon: 4.6 [pg.175-182], 3.16 [pg. 137-140]
Takwale:7.5, 7.6 [pg. 202-211]
Unit II: Moving Coordinate Systems and The Rotation of a Rigid Body [20 h]

Moving Coordinate Systems [10 h]

Moving origin of coordinates, rotating coordinate system, laws of motion on rotating earth,
effect of Corioli’s force on freely falling particles, the Foucault pendulum.
Symon: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 [pg.271-284]
Takwale:9.1,9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5 [pg. 246-257]

The Rotation of a Rigid Body [10 h]

Euler’s theorem, angular momentum and kinetic energy, the inertia tensor, Motion of a rigid
body in space, Euler’s equations of motion for a rigid body, torque free motion, Euler’s angles,
qualitative discussion of the symmetric top.
Symon: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3\4, 11.5 [pg. 444-460]
Takwale:10.1,11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7[pg. 262-283]

Unit III: Lagrangian Formulation [10 h]

Lagrangian Formulation [10 h]

Constraints, generalized coordinates, D’Alembert’s principle, Lagrange’s equations, a general
expression for kinetic energy, symmetries and law of conservation, cyclic or ignorable
coordinates.
Takwale: 8.1,8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7 [pg. 217-238]

List of Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Study of Compound Pendulum as a Reversible Pendulum: Kater’s Pendulum

2. Measurement of Moment of Inertia of Uniform Rigid Bodies: Bifilar Suspension
3. Principle of conservation of linear momentum using linear air track
4. Value of “g” by Rod pendulum
5. To Study the different oscillation modes of the coupled pendulum
6. To determine the moment of inertia of Gyroscope disc
7. Equation of Orbit (bounded orbit) simulation experiment
8. Equation of Orbit (unbounded orbit) simulation experiment
References:

1. Symon K. R., 1971, Mechanics, 3rd Edition, Pearson, India

2. Takwale R. G., and Puranik P. S., 1992, Introduction to Classical Mechanics, Tata Mc-
Graw Hill, New Delhi
Additional Reference:

1. Taylor J. R., 2005, Classical Mechanics, University Science Books, USA

Web References:
1. http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~lutze/AOE4134/4OrbitSolution.pdf
2. http://web.mit.edu/12.004/TheLastHandout/PastHandouts/Chap03.Orbital.Dynamics.
pdf
3. http://twister.ou.edu/PM2000/Chapter7.pdf
4. http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~stefano/courses/PHYS2006/chapter4.pdf
5. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-01sc-classical-mechanics-fall-2016/
6. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/105/115105098/
Course Title : Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics

Course Code : PHY-E14

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Contact Hours : 45 (Theory) + 30 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Quantum Mechanics (PHY-IV.C-6)

Course Objectives : The objective of this course is to introduce students to the fundamental
principles and concepts governing nuclear and particle physics.

Course Learning Outcomes: After successful completion of this course, student will be able
to:

CLO1: Learn the ground state properties of a nucleus – the constituents and their properties,
mass number and atomic number, relation between the mass number and the radius and the
mass number, average density, range of force, saturation property, stability curve, the concepts
of packing fraction and binding energy, binding energy per nucleon vs. mass number graph,
explanation of fusion and fission from the nature of the binding energy graph.
CLO2: Gain knowledge on basic concept of nuclear force and Meson theory of nuclear force
CLO3: Learn the basic aspects of nuclear reactions, the Q-value of such reaction and its
derivation from conservation laws.
CLO4: Know about the liquid drop model, its justification so far as the nuclear properties are
concerned, the semi-empirical mass formula.
CLO5: Know about the shell model, evidence of shell structure, magic numbers, predictions
of ground state spin and parity, theoretical deduction of the shell structure, consistency of the
shell structure with the Pauli exclusion principles.
CLO6: Learn about the process of radioactivity, the radioactive decay law, the emission of
alpha, beta and gamma rays, the properties of the constituents of these rays and the mechanisms
of the emissions of these rays, outlines of Gamow’s theory of alpha decay and Pauli’s theory
of beta decay with the neutrino hypothesis, the electron capture, the fine structure of alpha
particle spectrum, the Geiger-Nuttall law, the radioactive series.
CLO7: Learn about the principles and basic constructions of nuclear reactor and the reactor
facilities available in India.
CLO8: Gain knowledge on the basic aspects of particle Physics – the fundamental interactions,
elementary and composite particles, the classifications of particles: leptons, hadrons (baryons
and mesons), quarks, gauge bosons. The students should know about the quantum numbers of
particles: isospin, electric charge, strangeness, lepton numbers, baryon number and the
conservation laws associated with them.
CLO9: Solve numerical problems, relating theoretical predictions and experimental
measurements, in nuclear and particle physics.
Theory:
Unit I: [10 h]
1. Basic Nuclear Properties [4 h]
Nomenclature, Nuclear Size(Electron scattering and Mirror Nuclei), Nuclear Charge,
Nuclear Mass, Nuclear Density, Nuclear Spin, Nuclear Magnetic Moment, Nuclear
Electric Quadrupole Moment, Parity, Binding Energy, Nuclear Stability, Packing
Fraction
[Jain: 1.1, 1.2, 3.1-3.9]

2. Nuclear forces [3 h]
Main characteristics of Nuclear Forces, Meson theory of Nuclear forces, Estimation of
the mass of a meson using Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, Yukawa potential
[Patel: 8.6] [Ilangovan: 1.9]

3. Nuclear Reactions [3 h]
Nuclear Reactions, The Balance of mass and energy in Nuclear Reactions(Q-Value),
The Q-Equation.
[Patel: 3.2-3.4][Jain: 11.1,11.2]

Unit II: [15 h]

1. Radioactivity: [5 h]
Law of Radioactive Decay, Law of Successive Disintegration, Radioactive equilibrium,
Radioactive series, Units of Radioactivity, Radioactive Dating.
[Jain: 6.1-6.5] [Ilangovan: 2.8]

2. Radioactive decay 10 h]
Alpha decay: Magnetic Spectrograph-Velocity and Energy of Alpha Particles, Bragg’s
Experiment-Range of Alpha Particles, Geiger Law, Geiger-Nuttal Law, Disintegration
energy of Spontaneous Alpha-decay, The Alpha Spectra and Fine structure: Short
Range and Long-Range Alpha Particles, Alpha Decay Paradox-Barrier
Penetration(Qualitative treatment)
[Ilangovan: 3.1-3.1.7] [Patel: 4.2.1- 4.2.3]

Beta Decay: Magnetic Spectrograph-Velocity and Energy of Beta Particles, Origin of

Continuous Beta –ray Spectrum and difficulties in understanding it, Pauli’s Neutrino
Hypothesis. Types of Beta decay, Energies of Beta -decays
[Ilangovan: 3.2.1, 3.2.5][Patel: 4.3.1- 4.3.3][Jain: 8.1]

Gamma Decay: Origin of Gamma Decay, Internal Conversion, Nuclear isomerism,

The Absorption of Gamma Rays with Matter, Detection of Gamma rays using G. M.
Counter
[Patel: 4.4.1- 4.4.3] [Ilangovan: 3.3.2, 3.3.3, 3.3.5, 3.3.6] [Jain:13.6]

Unit III: [20 h]

1. Liquid drop model of a nucleus [6 h]

Analogy between liquid drop and a nucleus, Assumptions of Liquid Drop Model,
Wiezsacker Semi- Empirical Mass Formula, Equation for Mass Parabola for Isobaric
Nuclei, Merit and Demerit of Semi-Empirical Mass Formula, Potential Barrier for
Fission, Stability Limit against Spontaneous Fission(Bohr and Wheeler Theory for
Fission Process), Energetic of Symmetric Fission
[Jain: 4.1-4.4][Patel: 5.5]
 2. Nuclear Shell Model [4 h]
Experimental basis of Shell Model, Single-Particle Shell Model, Shell Model with
Spin-Orbit Coupling, Prediction of ground state spin and parity, Prediction of Magnetic
Moment, Prediction of Quadruple moment,
[Jain: 5.1-5.6][Patel: 7.3]

3. Nuclear Energy [3h]

Neutron Induced Fission, Asymmetrical Fission-Mass Yield, Energy released in the
fission of U-235, Fission Chain Reaction, Principle of a Nuclear Reactor, Neutron cycle
in a Thermal Nuclear Reactor (The four factor formula), Principle of a Breeder Reactor.
[Patel: 6.1-6.5, 6.7-6.9]

4. Elementary Particle Physics [7 h]

Classification of Elementary Particles, Particles and Antiparticles, Fundamental
Interactions, Quantum Numbers, Conservation Laws, Gell-Mann-Nishijima Formula,
Concept of Quark Model, Baryons and Mesons as Bound States of Quarks
[Ilangovan: 11.1, 11.5-11.8, 12.2-12.7][Jain: 15.1-15.3]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Study of the characteristics of a GM tube and determination of its operating voltage,

plateau length / slope etc.
2. Determination of Absorption Coefficient using GM counter
3. Verification of Inverse Square Law using GM counter
4. Tutorial on Basic Properties of the Nucleus
5. Tutorial on Q-value of Nuclear Reaction
6. Tutorial on Radioactivity
7. Tutorial on Radioactive Decays
8. Tutorial on Nuclear Models
9. Tutorial on Elementary Particle Physics
[Minimum of eight numerical problems to be given to students per tutorial]

References:
1. Jain, V. K., 2015, Nuclear and Particle Physics, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Patel, S. 2011, Nuclear Physics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. New Age International
Limited, New Delhi.
3. Ilangovan, K. 2012, Nuclear Physics, MJP Publishers, Chennai.

Additional References:
1. Krane, K. 1987, Introductory Nuclear Physics, 3rd Edition. Wiley, New Jersey.
2. Kaplan, I. 1956, Nuclear Physics, 3rd Edition, Addison-Wesley, Boston.
3. Beiser, A. 1969, Perspectives of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Singapore.
Web References:
1. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF15670EECA944A13
2. http://inside.mines.edu/~kleach/PHGN422/#
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=josqjcH79PE&list=PLbMVogVj5nJRvq-
w3zway7k3GzmUDte3a
4. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9jo2wQj1WCNPlSEv-Yd3d13_fLiQhCyT
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zZ1kv6vlq0
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW6rR9H9Vu8
7. https://www.youtube.com/tTDHS64wJkk
8. https://www.youtube.com/F5fFVkYJ_Rs
9. https://www.youtube.com/eDCDrRzHGuE
Course Title : Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity

Course Code : PHY-E15

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Electromagnetic Theory –I (PHY-III.C-5) and Electromagnetic

Theory-II (PHY-V.C-7)

Course Objectives : The objective of this course is to introduce students to Special Theory
of Relativity.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1: Understand the limitations of Newtonian relativity at speeds close to the speed of light.
CLO2: Learn the postulates of special theory of relativity and understand the connection
between space and time.
CLO3: Comprehend the concepts of relativistic velocity, relativistic mass and equivalence of
energy and mass.
CLO4: Learn about the doppler effect in relativity.

Theory

Unit I: [20 h]
1. Experimental Background: [10 h]

Galilean Transformation, Newtonian relativity, Electromagnetism and Newtonian

relativity, Michelson Morley experiment, Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction hypothesis,
Ether Drag hypothesis, attempts to modify electrodynamics, postulates of the theory of
special Relativity. Einstein and origin of relativity theory.
[Resnick: Article 1.1to 1.10]

2. Relativistic Kinematics [10 h]

Relativity of simultaneity, Derivation of Lorentz transformation equations, some
consequences of Lorentz transformation equations, Relativistic addition of velocities,
relativistic transformation of velocities and Doppler effect in Relativity.
[Resnick: Article 2.1to 2.8]

Unit II: [10 h]

1. Relativistic Mechanics [10 h]
Mechanics and Relativity, Redefining momentum, Relativistic momentum, Relativistic
mass, Equivalence of mass and energy. The transformation properties of Momentum,
Energy, Mass and Force.
[Resnick: Article 3.1to 3.7]
Unit III: [15 h]
1. Relativity and Electromagnetism [10 h]
Interdependence of electric and magnetic fields, Transformation for E and B, Field of
a uniformly moving point charge, Forces and fields near a current carrying wire, Forces
between moving charges, The invariance of Maxwell’s equations, Limitations of
special relativity.
[Resnick: Article 4.1to 4.8]
2. The Geometric Representation of Space –Time and Twin Paradox [5 h]
Space-Time Diagrams, Simultaneity, Contraction and Dilation, The time Order and
Space Separation of events, The route dependence of proper time, space time diagram
of the twin paradox, The experimental test.
[Resnick: Article A1-A3 and B-1 to B-5]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Michelson Interferometer
2. Tutorial on Relativistic Kinematics
3. Tutorial on Relativistic Kinematics
4. Tutorial on Relativistic Mechanics
5. Tutorial on Relativistic Mechanics
6. Tutorial on Relativity and Electromagnetism
7. Tutorial on Relativity and Electromagnetism
[Minimum of eight numerical problems to be given to students per tutorial]
Reference:

1. Resnick R., 1965, Introduction to Special Relativity, John Wiley, New Jersey, USA
Additional References:
2. Ghatak A., 2009, Special Theory of Relativity, Sheth Publishers Pvt., Ltd., Mumbai
3. French A. P., 1968, Special Relativity, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.

Web References:
1. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-20-introduction-to-special-relativity-january-
iap-2005/
2. http://edu.itp.phys.ethz.ch/hs10/ppp1/PPP1_2.pdf
3. https://cosmolearning.org/video-lectures/relativistic-kinematics/
4. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0910/0910.5847.pdf
5. https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0509161.pdf
6. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/101/115101011/
7. https://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/Einstein/Einstein_Relativity.pdf
8. http://www.physics.iisc.ernet.in/~vasant/publications/popular/apr_05.pdf
9. http://physics.mq.edu.au/~jcresser/Phys378/LectureNotes/VectorsTensorsSR.pdf
Course Title : Introduction to Materials Science

Course Code : PHY-E16

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Pre-requisite : Quantum Mechanics (PHY-IV.C-6), Solid State Physics (PHY-

E9).

Course Objectives : To acquaint students with fundamentals of materials science and study
the properties and applications of materials.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students will be able to:
CLO1: Understand the fundamentals of materials science.
CLO2: Understand the properties and applications of materials.
CLO3: Investigate the relationship that exists between the structures and properties of
materials.
Theory:
Unit I: [10 h]
1. Structure of Crystalline Solids [10 h]
Introduction, metallic crystal structures: the face centered cubic crystal structure, the
body centered cubic crystal structure, the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure,
density computations, atomic arrangements, linear and planar densities, close-packed
crystal structures, polymorphism and allotropy, ceramic crystal structures: radius ratio
rules, AX-type crystal structures, AMXP-type crystal structures, AMBNXP-type crystal
structures, crystal structures from close packing of anions, ceramic density
computations, silicate ceramics, carbon, polymer structures: polymer crystallinity,
polymer crystals, x-ray diffraction: determination of crystal structures.
[Callister: 4.1 – 4.20]
Unit II: [15 h]
1. Imperfections in Solids [8h]
Introduction, point defects: vacancies and self-interstitials, impurities in solids,
specification of composition, imperfections in ceramics, miscellaneous imperfections:
dislocations-linear defects, interfacial defects, bulk or volume defects, atomic
vibrations, defects in polymers, microscopic examination: microscopic techniques,
grain size determination.
[Callister: 5.1 – 5.13]
 2. Diffusion [7h]
Introduction, diffusion mechanisms, steady-state diffusion, nonsteady-state diffusion,
factors that influence diffusion, diffusion in ionic materials, diffusion in polymeric
materials.
[Callister: 6.1 – 6.8]

Unit III: [20 h]

1. Applications and Properties of Ceramics
[13h]
Introduction, types and applications of ceramics: glasses, Glass-ceramics, clay
products, refractories, abrasives, cements, advanced ceramics, mechanical properties:
brittle fracture of ceramics, stress-strain behavior, mechanism of plastic deformations,
miscellaneous mechanical considerations, glass properties, heat treatment of glasses,
heat treatment of glass ceramics.
[Callister: 12.1 – 12.8, 12.10 – 12.16]
Electrical properties of materials
Thermoelectric effects, the Hall effect, Dielectric Materials, Ferroelectricity,
Pyroelectricity, Piezoelectricity, Relationship between Ferro-, Piezo- and
Pyroelectricity, Applications of Ferro-, Piezo- and Pyroelectrics.
[West: 15.1 – 15.8]
2. Structures of Polymers [7h]
Introduction, hydrocarbon molecules, polymer molecules, the chemistry of polymer
molecules, molecular weight, molecular shape, molecular structure, molecular
configurations, thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, copolymers.
[Callister: 13.1 –13.10]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Grain size estimation using XRD.
2. Determination of density of materials.
3. Analysis of surface morphology using SEM/TEM
4. Determination of compressibility of liquids using crystal oscillator.
5. To study the corrosion of metals with the help of galvanic cells.
6. Thermal diffusivity of brass.
7. Thermal conductivity of a poor conductor.
8. Specific heat of graphite.
9. Measurement of ionic conductivity of solutions as a function of temperature and
concentration.

References:
1. Callister W. D., 2015, Materials Science and Engineering 2nd Ed., John Wiley and
Sons, New Jersey, USA
2. West A. R.., 2014, Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, John Wiley and Sons,
New Jersey, USA
Additional Reference:
1. Kittel C., 2015, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Edition, John Wiley and Sons,
New Jersey, USA.

Web References:
1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/113/102/113102080/
2. http://kaizenha.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Materials-Textbook-8th-Edition.pdf
3. https://www.edx.org/learn/materials-science
4. https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=material%20science
5. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-012-fundamentals-
of-materials-science-fall-2005/lecture-notes/
6. http://www.nptelvideos.in/2012/11/materials-science.html
7. https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/113107078/L01.html
 Syllabus of Skill Enhancement Courses

Course Title : Basics of Visualization and Scientific word processing

Course Code : PHY-SEC.1

Marks : 100

Credits :4

Course Objectives : To develop basic competence in Linux environment, Data

visualization, scientific word processing and Crystal visualization.

Course Outcomes : At the end of this course students will be able to:
CO1: familiarize with the Linux environment
CO2: design crystal structures using crystal visualizers
CO3: understand basic mechanisms of Latex and prepare high quality type setting.
CO4: plot and visualize data to explore data sets graphically or create high quality graphs for
presentation and publication purpose.

Unit I [20 h]
Introduction to Linux Environment:
• Installation of Virtual Box.
• Navigation: Current working directory, Listing the Contents of a Directory. Changing the
Current Working Directory.
• Exploring the system: Determining A File's Type With file. Viewing File Contents With
less.
• Manipulating files and directories: Creating, deleting, copying and moving of directories
and files.
• Filters: grep, head/tail, tee, awk, sed, more, less.
• Vi Editor: Appending text. Deleting text. Cutting, Copying, And Pasting Text. Saving
work.
• Simple bash scripting: Introduction and executable permissions, if-then-else, do-while and
for loops.

[Shotts: Chapter 2, 3 (pg.13-19), 4, 6 (pg. 59-66), 12 (pg. 136-147, 154-155), 24 (Pg:354-

358), 27 (pg. 381-389), 29 (pg. 409-413), 33 (pg. 450-452)]

Unit II [10 h]

Crystalline and molecular structure visualisation

Introduction to crystal structures. Installing Vesta. designing crystal structures. Simulate XRD
pattern. visualizing lattice planes and drawing lattice vectors. creating supercell.
Unit III [20 h]

Scientific word processing:

• Introduction to LaTeX: Preparing a basic LaTeX file. Input Files and File structure.
• Typesetting Text: The structure of text and language, Line breaking and page breaking.
Readymade strings. Special characters and symbols. Titles, chapters and symbols.
Cross references, Foot notes, emphasised words.
• Environments: Itemize, enumerate and description. Flushleft, Flushright, and Centre.
Tabular
• Typesetting mathematical formulae: General. Grouping in math mode. Building
blocks of a mathematical formula. Math spacing. Vertically aligned material.
• Graphics and Bibliography: EPS graphics, Bibliography and Indexing.
• Creating Presentations: Introduction to Beamer. Setting up a beamer document.
Enhance a beamer presentation.
[Oetikar: 1.1-1.3, 2.1-2.4, 2.7-2.11, 3.1-3.5, 4.1-4.3][Binder: 11.1-11.5]

Unit IV

Data Visualization: [10 h]

Introduction to gnuplot. Simple plots, plotting data from a file, abbreviations and defaults.
Saving commands and exporting graphs. Plotting functions and data. Math with gnuplot.
multiple data sets per file. Different plot styles. Multiple axis. Plot range. Tic marks.
[Janert: 1.3, 2.1-2.2, 3.1,3.2, 4.1- 4.2, 6.1-6.3.1, 8.1-8.3.4.]

References:

1. William Shotts JR., 2013, The Linux Command Line 2nd Edition, No Starch Press, USA
2. Kochi Momma, Fujio Izumi, 2019, VESTA: a Three-Dimensional Visualization
System for Electronic and Structural Analysis
(https://jp-minerals.org/vesta/archives/VESTA_Manual.pdf)
3. Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irnen Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl, 2001, The Not so
Short Introduction to LateX, Free Software Foundation, USA
(https://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf)
4. Donald Binder and Martin Erickson, 2011, A students guide to the study practice and
tools of Modern Mathematics, CRC Press, USA

5. Phillip Janert, 2016, Gnuplot in Action: Understanding data with graphs 2nd Edition,
Manning Publications, US
Web References:

1. https://maker.pro/linux/tutorial/basic-linux-commands-for-beginners
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLS1QulWo1RIb9WVQGJ_vh-
RQusbZgO_As
3. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1D4EAB31D3EBC449
4. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAiKNYrUqmyKvRtKRYaZ6Ylwcj977r0l
w
5. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLfIFNJ1DPG4nRLP5qsXn1UWTgAyysZE6
-
Course Title : Instrumentation

Course Code : PHY-SEC.2

Marks : 100

Credit :4

Pre-requisite : ---

Course Objectives : The objective of this course is to understand basic concepts related to
the various types of measuring instruments and measuring techniques.

Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, students will be able to:

CLO1: Design and construction of regulated power supply

CLO2: Understand the working and use of Signal Generators
CLO3: Understand basic concepts related to the various types of measuring instruments and
measuring techniques.
CLO4: Comprehend basic principles involved in measuring instruments like Ammeter,
Voltmeter, Ohmmeter and Multimeters.
CLO5: Understand the working and usage of the various types of transducers.
Theory:
Unit I: Regulated Power Supplies and Signal Generator [10 h]
1. Regulated Power Supplies [6 h]
Supply characteristics, Shunt regulators, Series regulators, Monolithic linear regulators:
Basic types of IC regulators, LM7800 series, LM79XX series, Regulated dual supplies,
Adjustable regulators, LM-317 as a voltage regulator.
[Malvino and Bates: Chapter 24: 24-1 to 24.4]

2. Signal Generator: [4 h]
Standard Signal Generator, AF Sine and Square Wave Generator, Function Generator.
[Kalsi: Chapter 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.8]

Unit- II: Measuring Devices [10 h]

1. Measuring Instruments [10 h]

DC Ammeter, Multirange Ammeter, Universal Shunt, Requirements of a Shunt,
Extending of Ammeter Ranges. Basic Meter as a DC Voltmeter, DC Voltmeter,
Multirange Voltmeter, Extending Voltmeter Ranges, Loading, Transistor Voltmeter
(TVM), FET DC Voltmeter. AC Voltmeter using Rectifiers, Multirange AC Voltmeter,
AC current measurements using AC Voltmeter and a series Resistor. Ohmmeter: Series
type and Shunt type, Multimeter.
Digital voltmeter: Ramp Technique, Digital Multimeters and Frequency meter (with
help of Block Diagrams), Q meter.
[Kalsi: Chapter 3.1 to 3.5, 4.2 to 4.7,4.12to 4.15, 4.21, 4.22, 4.25, 5.2, 6.2,6.3,10.7
and Mottershead: Chapter 22: 22-9]
 Unit-III: Introduction to Transducers and its applications [10 h]
1. Transducers [10 h]
Introduction, Electrical Transducer, Selecting a Transducer, Strain Gauges, Resistance
Wire Gauge, Types of Strain Gauges(Wire), Foil Strain Gauge, Semiconductor Strain
Gauge, Inductive Transducer, Differential Output Transducers, Linear Variable
Differential Transducers (LVDT), Capacitive Transducer, Piezo-Electric Transducer,
Semiconductor Diode Temperature Sensor, Temperature Transducers: Resistance
Temperature Detectors, Thermistors, Thermocouples.
[Theraja: Chapter 36.1 to 36.3, 36.12 to 36.15] [Kalsi: Chapter 13.1 to 13.3, 13.6,
13.6.1 to 13.6.4, 13.9,13.9.1, 13.9.2, 13.10, 13.11,13.13, 13.15, 13.20.7]

Unit-IV: Practicals: (Minimum six) [30 h]

1. Design and construction of regulated power supply using LM78XX series (XX = +5,
+6, + 8, + 10, + 12, + 15).
2. Design and construction of regulated power supply using LM79XX series (XX = -5, -
6, - 8, - 10, - 12, - 15).
3. Design and construction of regulated dual power supply using LM78XX and
LM79XX series.
4. Study of IC LM 317 voltage regulator.
5. Construction and design of analog two ranges Voltmeter.
6. Construction and design of analog two ranges Ohmmeter.
7. Crystal Oscillator: Determination of velocity of ultrasonic waves in a liquid medium.
8. Study of strain Gauges
9. Study of LVDT (including calibration) and its use in any one application.
10. Calibration of Thermocouple
11. Thermistor as a temperature sensor.
12. Application of Pt 100 as a temperature sensor.

References:
1. Malvino A. and Bates D.J., 2007, Electronic Principles, 7th edition, Tata McGraw Hill
2. Kalsi H S, 2010, Electronics Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
3. Mottershead Allen, 2000, Electronics Devices and Circuits: An Introduction, Prentice-
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
4. Theraja B. L., 2005, Basic Electronics (Solid State), 1stMulticolour Edition, S. Chand
and Company Ltd., New Delhi

Additional References:

1. Boylestad R., and Nashelsky L., 2000, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 6th
Edition Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
2. Helfrick A. D., Cooper W. D., 1994, Modern Electronic instrumentation as
Measurement Techniques, 2nd Edition Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
Web References:
1. https://www.electroniclinic.com/voltage-regulators-78xx-and-79xx-family-
specifications-and-uses/
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFeVswEe_dw
3. https://electronics-diy.com/Function_Generator_XR2206.php
4. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_1.html
5. http://www.mwftr.com/netw1/06%20dArsonval.pdf
 Syllabi of the Generic Elective Courses
Course Title : Elementary Physics

Course Code : PHY-GEC-1

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Course Objectives : To provide introduction to topics on Mechanics, Properties of Matter,

Crystal Physics, Origin of Quantum Physics, Thermodynamics and Nuclear Physics which are
essential allied learning components for most of the subjects of Physical, Chemical, and Earth
Sciences.
Course Outcomes : At the end of this course, students will be able to:

CLO1: develop qualitative and quantitative understanding of Newtonian mechanics in one and
two dimensions and solve the Newton equations for simple configurations.

CLO2: comprehend the phenomenon of elasticity, surface tension and their application.

CLO3: identify different types of crystal systems and determine structural parameters like unit
cell of crystal lattices.

CLO4: derive and apply Bragg’s law to determine crystal structure.

CLO5: discuss and interpret experiments that reveal the particle properties of waves and
wavelike properties of matter.

CLO6: understand the uncertainty principle and its applications.

CLO7: understand different types of temperature scales and relationship between different
scales of temperature.

CLO8: able to comprehend the first law of thermodynamics to represent the relationship
between heat and mechanical work.

CLO9: able to comprehend the second law of thermodynamics to depict the manner in which
thermodynamic changes take place.

CLO10: understand the basic properties of the nucleus and explain the process of radioactivity.

CLO11: gain knowledge on basic concept of nuclear force and Meson theory of nuclear force.
Theory:

Unit I: [18]

Elements of Newtonian Mechanics

Mechanics an exact science, Brief description of classical view of Space and Time.
Kinematics, the description of motion. Dynamics, the concept of Mass and Force. Newton’s
First and Second Laws; Inertial frames. Equations of motion. Interpretation of Newton’s third
Law as Conservation of Momentum. Units and dimensions, Some elementary problems in
Mechanics (Applications of Newton’s Laws) - Atwood Machine, Forces acting on a brick
sliding down an inclined plane.
[Symon 1.1,1.2,1.3,1.4,1.6,1.7, Taylor 1.1-1.7, Kleppner 2.4]

Properties of Matter

i. Elasticity

Hooke’s Law, Types of Elasticity: Young’s Modulus, Bulk Modulus and Modulus of
rigidity. Poisson's ratio. Determination of Young’s Modulus for a wire. Torsion in a
string-couple per unit twist, Torsional Pendulum.
[Mathur: Section 8.8, 8.9, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.18, 8.19, 8.22, 8.26, 8.30]

ii. Surface Tension

Brief review of molecular theory of surface tension. Relation between surface tension
and surface energy. Angle of contact. Capillarity-rise of liquid in a capillary tube.
[Mathur: Section 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 14.6, 14.8, 14.14, 14.15 and 14.17]

Crystal Physics and Crystal Diffraction

Introduction, Space Lattice, Unit cell, Lattice Parameter of unit cell, Bravais lattices, Crystal
Stacking sequences in metallic crystal structure, SC, BCC, FCC and HCP structures.
Introduction, Bragg’s law, Bragg’s X-ray Spectrometer.
[Pillai: 4.I – 4.VI, 4.XIV – 4.XV, 5.VII – 5.IX]

Unit II: [18]

Particle Properties of waves:

Concepts of Blackbody Radiation, The Photoelectric effect, Compton Effect.
[Beiser: 3.1,3.2, 3.5]

Wave Properties of Particles:

De Broglie’s hypothesis. Davisson-Germer Experiment. Interference pattern of bullets, waves
and electrons. Wave Particle duality. The Uncertainty principle and its application.
[Beiser 4.1-4.8, Feynman 1.1-1.8. Singh: 2.6, 3.1, 3.2, 3.5]

Principle of Thermometry
Review of concept of heat and temperature, Thermometry, Types of thermometers, Centigrade,
Fahrenheit, Rankine Scales and relations between them, Platinum resistance thermometer,
Thermocouple, Seebeck effect.
[Brij Lal: 13.1 – 13.5, 13.15, 13.17]
Laws of Thermodynamics:

Thermodynamic system, zeroth law of thermodynamics, concept of heat, Thermodynamic

equilibrium, Concept of internal energy and external work done, First law of thermodynamics,
reversible and irreversible processes, heat engine, Definition of efficiency, Carnot ideal heat
engine, Carnot’s cycle, Second law of thermodynamics.
[Brij Lal: 4.1-4.7, 4.20-4.24, 4.28]

Unit III: [09]

Nuclear Physics:

i. Basic Properties of the nucleus and nuclear model:

Discovery of the nucleus, Composition of the nucleus. Particles of nuclei of atoms.
Classification of nuclei. Nuclear size, Nuclear mass, Nuclear density, Nuclear spin.
Nuclear magnetic dipole moment. Mass defect and packing fraction. Binding energy.
Nuclear stability. Liquid drop model.
[Ilangovan: 1.3.1 – 1.8.3] [Eisberg: 15.5]

ii. Radioactivity:
Properties of radioactive rays, The law of radioactive Decay, Mean Life, Half-life
and Decay Constant. Radioactive series, Artificial Radioactivity. Carbon dating.
[Patel: 2.2-2.3, 2.9, 2.11-2.13]

iii. Nuclear forces:

Main characteristics of the nuclear force. Meson theory of nuclear force, Estimation
of mass of the meson using uncertainty principle, Yukawa potential.
[Patel: 8.6] [Ilangovan: 1.9]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

1. Atwood Machine
2. Verification of Newton’s Second Law using Air Track
3. Conservation of linear momentum using Air Track
4. Spring Mass System: Determining the Spring Constant
5. Simple Pendulum
6. Photoelectric effect.
7. Cantilever: Determination of Young's modulus by vertical vibrations of a cantilever.
8. Torsional Pendulum: Determination of Rigidity Modulus of the material of a wire.
9. Bending of beams: determination of Young's modulus
10. Capillarity: determination of Surface tension
11. Rigidity Modulus of Brass.
12. Constant volume air thermometer.
13. Calculation of lattice constant by of Copper – X-ray diffraction pattern is given and
student calculates: d-spacing, miller indices and lattice constant.
14. X-ray Emission (characteristic lines of copper target)- Calculation of wavelength and
Energy.
 15. Tutorial on Basic properties of nucleus.
16. Tutorial on Radioactivity.

References:

1. Symon Keith, 2016, Mechanics, Pearson Education

2. Kleppner, Kolenkow, 2013, Introduction to Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,
UK
3. Taylor J. R., 2005, Classical Mechanics, University Science Books, USA
4. Mathur D. S., 2010, Elements of Properties of Matter, S. Chand and Company, New
Delhi.
5. Pillai S. O., 2018, Solid State Physics, 8th Multi Colour Edition, New Age International
Publisher.
6. Beiser, A. 1969, Perspectives of Modern Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
Singapore.
7. Feynman, R. 2012, Feynman Lectures on Physics: Quantum Mechanics (Volume - 3),
Pearson Education, India.
8. Singh, K. And Singh, S. 2013, Elements of Quantum Mechanics, S. Chand, New Delhi.

9. Brij Lal, Subramanyam N., Hemne P.S. 2007, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical
Physics, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
10. Ilangovan, K. 2012, Nuclear Physics, MJP Publishers, Chennai.

11. Patel, S. 2011, Nuclear Physics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. New Age International
Limited, New Delhi.
12. Eisberg, R. And Resnick, R. 2010, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids,
Nuclei and particles, 2nd Edition, Wiley India Pvt Ltd.

Additional References

1. Krane, K. 1987, Introductory Nuclear Physics, 3rd Edition. Wiley, New Jersey.

Web references

1. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-01sc-classical-mechanics-fall-2016/
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2ub1_oKCn7qTH_D11rqL-kAXfJv43J0-
3. https://hcverma.in/QuantumMechanics
4. http://www.zytemp.com/infrared/thermometry_history.asp
5. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-60-thermodynamics-kinetics-spring-
2008/video-lectures/lecture-1-state-of-a-system-0th-law-equation-of-state/

6. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/materials-science-and-engineering/3-091sc-introduction-
to-solid-state-chemistry-fall-2010/

7. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF15670EECA944A13
Course Title : Physics for Life Sciences

Course Code : PHY-GEC-2

Marks : 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)

Credits : 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)

Course Objectives : To provide introduction to topics on Thermodynamics, Properties of

Matter, Waves and Sound, Ultrasonics, Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, Nuclear Physics and
Optics which are essential allied learning components for most of the subjects of biological
sciences.

Course Outcomes : At the end of this course, students will be able to:

CLO1: comprehend the first law of thermodynamics to represent the relationship between heat
and mechanical work.

CLO2: comprehend the second law of thermodynamics to depict the manner in which
thermodynamic changes take place.

CLO3: comprehend the phenomenon of surface tension, viscosity and their application.

CLO4: understand the dependence of velocity of sound waves on various factors like
temperature, pressure, density and humidity.

CLO5: understand the production and detection techniques of ultrasonic waves and its
applications.

CLO6: apply the principles of electrostatics to solve problems relating to electric field and
electric potential.

CLO7: apply the principles of magnetostatics to solve problems relating to magnetic field.

CLO8: comprehend the basic phenomenon of radioactivity.

CLO9: understand the basics of optical instruments.

Theory:

Unit I: [15]

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic system, Thermodynamic variables, Thermodynamic equilibrium, and
Thermodynamic processes, Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Concept of work and internal
energy, First law of thermodynamics, Isothermal and adiabatic changes, Work done in
isothermal and adiabatic changes, Relation between pressure, volume and temperature in
adiabatic process, Reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot Heat engine, Carnot cycle for
perfect gas, efficiency, Second law of thermodynamics (Kelvin – Planck Statement, Clausius
Statement).

[Brij Lal: 4.1, 4.4 – 4.7, 4.10.4, 4.11 - 4.13, 4.20 – 4.24, 4.28]

Properties of Matter

iii. Surface Tension

Brief review of molecular theory of surface tension. Relation between surface tension
and surface energy. Angle of contact. Capillarity-rise of liquid in a capillary tube.
[Mathur: Section 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 14.6, 14.8, 14.14, 14.15 and 14.17]

iv. Viscosity
Streamline flow, turbulent flow, Critical velocity, Coefficient of viscosity, Poiseuille's
formula for flow of liquid through a capillary tube.
[Mathur: Section 12.1 - 12.12 (12.8 upto equation b)]

Unit II: [15]

Waves and Sound

Transverse vibrations in strings. Velocity of longitudinal waves in gases. Newton's formula for
velocity of sound. Velocity in a homogeneous medium. Laplace’s correction. Kundt's tube-
determination of velocity of sound in a gas and in solids. Intensity level and Bel and Decibel.

[Khanna 4.2, 5.3-5.5, 11.1, 11.3, 12.1-12.4, 19.6 and Subrah.: 11.23 11.25,11.27]

Ultrasonics

Production and detection of Ultrasonic waves. Magnetostriction method and piezo-electric

generator method. Detection of velocity of ultrasonic waves. Detection and application os
ultrasonic waves.
[Subrah: 11.23 11.25, 11.27]

Unit III: [15]

Electrostatics:

Electric charge, Coulomb’s law, Electric field, Lines of electric force, Electric potential,
Electric potential due to a point charge, Relation between electric field and electric potential,
Gauss’s law and its applications.
[H. C. Verma Vol. II: 29.1 – 29.8, 30.3, 30.4]

Magnetostatics:

Definition of magnetic field, Relation between electric and magnetic fields, Motion of a
charged particle in a uniform magnetic field, Biot-Savart law, Magnetic field due to a current
in a straight wire.
[H. C. Verma Vol. II: 34.2 – 34.4, 35.1, 35.2]
Radioactivity:
Properties of radioactive rays, The law of radioactive Decay, Mean Life, Half-life and Decay
Constant. Radioactive series, Artificial Radioactivity. Carbon dating.
[Patel: 2.2-2.3, 2.9, 2.11-2.13]

Optics:

Laws of reflection and refraction. Size of an object, The simple magnifier, Objective and
Eyepiece. Huygens’s eyepiece. Ramsden’s eyepiece.

[Subrahmanyam N.: 1.5, 10.4, 10.5, 10.8, 10.10, 10.11]

Experiments: (Minimum Six)

10. Viscosity of a liquid by Poiseuille’s method

11. Capillarity: determination of Surface tension
12. To determine the velocity of Sound using Helmholtz resonator
13. Velocity of Sound using CRO.
14. To determine the frequency of AC mains using Sonometer.
15. Experiment on reflection and refraction
16. Single Slit Diffraction using LASER source.
17. Newtons rings
18. Focal length of the lens system.
19. Crystal oscillator.

References:

3. Brij Lal, Subramanyam N., Hemne P.S. 2007, Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical
Physics, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
4. Mathur D. S., 2010, Elements of Properties of Matter, S. Chand and Company, New
Delhi.
5. Khanna, D., Bedi, R. 1992, A Textbook of Sound, Atma Ram and sons, Delhi.
6. Patel, S. 2011, Nuclear Physics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition. New Age International
Limited, New Delhi.
7. Verma, H. C. Concepts of Physics-Part II. Bharati Bhawan Publisher, Noida.

Web references

1. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-60-thermodynamics-kinetics-spring-
2008/video-lectures/lecture-1-state-of-a-system-0th-law-equation-of-state/
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9jo2wQj1WCPHwLSQIPlMLASX07YVB
kua
3. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-03sc-physics-iii-vibrations-and-waves-fall-
2016/part-i-mechanical-vibrations-and-waves/
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK-BxowMIfg&list=PLD07B2225BB40E582
5. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF15670EECA944A13
6. http://www.ilectureonline.com/lectures/subject/PHYSICS/6/70
Course Title: Introduction to Astronomy
Course Code: PHY-GEC-3
Marks: 75 (Theory) + 25 (Practical)
Credits: 3 (Theory) + 1 (Practical)
Course Objectives: This is an introductory course with the goal of giving students insights
into the field of astronomy.
Course Learning Outcomes: At the end of the course, students will be able:
CLO1: to locate objects in the sky using coordinate systems.
CLO2: to understand the working of various tools used to observe celestial bodies.
CLO3: to understand how different stellar parameters are measured
CLO4: to understand various techniques used by astronomers to determine distances to remote
galaxies.
Theory:
UNIT I: INTRODUCING ASTRONOMY [15 h]
Chapter 1: Knowing the Heavens [9 h]
Introduction; The Age and Origin of the Solar System; Positional Astronomy; Constellations;
Motions of the sky-Diurnal motion and Earth’s rotation, Yearly motion and the Earth’s orbit;
The Celestial Sphere-Motions of the Celestial Sphere, the Origin of the Seasons, Motion of the
Sun on the Celestial Sphere, Equinoxes and Solstices; Precession, Time and Timekeeping;
Phases of the Moon; The Moon’s Rotation- Synchronous rotation, Sidereal and synodic
months; Eclipses and the lines of nodes; Lunar Eclipses; Solar Eclipses
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter 1:1.2-1.4; Chapter 8:8.1-8.4; Chapter 2:2.1-
2.7; Chapter 3:3.1-3.5]

Chapter 2: Gravitation and the Waltz of the Planets [6 h]

Geocentric models-the Greek Geocentric model, Ptolemaic system; Copernicus and
Heliocentric models; Tycho Brahe’s Observations; Kepler and the Orbits of Planets; Galileo
and the Telescope- Phases of Venus, Moons of Jupiter; Newton’s Law of Motion; Newton and
Gravity
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter 4: 4.1-4.7]
UNIT II: ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS [15 h]
Chapter 1: Nature of Light [5 h]
Blackbody Radiation; Wien’s law and Stefan Boltzmann Law; Kirchoff’s Laws; Spectral lines
and the Bohr Model, Doppler Effect
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter5: 5.3-5.4, 5.6, 5.8-5.9]

Chapter 2: Optics and Telescopes [10 h]

Refracting and Reflecting telescopes- Light gathering power, Magnification, Aberrations;
Angular resolution – Limits to Angular resolution, Active and Adaptive Optics, Interferometry,
Light Pollution; CCD; Spectrographs; Radio telescopes; Telescopes in Space.
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter 6: 6.1-6.7]

UNIT III: STARS AND GALAXIES [15 h]

Chapter 1: Nature of Stars [8 h]
Thermonuclear Energy; Angular Sizes; Astronomical Distances; Stellar Distances and
Parallax,; Apparent Brightness and Luminosity; The Magnitude Scale- Apparent and Absolute
magnitude; Star Colors and Temperatures- UBV Photometry; Spectral Classes, Stellar Radii;
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram- Main Sequence stars, Giants, Supergiants, White Dwarfs,
Brown Dwarfs, Spectroscopic Parallax
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter1: 1.5, 1.7; Chapter 16:16.1; Chapter 17:
17.1-17.8]

Chapter 2: Galaxies [7 h]
Distances to Galaxies; Classifying Galaxies- Spiral Galaxies, Elliptical Galaxies, Irregular
Galaxies; The Distance Ladder- Standard Candles: Variable Stars and Type Ia Supernovae,
Distance Determination without Standard Candles (Tully Fisher Relation), Hubble Law
[Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III: Chapter 24: 24.1-24.5]

Experiments: (Minimum six)

1. Resolving power of telescope.
2. Study of scattering of light (Diameter of Lycopodium powder).
3. To find radius of curvature of a convex lens using optical lever
4. Measurement of the solar constant.
 5. Draw constellation map of a) Orion b) Auriga c) Taurus d) Ursa Major (Big Dipper)
marking of pole star.
6. To determine the elements in sun using Frauhoffer spectra.
7. To estimate Astronomical Unit using Venus transit data by parallax method.
8. Determine the period of revolution of sun using virtual laboratory
9. To become familiar with the astronomical objects visible to naked eye in the night sky
using the software Stellarium
10. To become familiar with the Constellations in the night sky using the software
Stellarium
11. To identify the retrograde motion of Mars with respect to the Background stars using
Stellarium
12. To identify some of the prominent spectral lines in the spectrum of our sun
13. To get familiar with the spectra of different stars using Stellarium
14. To extract coordinates of a star assuming a telescope in equatorial mount using
Stellarium
15. To measure astronomical distances using Cepheid variables using Stellarium
16. To measure the Proper Motion of Barnard's Star using Stellarium
17. To identify a Circumpolar Star using Stellarium
18. To determine the distance and age of cluster using Colour Magnitude Diagram using
Stellarium
19. To determine orbital inclination of the planet Mars using Stellarium
20. To measure planetary distances using Stellarium
21. To measure distance to Moon using Stellarium
22. To determine observer’s location by means of the stars using Stellarium

References:
2. Freedman, R. A. & Kaufmann III, W. J., 2008. Universe, Eighth Edition. New York:
Clancy Marshall
3. Shu, F. H., 1982. The Physical Universe An Introduction to Astronomy. Sausalito,
California: University Science Books.
4. Kutner, M. L., First published in 2003. Astronomy A Physical Perspective. Second ed.
New York: Cambridge University Press.
Additional References:
4. Roy A.E., Clarke D., 1989, Astronomy structure of the Universe, Adam Hilger Pub.
5. Glasstone S., 1965, Source book on the Space Sciences, Van Nostrand Reinhold Inc.,
U.S
6. Narlikar J.V., 1976, Structure of the Universe, Oxford Paperbacks.
7. Sule, A., 2013. A Problem Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics. [Online]
8. Palen, S. E., 2002. Schaum's Outline Series, Astronomy. United States of America:
McGraw Hill.

Web References:
1. https://youtu.be/QJjT9QPlnJs
2. https://youtu.be/vDv3iSMdYyc
3. https://youtu.be/Upy-jNpQW_0
4. https://youtu.be/nzmFc2gjUo4
5. https://youtu.be/0b7-4tfx3J4
6. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-282j-introduction-to-astronomy-spring-2006/
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzmFc2gjUo4&list=PLA011BE74F1B54629