Effective Nuclear Charge

Effective Nuclear charge (Zeff)

Zeff in a group for the last electron of the element

In a group Zeff, first increases then becomes constant.

Element Zeff
H 1.00
Li 1.30
Na 2.20
K 2.20
Rb 2.20
Cs 2.20
 Effective Nuclear Charge
Effective Nuclear charge (Zeff)

Zeff in a period for the last electron of the element

In a period Zeff changes by 0.65 for every adjacent element.

Element Li Be B C N O F Ne

Zeff 1.30 1.95 2.60 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85

Periodicity
&
Periodic
Properties
 Periodicity
Periodicity

The regular gradation in properties from top to bottom in a group and

from left to right in a period is called periodicity in properties.

From left to right across a period, the ultimate shell (n) remains same,
but the number of electrons gradually increases.

From top to bottom, down the group, the number of electrons in the
ultimate shell remains same, but the values of ‘n’ increases.
 Periodic Properties
Periodic Properties

1 Atomic Radius

2 Ionic Radius

3 Ionization Energy

4 Electron Affinity and Electron Gain Enthalpy

5 Electronegativity
 Atomic Radius
Atomic Radius

It is the distance between the Center of nucleus to outermost shell

electron where probability of finding the electron is maximum.
Three types of radii can be defined :

Type - I Covalent Radius

Type - II Metallic Radius

Type - III Van der Waals’ Radius

 Type -I : Covalent Radius
Covalent Radius :- for single Bonded Homo atomic molecules

𝐝𝐀−𝐀
𝐫𝐀 =
𝟐

𝒅𝑨−𝑨 = Internuclear distance between two bonded atoms

 Type-II : Metallic Radius
It is one half of distance between two adjacent metal atoms

𝐝𝐀−𝐀
𝐫𝐀 =
𝟐
 Atomic Radius
Van Der Waals radius
Internuclear distance between nuclei of two neighboring atoms belonging to
nearest molecules in gaseous state.

dA−A
Van Der Waals radius =
𝟐

Note If it is possible to calculate all three type of radii for an atom,

then the order of their radii will be :

Covalent
radius < Metallic or
Crystal radius < Van der Waals
radius
 Atomic Radius
Periodic Trends of Atomic Radius

For normal elements

(1) Across the period : Generally, Atomic radius decreases from left to right in
a period as Zeff increases.

> > > > > >

Note In a period, Noble gases have largest size as we calculate their

Van der Waals radius.

Li Be B C N O F Ne
 Atomic Radius
(2) Top to bottom in a group

Generally, it increases from top to bottom in a group as number of shells

increases.

EXAMPLE

<

<
<

<
<

<
<

<
 Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius Trends in s-block and p-block

H He
 
Li Be B C N O F Ne
       
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
  VI     
3d-series
K 20Ca 31Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
  d or Scandide      
contraction
Rb Sr ln Sn Sb Te I Xe
     
VI VI
4f-series
Cs 56Ba 72Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
f or Lanthanoid
contraction
 Atomic Radius
d-contraction or Scandide contraction

Due to poor shielding of 3d-electrons, effective nuclear charge

increases, this causes contraction in the size of atom which is known as
d-contraction (also termed as Scandide or transition contraction)

Note

In IIIA group , size of Al and Ga is nearly same (due to d-contraction)

but according to data Al is greater than Ga.
 Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius Trends in s-block and p-block

He

B (88) C (77) N O F Ne
     
Al (135) d or
Si (118) P S Cl Ar
VI Scandide     
contraction Kr
Ga (143) Ge (122) As Se Br
     
ln (167) f or Sn (140) Sb Te I Xe
VI Lanthanoid VI
   
contraction
Tl (170) Pb (146) Bi Po At Rn
 Atomic Radius
f-contraction or Lanthanoid Contraction
Due to very poor shielding of 4f-electrons, effective nuclear charge
increases, this causes contraction in the size of atom which is known as
Lanthanoid contraction.

Note

In IIIA group, size of In and Tl is nearly same due to Lanthanoid

contraction but according to data size of Tl is greater than In.

In IVA group, size of Sn and Pb is nearly same due to Lanthanoid

contraction but according to data size of Pb is greater than Sn.
 EXAMPLE

The correct order of increasing atomic size of element N,F, Si & P :-

(A) N < F < Si < P (B) F > N < P < Si
(C) F < N < P < Si (D) F < N < Si < P

Solution

Ans : (C)
EXAMPLE

The order of increasing sizes of atomic radii among the elements O, S,

Se and As is :
(A) As < S < O < Se (B) O < S < As < Se
(C) Se < S < As < O (D) O < S < Se < As

Solution

Ans : (D)
 EXAMPLE

The increasing order of atomic radii of the following elements is :

(A) Al < Ga < In < Tl (B) Ga < Al < In < Tl
(C) Al < In < Ga < Tl (D) Al < Ga < Tl < In

Solution

Ans : (B)
 Atomic Radius
Ionic Radius

(i) Radius of Cation

Radius of cation is smaller than that of corresponding atom. Since, due to
removal of electron(s), Zeff increases.

EXAMPLE

A > A+ > A2+ > A3+

Na > Na+ > Na2+

Mg > Mg+ > Mg2+

 Atomic Radius

(ii) Radius of an Anion

Radius of an anion is invariably larger than that of the corresponding

atom, since due to addition of electron(s), Zeff decreases.

EXAMPLE

X < X- < X2-

O < O- < O2-

N < N- < N2- < N3-

 Ionic Radius
Factors Affecting Ionic radius

For iso-protonic species

Zeff = Z - 𝜎

Z same/constant, no. of electrons , 𝜎

Zeff , Ionic Radius

1
Ionic radius ∝
Zeff
 Atomic Radius
Trends for
the d- & f-block
elements
 Atomic Radius
Atomic Radius Trends in d-block 3d-series

From left to right :

Due to poor metallic

bonding size increases

Sc > Ti > V > Cr < Mn > Fe ≥ Co ≈ Ni < Cu < Zn

Z dominates Z and σ σ dominates
balance
Zeff each other Zeff

Atomic Radius Atomic Radius

Smallest ⎯→ Ni and Co
Largest ⎯→ Sc
 Atomic Radius
Atomic Radius Trends in d-block 3d-series

From left to right in a period:

> > > > > > > ≈
≈
Smallest ⎯→ Ni and Co
Largest ⎯→ Sc
In d-block , along the period size decreases till middle of the block ,
remains almost constant till Ni, then size increases.
At the beginning, size decreases because of Z ↑ more than 𝜎 then size
remains same as nuclear charge cancelled by increased screening effect.
In the middle, Z and 𝜎 Balance each other because electron - electron
repulsion is very significant.
In the end, increment in 𝜎 is more than Z , So size ↑.
 Atomic Radius
From top to bottom in a group:
The atomic radius of elements increases on moving down the first
transition series (3d) to second transition series (4d). This is due to the
increase in number of shells with the increase in atomic number.

The atomic radii of second (4d) and third (5d) transition series in a group
is almost same except Y(39) and La(57)

3d–series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
         
4d–series y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
         
4f series
5d–series La Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
f-contraction
or Lanthanoid 3d series < 4d series » 5d series
Contraction For Group 4-12
 Ionic Radius –
Diagonal Trends
Ionic Radius – Diagonal Trends

Li+ Be2+

Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

K+ Ca2+

Rb+ Sr2+

Cs+ Ba2+

Note

In the direction of arrow ionic size increases.

EXAMPLE

Radii Order
H- Li+ Be2+

Solution

Ans : H- > Li+ > Be2+

EXAMPLE

Find order of radii ?

Li+ Mg2+ K+ Al3+

Solution

Ans : K+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Al3+

Ionic Radius – Diagonal Trends

C4- N3- O2- F-

P3- S2- Cl-

Se2- Br-

Te2- I-

Note

In the direction of arrow ionic size increases.

EXAMPLE

Ionic Radius order

H– F– Cl- Br– I–

Solution

Ans : I– > H– > Br- > Cl– > F–

EXAMPLE

Which of the following species will have the highest size ?

(A) Br– (B) I (C) I– (D) I+

Solution

Ans : (B)
EXAMPLE

The incorrect order of radii is :

(A) N < Be < B (B) F– < O2– < N3–
(C) Na > Li < K (D) Fe2+ > Fe3+ > Fe4+

Solution

Ans : (A,C)