PROBLEM 12.

74

A particle of mass m is projected from Point A with an initial velocity v0

perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F directed
away from the center of force O. Knowing that the particle follows a path
defined by the equation r = r0 / cos 2q and using Eq. (12.25), express
the radial and transverse components of the velocity v of the particle as
functions of q .

SOLUTION

Since the particle moves under a central force, h = constant.

Using Eq. (12.27), h = r 2 q = h0 = r0 v0

rv r0 v0 cos 2q v0
or q = 0 20 = 2
= cos2q
r r0 r0

Radial component of velocity.

dr  d æç r0 ö÷  sin 2q 
vr = r = q = çç ÷÷ q = r0 q
dq dq çè cos2q ÷ø (cos2q )3/2

sin 2q v0 sin 2q
= r0 3/2
cos2q vr = v0 ◀
(cos2q) r cos 2q
Transverse component of velocity.

h rv
vq = = 0 0 cos2q vq = v0 cos 2q ◀
r r0

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PROBLEM 12.79

Show that the radius r of the moon’s orbit can be determined from the radius R of the earth, the acceleration of
gravity g at the surface of the earth, and the time τ required for the moon to complete one full revolution about
the earth. Compute r knowing that τ = 27.3 days.

SOLUTION

Mm
We have F =G [Eq. (12.28)]
r2
v2
and F
= F=
n ma=
n m
r
Mm v2
Then G = m
r2 r
GM
or v2 =
r

Now GM = gR 2 [Eq. (12.30)]

gR 2 g
so that v2 = or v = R
r r
2π r 2π r
For one orbit, =τ =
v R gr
1/ 3
⎛ gτ 2 R 2 ⎞
or r = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ Q.E.D. W
⎝ 4π ⎠

Now =τ 27.3
= days 2.35872 × 106 s
R = 3960
= mi 20.9088 × 106 ft
1/3
⎡ 9.81 m/s 2 × (2.35872 × 106 s) 2 × (6.37 × 106 m)2 ⎤
r=⎢ ⎥ = 382.81 × 106 m
⎣ 4π 2 ⎦

r 383 × 103 km W
=

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PROBLEM 12.80

Communication satellites are placed in a geosynchronous orbit, i.e., in a circular orbit such that they complete
one full revolution about the earth in one sidereal day (23.934 h), and thus appear stationary with respect to
the ground. Determine (a) the altitude of these satellites above the surface of the earth, (b) the velocity with
which they describe their orbit.

SOLUTION

For gravitational force and a circular orbit,

GMm mv 2 GM
Fr
= = or v=
r2 r r

Let τ be the period time to complete one orbit.

GM τ 2
But vτ = 2π r or v 2τ 2 = = 4π 2 r 2
r
1/3
GM τ 2 ⎛ GM τ 2 ⎞
Then r3 = or r = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
4π 2 ⎝ 4π
2
⎠

Data: =τ 23.934
= h 86.1624 × 103 s

(a) In SI units: g = 9.81 m/s2 ,=

R 6.37 × 106 m

GM =gR 2 =(9.81)(6.37 × 106 ) 2 =398.06 × 1012 m3 /s 2

1/3
⎡ (398.06 × 1012 )(86.1624 × 103 ) 2 ⎤ 6
r=⎢ 2 ⎥ = 42.145 × 10 m
⎣ 4π ⎦

altitude h =r − R =35.775 × 106 m h = 35,800 km W

(b) In SI units:

GM 398.06 × 1012
=v = = 6
3.07 × 103 m/s v = 3.07 km/s W
r 42.145 × 10

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2258
PROBLEM 12.99

It was observed that during the Galileo spacecraft’s first flyby of the earth, its minimum altitude was 960 km
above the surface of the earth. Assuming that the trajectory of the spacecraft was parabolic, determine the
maximum velocity of Galileo during its first flyby of the earth.

SOLutiOn

First we note R = 6.37 ¥ 106 m

so that r0 = (6.37 ¥ 106 + 960 ¥ 103 ) m

= 7.33 ¥ 106 m
Now vmax = v0

and from page 709 of the text

2GM 2 gR2
v0 = = using Eq. (12.30).
r0 r0
1/ 2
È 2 ¥ 9.81 m/s2 ¥ (6.37 ¥ 106 m)2 ˘
Then vmax =Í ˙
Î 7.33 ¥ 106 m ˚
= 10, 421.7 m/s
or vmax = 10.42 km/s b

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 PROBLEM 12.100

As a space probe approaching the planet Venus on a parabolic trajectory reaches

Point A closest to the planet, its velocity is decreased to insert it into a circular orbit.
24
Knowing that the mass and the radius of Venus are 4.87 ´10 kg and 6052 km,
respectively, determine (a) the velocity of the probe as it approaches A, (b) the
decrease in velocity required to insert it into the circular orbit.

SOLUTION

First note rA = (6052 + 280) km = 6332 km

(a) From the textbook, the velocity at the point of closest approach on a parabolic trajectory is given by

2GM
v0 =
r0

é 2 ´ 66.73´10-12 m3 /kg ⋅ s2 ´ 4.87 ´1024 kg ù1/2

ê ú
Thus, (vA )par =ê 3 ú
ê 6332 ´10 m ú
ë û
= 10,131.4 m/s
or (v A )par = 10.13 km/s ◀

(b) We have (v A )circ = (v A )par + Dv A

GM
Now (vA )circ = Eq. (12.44)
r0
1
= (vA )par
2
1
Then Dv A = (v A )par - (v A )par
2
æ 1 ö
= ççç - 1÷÷÷ (10.1314 km/s)
çè 2 ø÷
= -2.97 km/s
DvA = 2.97 km/s ◀

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 PROBLEM 12.104

A satellite describes a circular orbit at an altitude of 19 110 km above

the surface of the earth. Determine (a) the increase in speed required at
point A for the satellite to achieve the escape velocity and enter a
parabolic orbit, (b) the decrease in speed required at point A for the
satellite to enter an elliptic orbit of minimum altitude 6370 km, (c) the
eccentricity e of the elliptic orbit.

SOLUTION

For earth, GM = gR = (9.81)(6.37´10 ) = 398.06´10 m /s

2 6 12 3 2

rA = 6370 + 19110 = 25480 km = 25.48 ´106 m

GM 398.06 ´1012
vcirc = = 6
= 3.9525 ´103 m/s
rA 25.48 ´10

2GM
vesc = = 2 vcirc = 5.5897´103 m/s
rA

(a) Increase in speed at A.

Dv = vesc - vcirc = 1.637 ´103 m/s Dv = 1.637 ´103 m/s ◀

Elliptical orbit with rB = 6370 + 6370 = 12740 km = 12.74 ´10 6 m.

1 GM 1 GM
Using Eq. (12.39), = 2 + C cos qA and = 2 + C cos qB .
rA h rB h

But qB = qA +180, so that cos qA =-cos qB

1 1 r + rB 2GM
Adding, + = A = 2
rA rB rA rB h

2GMrA rB (2 )(398.06 ´1012 )(25.48 ´10 6 )(12.74 ´10 6 )

h= =
rA + rB 38.22 ´10 6

= 82.230 ´10 9 m 2 /s

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2296
 PROBLEM 12.104 (Continued)

h 82.230 ´109
vA = = 6
= 3.2272 ´103 m/s
rA 25.48´10

(b) Decrease in speed. Dv = vcirc - v A = 725 m/s D v = 725 m /s ◀

1 1 r -r
(c) - = A B = C cos qB - C cos A = 2C
rB rA rA rB

rA - rB 12.74 ´10 6
C= = = 19.623 ´10-9 m -1
2rA rB ( )(
(2) 25.48 ´10 12.74 ´10
6 6
)
2

By Eq. (12.40), e=
Ch 2
=
( )(
19.623´10-9 82.230 ´10 9 )
GM 398.06 ´1012

e = 0.333 ◀

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