E-MAIL

Electronic mail, commonly shortened to “email,” is a communication method that uses electronic devices to deliver
messages across computer networks. More plainly, e-mail is a message that may contain text, files, images, or
other attachments sent through a network to a specified individual or group of individuals.
The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. Tomlinson sent the e-mail to himself as a test e-mail
message, containing the text "something like QWERTYUIOP." However, despite sending the e-mail to himself, the e-
mail message was still transmitted through ARPANET.
Email messages are conveyed through email servers; it uses multiple protocols within the TCP/IP suite. For
example, SMTP is a protocol, stands for simple mail transfer protocol and used to send messages whereas other
protocols IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) or POP(Post Office Protocol) are used to retrieve messages
from a mail server. If you want to login to your mail account, you just need to enter a valid email address, password,
and the mail servers used to send and receive messages.
e.g [email protected]
 The first portion of all e-mail addresses, the part before the @ symbol, contains the alias, user, group, or
department of a company.
 Next, the "@" (at sign) is a divider in the e-mail address; it's required for all SMTP e-mail addresses since Ray
Tomlinson sent the first message.
 Finally, "gmail.com" is the domain name of where the user belongs. The ".com" is the TLD (top-level domain)
for our domain. The domain name is used to route the email to the correct destination server.
Difference between Email and Webmail
To differentiate between email and webmail, we need to know that it’s a working platform. Those types of mail that are
sent through the browser are called webmail and those mails that are sent through the specific application and browser
are also called email. Gmail is a browser-based email whereas outlook for office 365 is a non-browser email service. To
send browser-based mail, we just use the internet whereas sending non-browser emails, we need a specific application
and non-browser-based email offered some security-related advantages.
EMAIL MESSAGES INCLUDE THREE COMPONENTS, WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS:
o Message envelope: It depicts the email's electronic format.
o Message header: It contains email subject line and sender/recipient information.
o Message body: It comprises images, text, and other file attachments.
Advantages of Email
o Cost-effective: Email is a very cost-effective service to communicate with others as there are several email
services available to individuals and organizations for free of cost.
o Email offers users the benefit of accessing email from anywhere at any time if they have an Internet connection.
o Speed and simplicity: Email can be composed very easily with the correct information and contacts. Also,
minimum lag time, it can be exchanged quickly.
o Mass sending: You can send a message easily to large numbers of people through email.
o Email exchanges can be saved for future retrieval, which allows users to keep important conversations or
confirmations in their records and can be searched and retrieved when they needed quickly.
o Email provides a simple user interface and enables users to categorize and filter their messages. This can help
you recognize unwanted emails like junk and spam mail. Also, users can find specific messages easily when they
are needed.
o As compared to traditional posts, emails are delivered extremely fast.
o Email is beneficial for the planet, as it is paperless. It reduces the cost of paper and helps to save the
environment by reducing paper usage.
o It also offers a benefit to attaching the original message at the time you reply to an email. This is beneficial
when you get hundreds of emails a day, and the recipient knows what you are talking about.
o Furthermore, emails are beneficial for advertising products. As email is a form of communication, organizations
or companies can interact with a lot of people and inform them in a short time.
Disadvantages of Email
o Impersonal: As compared to other forms of communication, emails are less personal. For example, when you
talk to anyone over the phone or meeting face to face is more appropriate for communicating than email.
 o Misunderstandings: As email includes only text, and there is no tone of voice or body language to provide
context. Therefore, misunderstandings can occur easily with email. If someone sends a joke on email, it can be
taken seriously.
o Malicious Use: As email can be sent by anyone if they have an only email address. Sometimes, an unauthorized
person can send you mail, which can be harmful in terms of stealing your personal information.
o Accidents Will Happen: With email, you can make fatal mistakes by clicking the wrong button in a hurry. For
instance, instead of sending it to a single person, you can accidentally send sensitive information to a large
group of people.
o Spam: Although in recent days, the features of email have been improved, there are still big issues with
unsolicited advertising arriving and spam through email. It can easily become overwhelming and takes time and
energy to control.
o Information Overload: As it is very easy to send email to many people at a time, which can create information
overload. In many modern workplaces, it is a major problem where it is required to move a lot of information
and impossible to tell if an email is important.
o Viruses: Although there are many ways to travel viruses in the devices, email is one of the common ways to
enter viruses and infect devices. Sometimes when you get a mail, it might be the virus come with an attached
document.
o Pressure to Respond: If you get emails and you do not answer them, the sender can get annoyed and think
you are ignoring them. Thus, this can be a reason to make pressure on your put to keep opening emails and
then respond in some way.
o Time Consuming: When you get an email and read, write, and respond to emails that can take up vast amounts
of time and energy. Many modern workers spend their most time with emails, which may be caused to take
more time to complete work.
o Overlong Messages: Generally, email is a source of communication with the intention of brief messages. There
are some people who write overlong messages that can take much time than required.
o Insecure: There are many hackers available that want to gain your important information, so email is a common
source to seek sensitive data, such as political, financial, documents, or personal messages. In recent times, there
have various high-profile cases occurred that shown how email is insecure about information theft.
Popular email sites
There are some free email website examples include the following:
o AOL
o Zoho
o Gmail
o ProtonMail
o Com
o Microsoft Outlook
o Yahoo Mail
HOW DOES EMAIL WORK?
Once an email message has been sent, it follows several steps to its final destination:
1. The sender’s mail server, also called a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA), initiates a Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP) connection.
2. The SMTP checks the email envelope data — the text that tells the server where to send a message —
for the recipient’s email address, then uses the Domain Name System (DNS) to translate the domain name
into an IP address.
3. The SMTP looks for a mail exchange (MX) server associated with the recipient’s domain name. If one
exists, the email is forwarded to the recipient’s mail server.
4. The email is stored on the recipient’s mail server and may be accessed via the Post Office Protocol
(POP)* or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP). These two protocols function slightly differently: POP
downloads the email to the recipient’s device and deletes it from the mail server, while IMAP stores the email
within the email client, allowing the recipient to access it from any connected device.
 Social Networking
INTRODUCTION: - Connecting with other people, businesses and organizations can be a crucial component
of a business' success or individual's career advancement. Social networking occurs on various platforms
where people and businesses to connect with each other, sell products and spread information.
What is a social network?
A social network is a website that allows users to connect with other people and businesses online. Social
networks typically have a similar format, where each business or person has their own profile, which provides
personal or business details.
Most social networks allow users to send messages, request information, share information, send
connection or friend requests and search for people or businesses in a large online database. Many social
networks have specific functions, like only sharing videos, pictures or connecting professionals and
businesses.
Social networking refers to the use of social media websites and apps, such as Facebook, Instagram,
and Twitter, to connect with family, friends, and people who share your interests.
Social networking is commonplace throughout the world, especially with young people, but not
everyone understands exactly what it means. Here's a simple breakdown of social networking's uses,
components, and common terms.
COMMON SOCIAL NETWORKING TERMS
 Profile: A user profile is an individual user's or business' personal page on the social network. This
page contains personal information, their news feed and typically a picture or logo.
 Connections or friends list: Social networks typically display either a friends list or connections list for
users, which shows which people and businesses that user made connections with on the site.
 Likes: Likes are common on various social networks, often in the form of the thumbs-up emoji, which
shows that a user likes a post, picture or event.
 Dislikes: Some networks have a dislike, or thumbs-down option, which shows a user's dislike of a
particular post, like a picture or link.
The essential elements which you should keep in mind while building a social networking site.
1. Registration Form : Keep your registration form as simple as possible. Broken down to the bare bones
a simple email and password field may suffice but you may want to include fields for first and last
name.
2. Profile and Feed : Ideally this will be the most viewed page of your website. Apart from the general
fields remember to keep fields which will be of interest to other users and which will be in coherence
with the general theme of your site.
3. Easy interaction between users : The success of a social networking site is based on the conversation
of its users. So make it easy for users to communicate between each other either actively or even
observe what other users and their connections are doing. Also it should be easy to communicate with
users of other sites, for example through FBConnect or even their twitter id.
4. UI : Having a simple yet interactive user interface is a must for a successful User Experience. If the UX is
good users will return to your site. One of the ways to keep the UI interactive is by using ajax and
javascript. Page refresh should also be reduced to as minimum as possible.
5. Ability to import users from other sites : One of the key reasons why facebook was successful over
orkut was that it gave the option to people to import their contacts from gmail and other email
providers. This helped in the viral growth of facebook and is one of the major reasons why facebook is
what it is.
6. Search : Your site should have the option to search through users, communities etc. Ideally if the user
is new you can even suggest him what networks might be interesting to him based on his location or
interests
Common Social Media Sites
Social networking websites are widely used in the current world. These websites come in many varieties, but
some are better recognized than others.
Facebook
For instance, Facebook is the most popular social networking site. More than 1 billion
people are using it, which is constantly increasing. Additionally, it aids in the advertising of
your company or brand.

Twitter
Furthermore, Twitter is a fantastic social networking service. You can submit brief tweets on
this website to express your ideas. Celebrities use it the most. Twitter is an excellent venue for
using a few words to get your point across.
LinkedIn
One of the most popular websites for finding and hiring employees is this one. After then, it
is offered in more than 20 languages to create a user-friendly interface.
Instagram
Another on the list is Instagram. Facebook alone is its exclusive owner. Similarly, you can share
photographs and videos with your followers using this app. Users can utilize a variety of filters to
enhance their images.
WhatsApp
WhatsApp is an instant chat tool that quickly established popularity even though it joined
the market rather late. Facebook also purchased this application. Text messages, images,
video, audio, documents, and other types of content can all be shared.
Advantages
 Social networking allows individuals to make and stay in contact with family and friends that distance
and lost connections would otherwise prohibit.
 People can also connect with unknown individuals who share the same interests and develop new
relationships.
 Social networking also allows companies to connect with new and existing clients.
 Companies can create, promote, and increase brand awareness through social media.
 Companies can capitalize on customer reviews and comments promoting products, services, and
brands. The more customers post about a company, the more valuable the brand authority can
become. This can lead to greater sales and a higher ranking by search engines.
 Social networking can help establish a brand as legitimate, credible, and trustworthy.
 Companies may use social networking to demonstrate the quality of their customer service and enrich
their relationships with consumers. For example, if a customer complains about a product or service on
Twitter, the company may address the issue immediately, apologize, and take action to make it right.
Disadvantages
 Social networking can facilitate the spread of misinformation about individuals and companies.
  Due to its online nature, falsehoods can spread like wildfire. This became increasingly prevalent after
2012. One study found that misinformation is 70% more likely than factual information to be shared
on Twitter.4
 The detrimental impact of misinformation can create a virtual headache for a company's public
relations (PR) department.
 The anonymous aspect of newfound personal relationships requires caution.
 Building and maintaining a company profile takes hours each week. Costs add up quickly.
 Businesses need many followers before a social media marketing campaign starts generating a
positive return on investment (ROI). For example, submitting a post to 15 followers does not have the
same effect as submitting the post to 15,000 followers.

WHAT IS MESSAGING?
Messaging is a text-based, one-to-one conversation that usually occurs on a mobile device or platform like
Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, SMS text messaging, or within an app.
Unlike web-based chat that occurs in a pop-up screen where both parties must be logged in, messaging is
asynchronous, meaning you don’t need to stay in a session to send or receive messages.
Messaging takes the idea of web chat and moves it to where consumers already spend their time – on SMS,
in apps, or on third-party communications platforms like Facebook, Snapchat, or Apple Business Chat.
Messaging is convenient, provides context, and allows conversations to be more personal with emojis, gifs,
and links to information.
At its most basic, messaging involves the following participants:
 Publisher—the entity that sends or publishes a message (also called a producer)
 Message—the information the publisher wants to send. Messages often contain event data, but can
also carry queries, commands, and other information.
 Messaging system—the infrastructure that transmits the message
 Subscriber—the ultimate receiver of the message (also called a consumer)

In an event-driven architecture (EDA), a message typically has a destination that separates the publisher
from the subscriber. In the PubSub+ platform, a destination is generally a topic endpoint or a queue. Topic
endpoints and queues are managed by event brokers.
 Topic endpoints are used when the message is intended to be consumed by more than one
subscriber.
 The following diagram illustrates event messages disseminating to multiple subscribers through a
topic endpoint.
 Queues are used when the message is intended to be consumed by at most one subscriber.

Message Types

The PubSub+ Platform supports three types of messages:

 An event message describes something that an application needs to tell other applications about. An
event stream is a series of event messages published as events occur. Pricing streams and trade
streams in capital markets are examples of event streams. Events and the messages that describe them
are so closely tied together that we often use the terms event and message interchangeably in this
documentation.
 A query is a message that retrieves information (for example, using HTTP GET and HEAD methods). A
query requires a response.
 A command instructs another application to perform an action or change a state (for example, using
HTTP POST, PUT, and DELETE methods). Commands, like queries, require a response.
Message Structure
A message has three parts: Header, Properties, and Body, as shown in the following diagram:

Header
The header is the part of the message used by the event broker for routing messages through the system.
Some header fields, such as Destination and Delivery Mode, are required, while others are optional. For
example, the reply-to topic is optional, and is only needed for Request-Reply messaging, where the Replier
needs to know where to send its responses.
Properties
In addition to the header fields, application-specific properties can also be included as part of the message.
These application-specified properties are unmodified by the event broker, and can be used to facilitate
communication between applications. Some APIs define their own standard properties.
Body
The body of a message is often called the payload, or the attachment. It contains data in an application-
specified format, and is transported unmodified by the event broker. The body is made up of raw binary data,
or structured data such as text, streams, or maps.