Tissue

 Tissue consists of large number of cells and classified according to size, shape and
functions of these cells.
 Tissue are classified into four major groups:
Tissue

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue

 Histology- Branch of science that deals with the study of tissue.

A. Epithelial tissue- Epithelial tissue form the covering or lining to the free
surfaces and perform many functions like protection, exaction, glandular, secretion
and absorption.
 The epithelial tissue/cells contain minimal extracellular material but they are
arranged on basement membrane.
Classification of epithelial tissue
Simple Stratified
Squamous Transitional
Cuboidal Columnar
Columnar Cuboidal
Ciliated Squamous
glandular

Surface of Epithelial-
1-Apical surface- It faces the body surface a body cavity the lumen of an internal
organ that receives cell secretion. It may contain cilia and microvilli.
2-Lateral surface- It faces the adjacent cell on either sides it may contain tight
junction, adherens junction, desmosomes and gap junctions.
3-Based surface- It present opposite to that of apical surface in multiple layer
epithelial cells the apical layer is the most superficial layer of cell and the based
layer is the deepest layer of cells.
4-Basement membrane- It is a thin extracellular layer that consist of two layers
i.e. based and reticular lamina.
 Basal Lamina- It is closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells It contain protein
such as laminin and collagen as well as glycoproteins.
 Reticular Lamina- It is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contain
protein such as collagen produced by connective tissue.
Simple Epithelial tissue- It consist of single layer of cells.

Squamous Columnar Ciliated Cuboidal Glandular

1- Simple squamous epithelium-
Anatomy
 Consist of single layer of flat cells arranged on basement membrane.
 The nucleus of each cell is oval or spherical.
Locations-
Heart, blood, vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs and glomerular
capsules of kidney.
Functions- 1- Blood filtration in the kidney.
1. Diffusion of to blood vessels of the lungs.

2- Simple Cuboidal Epithelium-

 consist of single layer or cube-shaped cells having centrally located
nucleus.
Locations- It covers surface of ovary lines kidney tubules and smaller duet
of many glands, also in thyroid glands and duct of some glands e.g.
pancreas.
Functions- It performs the function of secretion and absorption.
3- Simple columnar epithelium-
 Consist of single layer of rectangular cells arranged on basement
membrane.
 Contains goblet cell and cells with microvilli in some locations.
Locations- It lines the GIT, duct of many glands and gall bladder.
Functions- secretion and absorption.

4- Simple ciliated epithelium-

 Consist of single layer of ciliated column-like cell with nucleus near the
base of cells goblet cell in some location.
Locations- Few position of upper respiratory tract uterus, uterine tube,
central card of spinal cord, ventricles of the brain.
Functions- Moves mucus and other substance by ciliary action.
 5- Glandular epithelium-
 Consist of cylindrical or columnar cells.
 Present in the secretary gland like slivery gland and breast.
 Two types, unicellular and multi cellular.
Stratified epithelium-
 Consist of several layer of cells.
Types of Stratified epithelium

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

1- Stratified squamous epithelium-

 Squamous cells from the apical layer and several layers deep to it cells from
the based layer replace surface cells as they are lost regularly.
Location-
 keratinized Skin
 Non- Keratinized lining of mouth, oesophageal, pharynx, tongue, vegina.
Function- Protection, limited secretion.

2- Stratified cuboidal epithelium-

 Consists of two or more layers of cells in which cells in the apical layers
are cube shaped.
 Location-
 Duct of adult sweat glands and oesophageal glands and part of male
urethra.
Function- Protection, limited secretion, Absorption.

3- Stratified columnar epithelium -

 Consists of several layers or irregular shaped cells.
 Only the apical layers have columnar cells.
Location- Urethra, Conjunctiva dexa, Esophageal gland, small area of anal
mucous membrane.
Function- Protection, secretion.

4- Transitional epithelium-
 Appearance is variable shape of cells in apical layer ranges from
squamous (when starched) to cuboidal (when relaxed).
Location- Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra.
 Function- Permits distention.

B. Connective tissue-
 Connective tissue serves to connect or bind together different organs or
different parts of an organs.
 Contain an intracellular substance matrix. It helps in binding and
supporting the cells.

Classification of connective tissue

a- Loose connective tissue b- Dense fibrous tissue
c- Elastic tissue d- Adipose tissue
e- Cartilage f- Bone
a- Loose connective tissue (Areolar tissue)-
Anatomy
 Most widely distributed tissue in the body.
 It is loose irregular connective tissue. It connects the skins to the underlying
structures.
 It fills unoccupied spaces between organs.
Location- found between muscles. blood vessels and nerves.
Function- strength, Elasticity, support.
b- Dense fibrous tissue-
 The tissue has compactly arranged fibers with gently reduced interspace.
  The cells are less no than areolar tissue this type tissue is present in dermis
of skin.
c- Elastic tissue-
 This tissue is yellow in color and contains more no. of elastic fibers.
 It is present in tissue where strength is required with elasticity e.g.
trachea and Bronchi, lungs.
 Allows stretching of various organs.
d- Adipose tissue (fatty tissue)-
 Contain large surrounded cells and cytoplasm is loaded with fat.
 The nucleus of the cells is pushed towards the periphery e.g.,
subcutaneous tissue of skin.
Location- around heart kidney yellow bone morrow.
Function-
 Reduce heat loss trough skin.
 serves as an energy reserve.
 supports and protects.

e- Cartilage –
 It has a tough, gelatinous and elastic matrix formed of chondrin.
 The cells are more or less rand and lie are groups of four embedded in
the matrix.
a- Hyaline Cartilage-
 Matrix is free from fibers and is transparent also the cells are arranged
in small groups.
Located in end of bones, Nose, Larynx, trachea, bronchi
Provide smooth surface for movement at joint as well as flexibility and support.
b- Fibrocartilage-
 The grand substance contains thick bundles of collagen fibers.
 It is found in the intervertebral discs public symphysis (hippone join
anteriorly).
  support and fission.
c- Elastic Cartilage-
 It contains a network of branching and rejoining collagens fibers.
Located in parts of external ear and lid on the top of larynx.
Give support and maintain shape.
Bone-
 It is the hard connective tissue.
 Bones contain a high concentration of salts like calcium phosphate and
calcium carbonate.
A bone consists of generally-
a)-Periosteum- Membrane of fibers tissue covering surface of bones.
b)-Compact Bone- Heard dense substance fand below periosteum.
c)-Spongy Bone- porous tissue. It forms the interior of mature bond.
d)-Bone morrow- soft material which fill the hallow of interior of a mature bone.
-it is two types- 1- Yellow
2- Red
Yellow bone morrow is a fatty tissue.
Red bone morrow from which the cell of blood is developed.
3)- Muscular Tissue-
 Muscular tissue consists of fibers that are specialized for contraction.
 It provides motion, maintenance of posture, heat production and protection.

Muscular Tissue
1- Skeletal 2- Cardiac 3- Smooth
a)- Skeletal Muscle tissue-
 It consists of long cylindrical striated fibers with many peripherally located
nuclei usually attached to bones by tendons voluntary control.
-Motion, posture, heat production and protection.
b)- Cardiac muscle tissue-
 It consists of branched striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei
Involuntary control.
1- Heart wall
2- Pumps blood to all parts of the body
C)- Smooth muscle tissue-
 It consists of spindle shape, Thickest in center or tapering at both ends, non-
striated fibers with one centrally located nucleus Inventory control.
-Iris of the eyes, blood vessels, lungs stomach, gall bladder, Intestine, Urinary
Bladder.
Motions- Construction of blood vessels and anyways propulsion of food through GI
tract contraction of urinary bladder and gall bladder.
D)- Nervous tissue-
 Nervous system is composed of neurons (nerves cells) and neuroglia
(protective and supporting cell).
 Neurons consists of a cell body (Multiple dendrites and single axon)
 Neuroglia do not generate a conduct nerve impulse but have other important
supporting functions.
Nervous system
Exhibit sensitivity to various types of stimuli converts them into nerve impulses
(action potentials) and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons muscles fibers or
glands.