WORK-POWER AND ENERGY

 Vectors can be multiplied in two ways. After multiplication of two vectors if the
resultant is a scalar then the product is called a scalar product or dot product.
 After multiplication if the resultant is a vector then the product is called a
vector product or cross product.
Scalar or Dot product:
The scalar product of two vectors A.⃗ B⃗ is the product of magnitude of two vectors and
the cosine of the angle between them. (or)
The scalar product of two vectors A.⃗ B⃗ is the product of the magnitude of the first
vector |A| and the component of the second vector B cos Ѳ in the direction of the
first vector.

$⃗

B cos Ѳ ⃗

If ⃗ and B⃗ are any two vectors, then the scalar product of these vectors is given by
A.⃗ B⃗ = |A| |B|cosѲ
= A B cos Ѳ
Properties of Scalar product:
1. Scalar property obeys commutative law
A.⃗ B⃗ = B⃗.A⃗
2. Scalar product obeys distributive law.
A⃗ B⃗ + C⃗ = A⃗. B⃗ + A⃗. C⃗
3. The scalar product of two parallel vectors is
A.⃗ B⃗ = AB cos 0 = A. B (Ѳ =0 cos0 = 1 )
4. The scalar product of two anti-parallel vectors is
A.⃗ B⃗ = AB cos 180 = −A. B (Ѳ =180 cos180 = −1 )
5. The scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is Zero
A.⃗ B⃗ = AB cos 90 = 0 (Ѳ =90 cos90 = 0 )
6. The ı, ȷ̂ and k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors along X,Y and Z axis then
ı̂. ı̂ = ȷ̂. ȷ̂ = k . k= 1
ı̂. ȷ̂ = ȷ̂. k = k . ı̂= 0
7. The dot/scalar product of two vectors is a scalar quantity
Examples of scalar product:
 Work done is dot product of force and displacement vectors
W = F⃗. S⃗ = FS cos Ѳ Where Ѳ is angle between F and S
 Power = force x velocity (P = F⃗. V⃗ )
  Work done in lifting a body to a vertical height h from earth surface is dot product
of (&')⃗ and ℎ⃗.
) = &'⃗. ℎ⃗ = &'ℎ cos Ѳ = &'ℎ [∵ Ѳ = 0, ]
8. Dot/scalar product of two equal vectors A.⃗ A⃗ = AA cos 0 = A. A = A2
9. Dot product in terms of components of vectors:
. = A/ ı̂ + A0 ȷ̂ + A1 K
10.A 3 , $4 = $5 6̂ + $7 8̂ + $9 :
3
⃗. $⃗ = 5 $5 + 7 $7 + 9 $9

WORK (W):
Work is said to be done when a force applied on a body displaces the body through a
certain distance in the direction of applied force.
Work done by a constant force: Let the force be applied on the body such that the
direction of the force makes an angle with the
horizontal direction. Let the body is displaced through
a distance S horizontally. Then work done is,
W= F. ; cos Ѳ = F⃗. S⃗
Where Ѳ is angle between <⃗ and S⃗.
Definition: The work done by the force is defined as the product of component of the
force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement along
the direction of force.
Units of work:
[Link] : Joule (J)
[Link] : erg
-7
1J = 10 erg
Dimensional Formula: [ML2 T-2]
Work is a scalar quantity.
Joule: one joule work is said to be done when a force of 1N acting on a body producing
a displacement of 1m.
Note:
If a force F⃗ = F/ 6̂ + F0 8̂ + F1 = acting on a body producing displacement
S⃗ = ;5 6̂ + ;7 8̂ + ;9 = then work done is given by,
) = F.⃗ S⃗ = <5 ;5 + <7 ;7 + <9 ;9
F
Different types of work: M M

S
Positive Work: If the force or( the component of the force) is in the direction of the
displacement of the body, then the work done is positive.
ie., when the angle between force and displacement is acute [Ѳ ≤ 90]
Work done is maximum when force acts along the displacement [Ѳ = 0]
Then W = FS cos 0 = FS
Negative work: If the force or component of force is in the direction opposite to the
displacement, then the work done is negative. . ie., when the angle between force and
displacement is obtuse [Ѳ > 90]
Work done is minimum when force acts opposite to displacement [Ѳ = 180]
Then W = FS cos 180 = −FS F
M M
Ex. Work done by frictional force
S
Zero work: work done by a force is said to be zero
(i) when force is perpendicular to displacement. Ie., when the angle between force
and displacement is 90.
Example: work done by coolie carrying a luggage on his head is zero
because gravitational force and displacement are perpendicular to each other.
(ii) when displacement is zero (S = 0)
Man pushing a wall.
(ii) when force is zero

Work done by constant force and variable force:

  Work done by a constant force is calculated by using
W = F4. S4 = FS cos Ѳ
 Work done by a variable force is calculated by using
5A
) = >5B < ?@
Conservative force:
The work done by the conservative force on a body depends only on initial and final
positions and not on the path followed.
 A force is conservative if the work done by the force on a body along any closed path
is zero.
 Work done is completely recoverable
 Ex: Gravitational force, Coulomb force, spring force/ P.E of a spring. Etc.

Non conservative force:

The work done by the non conservative force on a body depends on both , the path
followed and initial and final positions.
 work done by the non conservative force on a body along any closed path is not zero.
 Work done is not completely recoverable
 Ex: Frictional force, viscous force etc.

Energy:
The capacity to do work is called energy.
 Energy is a scalar quantity.
 Both energy and work has same units.
 Mechanical energy is of two types
 Potential energy(P.E) denoted as (U)
 Kinetic energy(K.E) denoted as ( K)

Potential energy (P.E): (U)

The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position or configuration(shape) is
called potential energy.
Here position refers to the height above the surface of earth and configuration
refers to arrangement/shape of the body. Potential energy is a stored energy when
work is done on that body. Work done by the force on the body is a conservative force.
Ex:
1. Water stored in an overhead tank.
2. Energy stored in a stretched rubber band.
3. Energy stored in the wound spring of a watch.

Expression for potential energy (P.E) at a height h:

The gravitational potential energy is the amount of work done in raising a body
vertically from the earth’s surface to a certain height ‘h’ against gravity.
m
 Consider a body of mass m on the ground being lifted vertically
upwards to a height h.
The gravitational force acting on the body F= mg
The work done by the external agency against gravitational force h
W= FS
= mg.h
.
. . W= mgh m
This work is stored in the body at that position as gravitational potential energy
. . . Potential energy of the body, U = mgh
Note: In general, work done against force by an external agency in changing the position
or configuration is stored as potential energy.
CD
Mathematically F(x) =
C/
/G JG
Which implies that >/ F dx= >J dU = Uf – Ui
H H
Potential energy of a spring: When a spring is stretched or compressed by an external
force, a restoring force develops. This restoring force tends to bring back to its normal
position. This restoring force is called as spring force Fs. Spring force is a variable force
and conservative in nature.
For a spring of negligible mass, spring force Fs ∝ -@ or Fs = −k@ where, k= spring
constant , @ = displacement from mean position, −ive sign indicates spring force is in a
direction opposite to the displacement. S.I unit of spring constant k= Nm-1
Expression for Potential energy of a spring:
Consider a light and perfectly elastic spring with its one end fixed to a rigid support and
other end to a load ‘m’. Let ‘A’ is the mean position of the spring.
For a spring of negligible mass, spring force Fs ∝ -@ or Fs = −k@ , Where k is called
spring constant. Fext = − Fs
Fext = +kx
Work done by the external force Fext in stretching the
spring through a small distance (d@)
?O = Fext. S.
= +k@. d@
∴ Total work done to stretch the spring from x=0 to a
distance x is
/
W = >, dw
/
= >, K@ d@
/
5T
= K. S U
A ,
/T
= K.
A
B
W= Kx A
A
V
This work done is stored within spring as potential energy U= Kx2
W

(OR)
POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING REFER TO THE CLASS NOTES
Kinetic energy (K.E):
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.
B
 Formula to calculate K.E is K.E= mv2
A
Ex:
1. Any moving body possess K.E
2. Running water
3. A satellite going around the earth
4. A bullet fired from a gun.

Work – Energy Theorem:

Statement: “The work done by the constant force acting on a body is equal to
change in its kinetic energy”
B B
i.e. w= mv2 - mu 2
A A
Work – Energy Theorem for Constant Force:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity u . Let a constant force ‘F’ acts on
the body for ‘t’ sec and changes its velocity from u to v. Let ‘a’ be the acceleration
produced, S be the displacement of the body during this time.
From Newton’s 2nd law F= ma
` T abT
Using the equation of motion (XYZ[' \ A = XA + 2^Y) S=_ d
Ac
. . . Work done, W = F S
` T abT
W = ma _ d
Ac

` T abT
W = m._
A
d
B 2 B
W= mv - mu2
A A

Work done = change in kinetic energy

Thus work – energy theorem is proved.

 For a variable force, work – energy theorem is

e 5
>e ?= = >5 < ?@
f f
g g
Kf – Ki = W

work-energy theorem for a variable force:

B
We know that, :h = &\ A
A
l
ij i_ m` T d
The rate of change of KE is = T
ik ik
B i`
= & x 2\
A ik
i`
= &\
ik
i`
= &\^ ( .n a= )
ik
ij
= <\ ( .n F=ma )
ik
ij i5 i5
=< _ .n \ = d
ik ik ik
dk = F dx
 integrating from the initial position(xi) to final position (xf) we have
e 5
>e ?= = >5 <?@
f f
g g

[:]ep
eo = )
W = Kf - Ki
B B
) = mv2 - mu2
A A
Thus the theorem is proved.

Law of conservation of energy:

“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but one form of energy can be
transformed in to another form of energy without any loss or gain of energy”
 The total energy that exists in the universe in all forms remains constant.
Ex:
1. In a battery, chemical energy is converted in to electrical energy.
2. In an electrical motor, electrical energy is converted in to mechanical energy.

Verification of law of conservation of energy in the case of a freely falling body:

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ released from point A above the surface of earth at a height
‘h’.
As the body falls freely under gravity, its P.E decreases and K.E increases.
Let us find its total energy at three different points A,B and C in its path as shown in the
figure
At point A: U =mgh
B
K = m(0)2 = 0
A
T.E = U +K = mgh + 0
⇒ T.E = mgh (1)
Let the body reach point B after traveling a distance ‘@’ with velocity v
At point B: U = mg(h-@)
B
K = mv2
A
2 2
From v – u = 2as
u=0; a=g; s= @
v2 - 0 = 2g@ ⇒ v2 =2g@
B B
K = mv2 = m  2g@.
A A
T.E = U + K
 = mg (h-@) + mg@
= mgh – mg@ + mg@ = mgh
⇒ T.E = mgh (2)
Let the body reaches the ground with velocity v
At point C: U = mg(0)= 0
B
K = mv2
A
From v – u2 = 2as
2

v2 -0 = 2gh
v2 = 2gh
B
K= m  2gh = mgh
A
T.E = U + K = 0+mgh
⇒T.E = mgh (3)
From (1), (2) and (3), it is confirmed that energy of a freely falling body at any point in
its motion remains constant.

Power (P): The rate of doing work is called power.

stuv
Power, P =
wxyz
{
P=
k

 Show that Power = Force x velocity

If a force causes a displacement ‘ds’ in ‘dt’ time then
F⃗. ds⃗
P =
dt
⃗
i|
=<4 .
ik

= <⃗ . \⃗ = FV cos Ѳ
Hence power is equal to the dot product of force and velocity

 Power is a scalar
[Link] : Joule /sec or watt
[Link] : erg/sec
7
1W = 10 erg/sec
Note:
1. 1 horse power, HP=746W
2. 1 kWh = 1000W  3600 sec
}
= 36  105 sec
|~•
5
=36  10 J
Kwh is kilo watt hour and it is the unit of electrical energy.

Collision:
Collision is said to take place if either of two bodies physically collide with each other
(or) when path of one body is changed by the other. (OR) is an event between two or
more bodies where they change (exchange) their momentum.

Collisions are of two types

(i)Elastic collisions (ii) Inelastic collisions
Elastic collision:
The collision in which both linear momentum and kinetic energy are conserved is known
as elastic collision.
 There is no loss of kinetic energy.
 Shape and size after collision does not change
 Ex: collision between atomic and subatomic particles etc.
 Conservative forces are involved.
 Mechanical energy is not transformed to any other forms of energy.

Inelastic collision or Plastic collision:

The collision in which only the linear momentum is conserved but not kinetic energy is
called inelastic collision.
 There is loss of kinetic energy.
 Shape and size after collision changes
 Ex: Collision of a bullet with a block of wood, collisions of two vehicles etc.
 Non-Conservative forces are involved.
 In this collision, loss of kinetic energy appears in the form of sound and heat.

Perfectly In elastic collision: A collision is said to be perfectly inelastic if two bodies

after collision stick together and move as one body.
Ex: Collision of a bullet with a block of wood
Elastic Collision in ONE Dimension (Head on Collision ): If the initial velocities and
final velocities of two colliding bodies are in same straight line, it is called as Head on
collision.
Derive an expression for the velocities of colliding particles after the collision in one
Dimensional elastic collision (OR) Final velocities of bodies in one Dimensional
elastic collision:
If the velocities of colliding bodies before impact and after impact are confined to the
same straight line then such collisions are called one dimensional collisions or head on
collisions.

Consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively moving along the same
straight line in the same direction.
Let u1 and u2 are the velocities of the bodies before collision.
If u1 > u2 , collision takes place between the bodies and let v1 and v2 are the final
velocities of the bodies.
If the collision is elastic then both linear momentum and K.E are conserved.
According to the law of conservation of momentum
Total linear momentum before collision=Total linear momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
mB (uB − vB ) = mA (vA − uA ) (1)

According to the law of conservation of Kinetic energy

B B B B
m1XBA + m2XAA = m1\BA + m2\AA
A A A A
(u A A) (v A A)
mB B − vB = mA A − uA (2)

(A) yl (JTl a‚Tl ) yT (‚TT aJTT )

⇒ =
(B) yl (Jl a‚l ) yT (‚T aJT )
⇒uB + vB = vA + uA
⇒uB − uA = vA − vB (3)

∴ the relative velocity of approach before collision is equal to relative velocity of

separation after collision.
Form (3), vA = uB − uA + vB
Substituting vA in (1)
mB (uB − vB ) = mA (uB − uA + vB − uA )
⇒ mB uB − mB vB = mA uB + mA vB − 2mA uA
⇒ mB uB − mA vB + 2mA uA = mB vB + mA uB
⇒ vB (mB + mA ) = (mB − mA )uB + 2mA uA
 „V a„W W„W
∴ ƒV = _ d †V + _„ d †W (4)
„V …„W V …„W

From (3), vB = vA + uA − uB
Substituting (4) in (1),
mB [uB − vA + uB − uA ] = mA [vA − uA ]
⇒ 2mB uB − mB vA − mB uA = mA vA − mA uA
⇒ 2mB uB − mB uA + mA uA = mA vA + mB vA
⇒ (mB + mA )vA = 2mB uB + (mA − mB )uA
W„V „ a„
∴ ƒW = _ d †V + _ W V d †W (5)
„ …„
V W „ …„ V W

Different cases:
Case1:When m1 = m2 and u2=0 i.e. when two colliding bodies are of same mass and
second is at rest, then
\B = 0 ^[? \A = XB
Case2:When &B ≪ &A and XA = 0 i.e. when mass of first body is negligible as
compared to the mass of second body then
\B = −XB and \A = 0

Case3:When &B ≫ &A and XA = 0 i.e. when mass of first body is very large as
compared to second body then \B = XB and \A = 2XB
Collisions in two dimensions:
After collisions if bodies move in a plane then such collisions are called two dimensional
collisions &B \B YZ[ѲB V1
m1

u1 u2 &B \B ‰ŠYѲB
ѲB
m1 m2 m1 m2
Ѳ2 &A \A ‰ŠYѲA

m2
V2
&A \A YZ[ѲA
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 moving with the velocities u1 and u2
respectively in the same direction.
After collision bodies are moving with velocities v1 and v2 making angles Ѳ1 and Ѳ2 with
horizontal.
In horizontal direction, &B XB + &A XA = &B \B ‰ŠYѲB + &A \A ‰ŠYѲA (1)
In vertical direction, 0 = &B \B YZ[ѲB − &A \A YZ[ѲA
⇒ &B \B YZ[ѲB = &A \A YZ[ѲA (2)
Coefficient of restitution(e): – is the ratio of relative velocity of separation to relative
velocity of approach.
It gives the degree of elasticity
` a`
‹= T l
bl abT
For perfectly elastic collision e = 1
For inelastic collision e < 1
For perfectly inelastic collision e = 0