1.
Minimal pairs
Minimal pairs Words - Phoneme Minimal Pairs Words - Phoneme Minimal Pairs Words - Phoneme
/əʊ/ - /aʊ/ know now /f/ - /v/ fan van /v/ - /w/ vow wow
/ɒ/ - /ɔ:/ cot caught /f/ - /h/ fat hat /t/ - /d/ to do
/æ/ - /ɑ:/ had hard /f/ - /θ/ free three /k/ - /g/ came game
/ɑ:/ - /ɜ:/ fast first /s/ - /θ/ sink think /f/ - /p/ fast past
/æ/ - /e/ bad bed /ð/ - /z/ clothe - close /k/ - /g/ back bag
/ɒ/ - /əʊ/ not note /ʤ/ - /z/ page pays /m/ - /n/ am an
/əʊ/ - /ɔ:/ so saw /d/ - /ʤ/ bad badge /t/ - /d/ hat had
/æ/ - /ʌ/ bat but /f/ - /p/ beef - beep /s/ - /z/ bus buzz
/e/ - /eɪ/ wet wait /kw/ - /k/ quick kick /ŋk/ and /ŋ/ think thing
/e/ - /ɪ/ desk disk /tʃ/ - /dʒ/ cheap jeep /ʧ/ - /t/ catch cat
/ɪ/ - /i:/ sit seat /tʃ/ - /ʃ/ chair share /s/ - /ʃ/ sock - shock
/b/ - /v/ ban – van /d/ - /ð/ dough though /h/ - /r/ hat rat
/b/ - /p/ big - pig /t/ - /θ/ tree three /g/ - /w/ get - wet
/n/ - /ŋ/ thin thing /ʤ/ - /j/ jaw your /r/ - /w/ rich which
/l/ - /r/ alive arrive
2. Sounds with different letters
Sound Letters - Phoneme Sounds Letters - Phoneme Sounds Letters - Phoneme
s
1. /p/ p, pp 9. /d/ d, dd, ed 17. /ɪə/ ear, eer, ere, (ea)
people, puppy daddy, dig
2. /t/ t, tt, ed 10. /g/ g, gg, gh are, ai(r), ear
18. /eə/
tea, cooked game, ghost, doggy
3. /k/ c, k, ck, ch 11. /v/ v, ph oo, u, ew, o, ue, ou
19. /u:/
come, kick, check vet, Stephen
4. /f/ f, ff, ph, gh 12. /z/ s, z 20. /eɪ/ a, ai, ay, ay, eigh, ea
five, phone
5. /s/ s, c, ss, sc 13. /ð/ th 21. /ɑ:/ ar, a, (au, ear, uar)
sea, scene, cite
6. /ʃ/ sh, ti, ss, ci, ch 14. /ʒ/ si, s, g 22. /e/ e, ea, (ay, a, ai, ie)
she, ambitious
7. /tʃ/ ch, t, tch 15. /i:/ ee, ea, ie, ei 23. /əʊ/ o, ow, oa, ou(gh), (oe)
church, lecture, catch
8. /b/ b, bb 24. /ɒ/ o, a
16. /ʌ/ u, o, ou
boy, bubble
3. Special stress and -ed
abstract ‘abstract ab‘stract import ‘import im‘port produce ‘produce pro‘duce
/ˈæ[Link]ækt/ /ˈɪm.pɔːrt/ /prəˈduːs/
conduct ‘conduct con‘duct insult ‘insult in‘sult protest ‘protest pro‘test
/kənˈdʌkt/ /ˈɪn.sʌlt/ /ˈproʊ.test/
contract ‘contract con‘tract object ‘object ob‘ject rebel ‘rebel re‘bel
/ˈkɑː[Link]ækt/ /ˈɑːb.dʒɪkt/ /ˈreb.əl/
contrast ‘contrast con‘trast perfect ‘perfect per‘fect record ‘record re‘cord
/ˈkɑː[Link]æst/ /ˈpɝː.fekt/ /rɪˈkɔːrd/
desert ‘desert de‘sert permit ‘permit per‘mit subject ‘subject sub‘ject
/ˈdez.ɚt/ /pɚˈmɪt/ /ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
escort ‘escort es‘cort present ‘present pre‘sent produce ‘produce pro‘duce
/esˈkɔːrt/ /ˈprez.ənt/ /prəˈduːs/
abstract ‘abstract ab‘stract import ‘import im‘port protest ‘protest pro‘test
/ˈæ[Link]ækt/ /ˈɪm.pɔːrt/ /ˈproʊ.test/
naked (id) /ˈneɪkɪd/ wretched (id) /ˈretʃɪd/ blessed (t) /ˈblest/ crooked (id) /ˈkrʊkɪd/
wicked (id) /ˈwɪkɪd/ rugged (id) /ˈrʌɡɪd/ cursed (t) /kɜːst/ crooked (t) /ˈkrʊkt/
beloved (d) /bɪˈlʌvd/ ragged (id) /ˈræɡɪd/ cursed (id) /ˈkɜːsɪd/ used (t) /juːst/
sacred (id) /ˈseɪkrɪd/ dogged (id) /ˈdɒɡɪd/ crabbed (id) /ˈkræbɪd/ used (d) /juːsd/
hatred (id) /ˈheɪtrɪd/ blessed (id) /ˈblesɪd/ crabbed (d) /kræbd/ aged (id) /ˈeɪdʒɪd/
4. Assimilation
Alveolar /t, d, n/ + Bilabial /m, b, p/ -> bilabial
/t/ + /m, b, p/ => /p/
/d/ + /m, b, p/ => /b/
/n/ + /m, b, p/ => /m/
Alveolar /t, d, n / + Velar /k, g/ -> velar
/t/ + /k/ or /g/ => /k/
/d/ + /k/ or /g/ => /g/
/n/ + /k / or /g/ => /ŋ/
Alveolar /t, d, n / + dental /ð, θ/ -> dentalized
geT There /get ðeə/ -> /geðeə/ teNTH /tenθ/ -> /teθ/
baD Thing / bæd θɪŋ/ -> / bæθɪŋ/
Alveolar /t, d, n / + palato-alveolar or palatal /ʃ, /≥ʒ, j/ -> palato-alveolar or palatal
/s/ or /z/ + /ʃ/ => /ʃ/ /d/ or /dz/ + /j/ => /dʒ/ /z/ + /j/ => /ʒ/
/s/ + /j/ => /ʃ/ /t/ + /j/ => /tʃ/
Plosive /t, d/ + fricative /s, z/ -> fricative
/t/ or /d/ + /s/ -> /s/
/t/ or /d/ + /z/ -> /z/
Plosive /d/ + nasal /n/ -> nasal
