GUIDELINES ON PROJECT HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADING

The preliminary materials are contained in the pages that immediately follow the main cover pages of the
report. These include the following:

PRELIMINARY PAGES
1. COVER PAGE  Project Title
 Name (Surname Last)
 Student Matric No.
 School
 Year of Assessment
2. TITLE PAGE  Project Title
 Name
 Purpose for which the project is submitted
 Year of Assessment
3. CERTIFICATION  This is the approval page which serves to authenticate the
report and gives it an authority. It shows that the
supervisor and other examiners have endorsed the report
as meeting the standards and requirements of the School
and Board.
4. DEDICATION  This Page gives the researchers the space and opportunity
to pay respect to loved ones or cause(s) in which he/she is
committed.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  Author expressed appreciation to those who had helped
him/her gain access to data and other resources who
granted him interviews such as his supervisor, lecturers,
friends, colleagues, family members and departmental
staff. This should not be more than 1 page.
6. ABSTRACT  An abstract is a brief description of the entire project
work. A good abstract must contain a brief introduction,
statement of the problem, objective of the study,
summary of the methodology adopted, findings, results,
and conclusion. Must not be more than 350 words.
7. TABLE OF CONTENTS  The table of contents should show at a glance what the
research work contains. It is a signpost that shown readers
what project contain and how it is organized with pages.
8. LIST OF TABLES &  This shows the tables and figures used in the text and the
FIGURES corresponding pages. A table is usually an arrangement of
words, numbers, signs or combination of them in parallel
columns for the purpose of exhibiting certain information
in compact and comprehensive form. A figure, on the
other hand indicates any kind of graphic illustration other
than table. It may be a chart, graphic device to convey an
idea by the researcher other than verbal means. Titles of
figures appear at the bottom while title of table is at the
top.
 9. ABBREVIATION  This page is for abbreviations and their meaning. E.g. A.U,
I.M.F., U.N.O. etc. it is important that the preliminary
pages are the last to be written in any work even though
they come up first by arrangement in the final project
work.

THE MAIN REPORT

10. RESEARCH TOPIC  This must be related to Student’s Department Information
or Course of Study.
 The main report is usually divided into Chapters and the
chapters sub-divided into sections and sub-Sections. The
headings of each chapter is written in capital letters, while
sectional or sub-sectional headings appear in small letters.
11. FORMAT FOR TYPING  Times New Roman, Font Size 12, and Line spacing of 1.5.
 Left Margin should not be less than 1.25”, page
numbering should be at the bottom centre.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study There is the need for the researcher to give clear information of
what led to the problem under investigation. The introduction to
the report places the problem in a historical perspective by
showing is development over time.
1.2 Statement of the This section enables the researcher to put across the problem to
Problem be investigated as he sees it, in a clear concise and straight
forward manner. Not more than half page.
1.3 Objective of the Study Here attempt is made to answer the question on why the
researcher embarked on the study. The key words to use in this
section are: There should be a general objective of the study
while the specific objectives are then listed using such key word
as to:
i. Examine
ii. Assess
iii. Find out
iv. Evaluate
v. Determine
The objectives stated must reflect the keywords in the title.
1.4 Research Questions These are questions you intend to find answer to in the cause of
your investigation and should be derived from your specific
objectives. They are different from questionnaire questions.
However the research questions will form the basis of your
research instrument.
1.5 Hypothesis Hypotheses are scientific guesses or predictions made by the
researcher as regards the problem. It states the relationship
between two or more variables in the problem. A researcher may
choose to use either research questions or hypothesis or both.
1.6 Scope of Study The researcher is expected to state his/her areas of coverage. It is
important to state clearly what he is doing and the extent he
intends to go to avoid being wrongly judged. In other words the
researcher is expected to describe the scope in terms of samples,
variables, interest, location and other resources.
1.7 Significance of the Study To whom will this study be beneficial and how? The researcher
must have considered the importance of such a topic to other
members of the society. He needs to point out the value of the
study, the relevance and contribution to existing knowledge.
1.8 Operational Definition The researcher must limit definitions of terms to the variables as
of Terms employed. This of course is the operational definition and not
necessarily the dictionary version. All keywords in title should be
defined operationally.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction Here the researcher must be able to state what he intends to do
in this Chapter. Indicates the sub-headings under which he
intends to review related literature.
Literature review refers to past relevant works coving the
variables of the problem. This is the summary analysis and
interpretation of the theoretical, conceptual and research
literature related to the problem.
Note: This is meant to be a review and not a reproduction of past
work of scholars in the related fields. Write reviews on general
and local perspectives.
2.2 Do a summary of findings and indicate the gap to be filled.
2.3 Use the APA referencing Style.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction This should be a brief description outlying the contents of the
chapter in a paragraph
3.2 Research Design This is the structure, plan, blueprint which specified how the
study would be carried out. It could be descriptive, a survey,
experimental, historical, correlation, etc. type of study.
3.3 Population of the Study A description of the audience, events or objects under
investigation. Give the estimated population and your source of
data
3.4 Sample Size and This selected subjects from the population under investigation.
Sampling Technique. While sampling techniques is the method adopted in selecting
the subject (sample). Such method could be simple random,
stratified random, and purpose sampling etc.
The researcher should state the technique used, how and the
sample size with reasons.
3.5 Reliability and Validity This means the consistence with which the instrument measures
 Of Instruments what it is supposed or purports to measures. This can be
determined by using any of the following methods, depending on
the research, e.g. Split-Half method, test retest, reliability
method. The parallel and alternative reliability test, etc. While
validity ensures that the instruments used actually perform, e.g.
content validity, face validity, congress validity, construct validity
etc.
3.7 Data Collection An explanation of the steps taken to collect the relevant data
Procedure
3.8 Methods of Data Here the researcher reports the statistical techniques or tools
Analysis employed in analysing the data, which may include tabulation,
graphs, charts, statistic (Mean, T-test, F-test, and Chi-square etc.).

CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction This should be a brief description outlying the contents of the
chapter in a paragraph.
4.2 Demographic Provide a general overview of the environment studied
Information of
Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Findings In this section, data are presented in tables, charts, Graphs, and
followed by brief interpretation.
The rule is to either use a table or chart and not the two for a
finding.
4.4 Research Questions Present the findings for each research question.
4.5 Research Hypothesis Present the findings for each research question.
4.6 Discussion of Findings Here findings are discussed in relation to Objectives, research
questions/Hypothesis, literature review and personal opinion.

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction This should be a brief description outlying the contents of the
chapter in a paragraph
5.2 Summary An appraisal of findings
5.3 Conclusion This should highlight the main findings or outcome as contained
in the study. The number of conclusions is predicted on the
number of hypotheses and or research questions.
5.4 Recommendations Purpose to the users or possible solutions to the problems under
investigation and areas that need further studies
References/Bibliography All sources consulted must be listed here whether published or
not. The arrangement of authors must be alphabetically i.e.
American, Psychology Association (APA) Format.
Appendix (ces) All Other documents, or supplementary materials such as
questionnaire, maps, lifted charts, calculations, computer print-
outs, related to the study.