EXPERIMENT NO.
: 01
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Study of different types of Carpentry tools and their uses.
APPARATUS (CARPENTRY TOOLS)REQUIRED:
Sl QUANTITY
NAME OF THE ITEAMS/TOOLS SPECIFICATION
.No
01 RULES 600mm 01
02 TRY SQUARE 200mm 01
03 Bevel square 200mm 01
04 Marking knife 150mm 01
05 Trammel 300mm 01
06 Spirit level 200mm 01
07 Cross cut saw 600-650mm 01
08 Tennon or back saw 250-400mm 01
09 Key hole saw 250mm 01
10 Firmer chisel 125mm 01
11 Beveled edge firmer chisel 25mm 01
12 Mortise chisel 15mm 01
13 Jack plane 200mm 01
14 Smooth plane 150mm 01
15 Bradawl and gimlet 200mm 01
16 C - clamp 150mm 01
THEORY
01. RULES:-
Rules of various sizes and designs are used by carpenter for measuring and setting out of
dimensions, but they usually work with a four-fold box-wood rule ranging from 0 to 60cm.
02. TRY SQUARE:-
Try square is used for marking and testing angles of 90degree. It consists of a steel blade,
riveted into a hard wood stock.
03. BEVEL SQUARE:-
The bevel square is similar to the try square but has a blade that may be swiveled to any
angel ranging from 0degree to 180 degree. This tool is adjusted by releasing with turn screw of
suitable size in a machine screw running in slot in the blade.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 1
04. MARKING KNIFE:-
Marking knifes are used for converting the pencil line into cut [Link] are made ofsteel
having one end pointed and the other end formed into a sharp cutting edge.
[Link]:-
The trammel is a form of beam compass with a wooden beam to carry out work that
cannot be done by a compass.
[Link] LEVEL:-
These are used for testing the position of large surfaces. The spirit level tests forhorizontal
position.
[Link]-CUT SAW
Cross-cut saw or “hand saws” as they are sometimes called, are used for cutting
across the grain in thick wood . These are600 to 650mm long with 8 to 10 teeth per 25mm gap.
The action of the teeth is that of a series of knives which sever the fibers and force out the
waste wood in the form of saw dust.
[Link] SAW:-
This saw is mostly used for cross cutting when a finer and more accurate finish is
required . The blade being very thin is reinforced with a rigid steel back. Tennon saw blades are
from 250 to 400mm in length and generally have 13 teeth per 25mm. The teeth are shaped in the
form of an equilateral triangle and are sometimes termed “peg” teeth.
[Link] OR KEYHOLE SAW:-
This is the joiners smallest saw theblade being about 250mmlong. The blade of thepad saw is
secured to the, throw which is passes by two screws. This arrangement allows the blade to be
adjust to the best length required according to the work this saw is used for cutting key holes or
the starting of the any interior cuts.
[Link]:-
The firmer chisel is the most useful for general purposes and may be used by hand
pressure or mallet . It has a flat blade about 125mm [Link] width of the blade varies from 1.5 to
50mm.
[Link] EDGE FIRMER CHISEL:-
The bevel edge firmer chisel is used for more delicate or fine work. They are useful
for getting into corners where the ordinary firmer chisel clumsy .
[Link] CHISEL:-
The mortise chisel is usedfor chopping out mortise. These chiselsare designed to withstand
heavy work .
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 2
[Link] PLANE:-
A jack plane is the commonest and is used for the first truing up of a piece of wood .
It consists of a block of wood into which the blade is fixed by a wooden wedge, the blade is
placed at an angle of 45 degree to the sole . On the cutting blade, another blade is fixed
called cap iron or back iron. This does not cut, but stiffens the blade near its cutting edge to
prevent chattering and partially breaks the shaving as it is made. It is the back iron which causes the
shavings to be curled when they come out of the plane. Jack planes are obtainable from 350mm
to425mm in length and with blades 50mm to 75mm wide.
[Link] PLANE:-
The plane is similar in action to a jack plane, except that it is set to cut a much thinner
shaving. A smoothing plane, as its name indicates is used for smoothing or finishing after a jack
plane.
[Link] AND GIMLET:-
The bradawl and the gimlet are hand-operated tools. These are used to bore small holes,
such as for starting a screw or large nail.
16.C-CLAMP:-
The c-clamp is used for smaller work. It consists of a malleable iron frame that can be swivel
led and a steel screw to which is fitted a thumb screw.
CONCLUSION
Hence we studied successfully about carpentry tools, know their operation and uses.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 3
EXPERIMENT NO. : 02
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To make a different carpentryoperations such as sawing, planning, chiseling.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link] NAME OF THE ITEAMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Tennon saw 300mm 01
02 Jack plane 200mm 01
03 Mortise chisel 15mm 01
04 Steel rule 600mm 01
05 Marking knife 150mm 01
Raw materials Required-Wood of size (50x35x259)
THEORY
01. SAWING:-
To do sawing operation fit the wood piece of required dimension in the carpenter vice.
Then mark the dimensions to be cut by marking knife.
Then cut the job along the marking line with the help of tennon saw.
[Link]:-
After cutting to set the required dimension and also to obtain finishing we have to do planning
operation.
To do this operation fit the job by the planning devise “jack plane”.
While planning it should be careful so that jackplane removes proper chips and makes the wood
surface to be fine.
[Link]:-
Chiseling is done to remove extra material from the job and also produces male and female part of a
joint.
To do chiseling operation put the edge of the mortise chisel on the marking line to be cut.
Then by the help of hammer strike the chisel along the marking line and complete the chiseling
operation.
[Link] AND MARKING:-
Measuring is generally done by steel rule to set correct dimension.
After measuring and marking is done by “marking knife” for getting permanent line for cutting
operation.
CONCLUSION
Hence we do different carpentry operation successfully.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 4
EXPERIMENT NO. : 03
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Study of different types of timbers used by carpenters,substitutions by
timbers.
THEORY
Timber is the name given to the wood obtained from wellgrown (Matured)trees. The trees
are cut down into various sizes to suit building or other carpentry/ wooden Furniture purpose.
MARKET SIZES OF TIMBER:-
1. Log – The trunk of the tree, which is free from branches.
2. Balk – The log, sawn to have roughly square cross section.
3. Post – A timber piece round or square in cross-section having its diameter on side, varying
from 175mm to 300mm.
4. Plank – A sawn timber piece, with more than 275mm in width, 50mm to 150mm in thickness
and 2.5 to 6.5 meters in length.
5. Board – A sawn timber piece, be low 50mm thickness and more than 125mm in width.
6. Batten – Asawn timber piece, below 175mm in width and 30mm to 50mm in thickness.
CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER:-
Timbers are generally classified into two [Link] are
Soft timber
Hard timber
Soft timbers are obtained from conifers, Kari, ash, deodar, and sumac.
Hard timbers are obtained from Sal, teak, oak, ash, mango and babul.
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER:-
It should have minimum moisture contain.
The grain of wood should be straight and long.
It should be free from crack.
It should be uniform color.
It should produce near metallic sound on hammering.
CONCLUSION:
Hence we know regarding different types of timbers used by carpenters.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 5
EXPERIMENT NO. : 04
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
Cutting of slot, notch, mortise and tennon joint.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
[Link] NAME OF THE ITEAMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Carpenter’s vice 600mm 01
02 Steel rule 300mm 01
03 Jack plane 250mm 01
04 Try square 150mm 01
05 Marking gauge 150mm 01
06 Firmer chisel 25mm 01
07 Mortise chisel 15mm 01
08 Cross-cut saw 350mm 01
09 Tennon saw 300mm 01
10 Scriber 150mm 01
11 Mallet 250mm 01
RAW MATERIAL SIZE REQUIRED
Wood size = (50×35×259)mm
PROCEDURE
The given raw material is checked to ensure its correct size.
The wood is firmly clamped in the carpenter’s vice and one of It’s faces are planed by the jack
plane and checked for straightness.
The adjacent faces are then planed and the faces are checked for squareness with the try square.
Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 45mm to mark the thickness and width of the
model respectively.
The excess material is first chiseled out with the firmer chisel and then planed to correct size.
The mating dimensions of the parts – X and Y are then marked using the scale and marking gauge.
Using the cross cut saw the portions to be removed in part –Y (tenon) is cut, followed by chiseling.
The material to be removed in part –X (mortise) is carried out by using the mortise and firmer
chisels.
The parts X and Y are separated by cross – cutting with the tenon saw.
The ends of both the parts are chiseled to exact lengths.
Finish chiseling is done wherever needed so that ,the parts can be fitted to obtain a tight joint.
CONCLUSION
The mortise and tennon joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 6
EXPERIMENT NO-05
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To prepare a singledovetail joint.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl No NAME OF THE ITEMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Carpenter’s vice 600mm 01
02 Steel rule 300mm 01
03 Jack plane 200mm 01
04 Try square 150mm 01
05 Marking gauge 150mm 01
06 Firmer chisel 25mm 01
07 Cross cut saw 350mm 01
08 Tenon saw 150mm 01
09 Scriber 01
10 Mallet(wood) 250gm 01
RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED
Wood size required – (50×35×250)mm3
PROCEDURE
The given material is checked to ensure its correct size.
The material is firmly clamped in the carpenter ‘s vice and any two adjacent faces are
planned by the jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with the try-
square
Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 30 and 45mm to mark the thickness and
width of the model respectively .
The excess material is first chiseled out with the firmer chisel and then planned to correct
size.
The matching dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked using scale and marking
gauge.
Using the cross cut saw the portions to be removed are cut in both the pieces , followed
by chiseling and also the parts X and Y are separated by cross cutting using the tenon
saw
The ends of both the parts are chiseled to exact lengths .
A fine finishing is given to the parts , if required so that proper fitting is obtained .
The parts are fitted to obtained a slightly tight joint.
CONCLUSION
The single dovetail joint is thus made by following the above sequence of operations.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 7
EXPERIMENT NO. : 06
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To study of S.C. Lathe and their accessories practice in lathe work.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl No NAME OF THE ITEMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Lathe (SC) 4ii 01
02 01
THEORY
INTRODUCTION :
A lathe is used to cut and shape the metal by revolving the work against a cutting tool. The
work/job is clamped either in a chuck, fitted into the lathe spindle or in between the centers. The
cutting tool is fixed in a tool post, mounted on a movable carriage i.e. positioned on the lathe bed.
The cutting tool can be fed into the work, either length wise or cross wise. While turning, the chuck
rotates in counter clock wise direction, when viewed from the tail stock end.
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A LATHE:-
01 . HEAD STOCK :
It contains either a cone pulley or gearing to provide the necessary range of speeds and
feeds. It contains the main spindles, to which the work is held and rotates.
02 . TAIL STOCK:
It is used to support the right hand end of a long work piece. It may be clamped in any
position along the lathe bed. Drills, reamers, taps may also be fitted into the spindles for performing
operations such as drilling, reaming and tapping.
03 . LATHE BED :
It is an essential part of a lathe, which must be strong and rigid. It carries all part of the
machine and resists the cutting force. The carriage and the tail stock move along the guide ways
provided on the bed.
04 .CARRIAGE:
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 8
It is used to control the movement of the cutting tool. The carriage assembly consists of the
longitudinal slide, cross slide and the compound slide and apron.
05 . COMPOUND REST :
It supports the tool post. By swiveling the compound rest on the cross slide, short tappers
may be turned into any desired angle.
06 . TOOL POST :
The tool post holds the tool holder on the tool, which may be adjusted to any working
position.
07. LEAD SCREW:
It is a long threaded shaft, located in front of the carriage, running from geared to the
spindle and controls the movement of the tool, either for automatic feeding or for cutting threads.
Accessories:
Lathe accessories are used for (i) Holding & supporting the work
(ii) Holding the tool.
Examples of Lathe accessories are
(i) Centers (v) Steady Rest
(ii) Chucks (vi) Follow Rest
(iii) Face plate (vii) Lathe Dog
(iv) Mandrel (viii) Drill Holder
CONCLUSION
Thus we have successfully studied about the various parts of the S.C lathe.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 9
EXPERIMENT NO. : 07
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
To prepare plain turning and step turning.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link] NAME OF THE ITEAMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Chuck key 01
02 Steel rule 300mm 01
03 Vernier caliper 200mm 01
04 Surface gauge 200mm 01
05 Box spanner 10 mm 01
06 Cutting tool H.S.S – 4” 01
RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED:-
M.S. Rod 35×100m
PROCEDURE
Fit the job in the chuck of the lathe with the help of chuck key.
Fit the cutting tool on the tool post.
Test the job whether it is perfectly fixed or not by surface gauge )
Now start the machine and do plane turning by giving small feed to the cutting tools by
moving the hand wheel of the carriage.
When the entire length of the work piece is turned, then start step turning.
The step turning is done on the required length of the job as per sketch. The step turning
diameter is also given in the sketch.
Step turning is done by giving more cross feed movement to the cutting tool as per diameter
required.
Repeat the above step till the required step diameter does reach.
Measure the accurate diameter by using a venire caliper and then finish/complete the step
turning.
CONCLUSION
Finally we obtain a job with required shape and dimension by the help of plain
turning and step turning.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 10
EXPERIMENT NO: 08
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To prepare tapper turning and knurling.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link] NAME OF THE ITEAMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Chuck key 01
02 Steel rule 300mm 01
03 Venire caliper 300mm 01
04 D. spanner 14 – 15 mm 01
05 Cutting tool H.S.S. – 1”×4” 01
06 Box Spanner 10mm 01
07 Surface Gauge 300mm 01
RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED
M.S Road 35mmX100mm.
PROCEDURE
Properly fit the job in the chuck of the lathe machine.
Perform plane turning operation on entire length of the job up to dia. 35mm.
Then leave 30mm from left and do step turning operation on 20mm length till the dia reach 30mm.
Now remove cutting tool and fit the knurling tool in the tool post .
Do knurling operation as per sketch by knurling tool.
Then remove knurling tool and enter cutting tool.
Then tapper turning is done on 30mm length as shown in the sketch.
Tapper turning is done by setting the compound slide at an angle calculated above that is angle
=150 and moving compound slide along length of tapper.
Formula Used-
Taper Formula = = tan-1( )
Where D= Larger diameter = 30mm
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 11
d= Smaller diameter = 15mm
l= Length of tapper = 30mm
So, = tan-1( ) = 1402’ 150
CONCLUSION
Finally we obtain the required shape and size of the job by tapper turning and knurling operation.
EXPERIMENT NO. : 09
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To prepare external threading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link] NAME OF THE ITEAMS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
01 Chuck key 01
02 Steel rule 300mm 01
03 Venire caliper 300mm 01
04 D. spanner 14 – 15 mm 01
05 Cutting tool H.S.S. – 1”×4” 01
Raw Material Required:
M.S. Rod of Dia. 35 mm of Length 100 mm. for a single job
PROCEDURE
Fit the job on the lathe machine chuck.
Do plain turning and step turning as per sketch.
Set the compound slide at 45 degree and do chamfering by the chamfer tool on the
required dimension as per sketch.
Then set the gear box for external threading and connect the carriage with the lead
screw.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 12
Then start the external threading operation on the required length as shown in figure.
CONCLUSION
Finally the external threading operation is done on the job by following the above
procedure.
Government Polytechnic, Mayurbhanj [WORK SHOP PRACTICE-II 3rd SEM. (ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING) ] Page 13
