The total resistance is subdivided into:

Rtotal =R F (1+ K 1)+ R APP + RW + R B + RTR + R A

And this determined by this steps.

Step 1:
The first term, RF is the frictional resistance according to International Towing Tank
Conference (ITTC) formula

1 2
R F= × ρ ×V × C F × S
2
2
¿ 0.5 ×1025 × 9098.42 × 0.00198366 ×2855.87
¿ 6.915 kN

where ρ is the density of the water, V is the speed of the ship and S is the wetted surface of
the hull. CFS is the friction coefficient defined as:

0.075
C FS=
¿¿¿
0.075
¿
¿¿¿
¿ 0.00198366

Where RE is the Reynolds Number can be defined as:

( Vs × Ls )
ℜ s=
v sw

( 1.543 ×108 )
¿ −6
(1.183 ×10 )
¿ 140895905.3
Where LS is the ship length between perpendicular and v sw is the kinematic viscosity for sea
water. Next, wetted surface of the hull can be approximated well as:

S= LWL (2 T +B ) × √ C M ׿

+0.3696 C ℘ ¿+2.38( A ¿ ¿ BT /C B) ¿

¿ 108 (( 2× 6)+18.2 ) × √ 0.984 ׿

−¿ ¿
2
¿ 2855.87 m

Where LWL is the waterline length, B is the maximum breadth, is the transverse sectional area
of the bulb at the position where the still-water intersects the stem. The average draught T is
defined as:

T FP+ T AP
T=
2
(6+ 6)
¿
2
¿6m

Where TFP is the draught at the forward perpendicular and T AP is the draught at the aft
perpendicular of the hull. CM is the midship section coefficient, C B is the block coefficient
and CWP is the waterplane area coefficient that can be defined as:

AM
C M=
BT
51
¿
19.2× 6
¿ 0.984
 ∇
C B=
LS B T

9098.417
¿
102×19.2 × 6
0.774

A℘
C ℘=
LT
¿ 0.913

where AM is the immersed midship sectional area at L WL/2, ∇ is the displacement volume and
AWP is the waterplane area
Step 2:
The frictional resistance is multiplied with a form factor (1+k 1) describing the viscous
resistance of the hull form in relation to RF. The form factor is defined as:

[ ]
0.92497
B
× [ ( 0.95−C P ) ]×
−0.521448
( 1+k 1) =C 13 0.93+C 12 ×( L )
R

0.6906
[1−C P + ( 0.0225 × LCB ) ]

where lcb, expressed as a percentage of LWL, is the longitudinal location of the center of
buoyancy forward of (0.5× LWL). The ship length between perpendiculars is the basis for the
prismatic coefficient CP, which is defined as follows:

∇
CP=
LS × A M

9098.42
¿
108× 51
¿ 0.787

In the form factor formula, LR is a parameter reflecting to the length of the run according to:

LR
=1−C P +0.06 C P lcb/(4 C P−1)
L
¿ 1−0.787+0.06 ×0.787 × 3.5/[(4 × 0.787)−1]×108
¿ 31.314 m

Two more coefficients, C12 and C13, are present in the form factor. The initial one is described
as:

0.2228446
(T ¿ ¿ LS ) ¿ when T / LS >¿0.05

C 12=¿ ¿

¿ 0.525

Next, other coefficient C13 is defined as:

C 13=1+ 0.003(C stern )

¿ 1+(0.003× 10)
¿ 1.03
and accounts for the specific shape of the afterbody related to the coefficient C stern which have
the tentative guidelines presented in table below.

Table : Guidelines for the specific shape of the

afterbody of the ship

So ( 1+k 1) is,

[ ]
0.92497
19.2
× [ ( 0.95−0.787 ) ]×
−0.521448
( 1+k 1) =1.03 0.93+C 12 ×( )
31.314
0.6906
[1−0.787+ ( 0.0225× 3.5 ) ]

¿ 1.16
Step 3:
The next term in the derivation of total resistance is the appendage resistance, which is
defined as:

2
R APP=0.5× ρ ×V × S APP × ( 1× k )eq × C F

where SAPP is the wetted surface of the appendages and (1+k 2) is the appendage resistance
factor. Tentative values for the factor (1+k 2) are presented in table below, obtained from
resistance tests with bare and appended ship models.

Table : Approximate (1+k2) values

Step 4:
Following, the wave resistance RW is depending on the Froude Number FN can be define as:

V
FN=
√ g × LS
1.543
¿
√ 9.81× 108
¿ 0.0474

For the speed range Fn < 0.4, the wave resistance is defined as

[
RW =C1 ×C 2 × C3 ×Volume × ρ× g× exp m1 × F n +m2 × cos ( λ × F n
d −2
)]

Where C1, C2, C1, m1, m2and λ are coefficients, g is the gravitational acceleration and d =
−0.9. Then, first coefficient C1 and C7 is determined as:

3.78613 1.07961
C 1=2223105 ×C 7 ×(T / B) ׿

C 7=B/ LS is when 0.11< B /L> 0.25

¿ 19.2/108
¿ 0.178

Then, angle of the waterline at the bow in degrees with reference to the center plane is called
the half angle of entrance, iE, neglecting the local shape at the stem. If this angle is unknown,
it can be determined as:

i E =1+89 exp ⁡¿
0.34574
× [ LR /B ] ׿¿
¿ 1+89 exp ⁡¿
0.34574
× [ 31.314 /19.2 ] ׿ ¿
¿ 49.83
So C1,
3.78613 1.07961
C 1=2223105 ×0.178 ×(6 /19.2) ׿
¿ 5.690

The second coefficient, denoted as C2, is defined as the amount that a bulbous bow reduces
wave resistance.

C 2=exp ⁡(−1.89 × √ C3 )

Where the coefficient determining the influence of the bulbous bow on the wave resistance is
defined as:

1.5
0.56 A BT
C 3=
B T (0.31 √ A BT +T FP −hB )
1.5
0.56 × 15.411
¿
19.2× 6(0.31 √ 15.411+6−3)
¿ 0.06974

So C2,
C 2=exp ⁡(−1.89 × √ 0.06974)

¿ 0.6071

Where hB is the position of the center of the transverse area A BT above the keel line. Next
coefficient express the influence of a transom stern on the wave resistance and is defined as:

1−0.8 A T
C 5=
B D CM

1−(0.8 × 5.07)
¿
19.2× 6 ×0.987
¿ 0.9642
Where AT is the transverse area of the transom's immersed portion at zero speed. Afterwards,
m1, m2 and λ is described as follows:

m1=0.0140407 × ( LS /T )−¿

Where C16,

2 3
C 16=8.07981 C P−13.8673 C P +6.984388 C P whenC P <0.8

¿ ( 8.07981 ×0.787 )−( 13.8673 ×0.787 2 ) + ( 6.984388 ×0.787 3 )

¿ 1.1743

So m1,

m1=0.0140407 × ( 108/6 ) −¿
׿−1.1743 ¿

¿−2.1125

And λ ,

λ=1.446 C P−¿ when L/B < 12

¿(1.446× 0.787)−¿
¿ 0.9693
Step 5:
The additional resistance due to the presence of a bulbous bow near the surface is determined
from:

0.11exp (−3 P B−2 ) × F ¿3 × A BT 1.5 × ρ × g

R B= 2
1+ F ¿

Where PB is the coefficient of the measure for the emergence of the bow defined as:

0.56 √ A BT
PB =
T FP−1.5 h B

0.56 √15.411
¿
6−(1.5 ×3)
¿ 1.4656

And Fni is the Froude Number based on the immersion determined as:

V
F ¿=
√ g ¿¿ ¿
1.543
F ¿= ¿
√ 9.81 [ 6−3−0.25 × √ 15.411) +(0.15 ×1.543 )¿ 2

¿ 0.3 437

So RB,

0.11exp (−3 ×1.4656−2 ) ×0.34373 ×15.4111.5 × 1025 ×9.81

¿ 2
1+ 0.3437
¿ 0.6013 kN
Step 6:
The additional pressure resistance RTR due to the immersed transom is defined as:

2
RTR =0.5 × ρ× V × A T ×C 6

Where C6,

C 6=0.21 ( 1−0.2 F NT ) when F NT < 5

Related to the Froude number based on the transom immersion

V
F nT =

√ 2 g AT
B+ BC ℘
1.543
¿

√ 2 ×9.81 ×5.07
6+(6 ×0.913)
¿ 0.9378

So C6 and RTR,

C 6=0.21 ¿

¿ 0.1706

2
RTR =0.5 ×1025 × 9098.42 × 5.07 ×0.1706
¿ 1.056 kN
Step 7:
The last contribution to the total resistance is the model-ship correlation resistance R A is
supposed to describe primarily the effect of the hull roughness and the still-air resistance. It is
defined as:

1 2
R A = × ρ ×V × S ×C A
2

Where CA is the correlation allowance coefficient based on result of speed

C A=0.006(LS +100)−0.16−0.00205+0.03
√ LS
7.5
C B4 C 2 (0.04−C 4)

Where C4 and CA,

T FP
C 4= when≤0.04
LS
6
¿
108
¿ 0.056

C A=0.006(108+100)−0.16 −0.00205+0.03
√ 108
7.5
×0.774 4 ×0.607 (0.04−0.04)

¿ 0.000504