Acknowledgement

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Mathematics teacher, [Teacher's Name], for their invaluable
guidance and support throughout this project. Their insights and encouragement have been instrumental in
deepening my understanding of vector algebra and its applications. I also extend my thanks to my parents and
friends for their constant encouragement and assistance during the completion of this project. Finally, I am
grateful for the resources provided by [School Name] that have facilitated my learning and exploration of this
topic.

INTRODUCTION

Bayes’ theorem describes the probability of occurrence of an event related to any condition. It is also
considered for the case of conditional probability. Bayes theorem is also known as the formula for the
probability of “causes”. For example: if we have to calculate the probability of taking a blue ball from the
second bag out of three different bags of balls, where each bag contains three different colour balls viz.
red, blue, black. In this case, the probability of occurrence of an event is calculated depending on other
conditions is known as conditional probability. In this article, let us discuss the statement and proof for
Bayes theorem, its derivation, formula, and many solved examples.

Bayes Theorem Statement

Let E1, E2,…, En be a set of events associated with a sample space S, where all the events E1, E2,…,
En have nonzero probability of occurrence and they form a partition of S. Let A be any event associated
with S, then according to Bayes theorem,
Note:

The following terminologies are also used when the Bayes theorem is applied:

Hypotheses: The events E1, E2,… En is called the hypotheses

Priori Probability: The probability P(Ei) is considered as the priori probability of hypothesis Ei

Posteriori Probability: The probability P(Ei|A) is considered as the posteriori probability of hypothesis Ei
Bayes’ theorem is also called the formula for the probability of “causes”. Since the Ei‘s are a partition of
the sample space S, one and only one of the events Ei occurs (i.e. one of the events Ei must occur and
the only one can occur). Hence, the above formula gives us the probability of a particular Ei (i.e. a
“Cause”), given that the event A has occurred.

Bayes Theorem Formula

If A and B are two events, then the formula for the Bayes theorem is given by:

Where P(A|B) is the probability of condition when event A is occurring while event B has already
occurred.

Bayes Theorem Derivation

Bayes Theorem can be derived for events and random variables separately using the definition of
conditional probability and density.

From the definition of conditional probability, Bayes theorem can be derived for events as given below:

P(A|B) = P(A ⋂ B)/ P(B), where P(B) ≠ 0

P(B|A) = P(B ⋂ A)/ P(A), where P(A) ≠ 0

Here, the joint probability P(A ⋂ B) of both events A and B being true such that,

P(B ⋂ A) = P(A ⋂ B)

P(A ⋂ B) = P(A | B) P(B) = P(B | A) P(A)

P(A|B) = [P(B|A) P(A)]/ P(B), where P(B) ≠ 0

Similarly, from the definition of conditional density, Bayes theorem can be derived for two continuous
random variables namely X and Y as given below:

CONCLUTION

Bayes Theorem Applications

One of the many applications of Bayes’ theorem is Bayesian inference, a particular approach to statistical
inference. Bayesian inference has found application in various activities, including medicine, science,
philosophy, engineering, sports, law, etc. For example, we can use Bayes’ theorem to define the accuracy
of medical test results by considering how likely any given person is to have a disease and the test’s
overall accuracy. Bayes’ theorem relies on consolidating prior probability distributions to generate
posterior probabilities. In Bayesian statistical inference, prior probability is the probability of an event
before new data is collected.

Introduction

In mathematics, vectors are fundamental tools that allow us to represent quantities possessing
both magnitude and direction. Vector algebra, in particular, provides a powerful framework for
solving geometrical problems with precision and elegance. One such application is in
determining the area of a triangle using vector principles. Unlike traditional methods that rely on
base and height, vector algebra offers an alternative approach by leveraging the properties of
vectors, making it particularly useful in complex geometrical scenarios.

This project explores the method of finding the area of a triangle using vector algebra. It begins
by representing the vertices of the triangle as vectors and using the cross product to compute the
area. The project further derives the area analytically and verifies the consistency of the results.
By combining vector algebra with analytical geometry, this study provides a deeper
understanding of the geometric properties of triangles and showcases the versatility and
efficiency of vector methods in solving classical mathematical problems.

Using vector algebra find the area of a triangle.

In vector theory, vectors are visualized as directed line segments whose lengths are their magnitudes. We
will use this concept well in this concept explanation, the area of a triangle formed by vectors. Normally
when we try to find out the area of a triangle, we usually find out the value by the formula of Heron’s
Formula. We can express the area of a triangle by vectors also.
(iii) If given vectors are collinear, the angle between them will be 0° and the value of sin ⁡θ = sin⁡(0°) = 0.
So, the value of the area will be zero.

Conclusion

This project has demonstrated the effectiveness of vector algebra in determining the area of a
triangle. By representing the triangle’s vertices as vectors and using the cross product, we were
able to calculate the area with precision. The analytical derivation further confirmed the accuracy
of the vector method, highlighting its consistency with traditional geometric approaches. This
exploration underscores the power of vector algebra as a versatile tool in geometry, capable of
simplifying complex problems and providing clear, reliable results.