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Railways Basic Science and Engineering Work, Energy And Power / कार्य, ऊर्जा एवं शक्ति Work, Power,
Energy
Work, Power, Energy
Category : Railways
Work, Power, Energy
Work
Work done by the force is measured by the product of magnitude of force and the displacement of the point
of application in the direction of force.
i.e., W=F.S
Work done = component of force in the direction of the displacement × magnitude of displacement.
−
−→ →
i.e., W= (F cos q) S=F S cos q or W=F . S
In terms of rectangular components, work done
−
−→ →
W=F . d
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
W = ( i Fx + j Fy + k FZ ). ( i dx + j dy + k dz)
= Fx dx + Fy dy + FZ dz
Units of work
SI unit: joule (J). One joule of work is said to be done when a force of one newton displaces a body by one
metre in the direction of force
7
1 joule = 10 erg
Dimensions of work:
Work = force, displacement
−2 2 −2
= [M LT ][L] = [M L T ]
Work Done in Pulling and Pushing an Object
μ Mg
F = = f orce required to pull on object force required to pull an object
cos θ + μ sin θ
μ Mg d
W = F d =
cos θ + μ sin θ
Similarly, work done in pushing an object
μ Mg d
W =
cos θ + μ sin θ
Work Done by a Variable Force
x2
W = ∫ F dx = area under F-x curve with proper algebraic sign.
x1
Work done by external force when spring is elongated from x1 to x2
Work done in small displacement dx, dW = Fdx
x2 x2
Total work done, W=∫ F dx = k ∫ xdx
x1 x1
F = kx
The constant k is the spring constant or force constant.
1 1
2 2
W = kx 2 − kx 1
2 2
Conservative Force
A force is said to be conservative, if the work done, by or against the force
(i) is independent of path and depends only on initial and final positions.
(ii) does not depend on the nature of path followed between the initial and final positions.
Examples of conservative force: All central forces are conservative like gravitational, electrostatic, elastic
force, restoring force due to spring etc.
SPECIAL POINTS
(a) Work done along a closed path or in a cyclic process is zero. i.e.i. e. ∮ F . dx = 0
−
→ −→ −
→
(b) If F is a conservative force, then Δ × F = 0
Non-conservative Force
A force is said to be non-conservative, if work done, by or against the force in moving a body depends upon
the path between the initial and final positions.
The work done in a closed path is not zero in a non-conservative force field.
Examples of non-conservative force: Air resistance, viscous force etc.
Energy
The energy of a body is defined as the capacity of doing work or ability of the body to do work.
It is a scalar quantity.
The dimensional formula of energy is [M L T ]. It is the same as that of work. The unit of energy are
2 −2
the same as that of work Le,, joule in S. I. system and erg in CGS system.
Kinetic Energy
It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion. If v be the velocity acquired by the block after
travelling a distance x,
then kinetic energy
1
2 2
K = W = F x = m. a. x = mv [∴ v = 2ax]
2
Work Energy Theorem for a Variable Force
The work done by the resultant force in displacing the particle fromx0 to x is
1 1
2 2
W = mv f − mv i
2 2
'The work done by the resultant force acting on a particle is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the
particle".
This equation represents work-energy (W.E.) theorem.
Relation Between Momentum and Kinetic Energy
−−−−
P = √2mE
Potential Energy
The energy stored in a body or system by virtue of its configuration or its position is called potential energy.
Potential energy of a body at any height h from the earth's surface,
U=mgh
The potential energy is equal to negative of work done in shining an object from some reference position to
a given position for conservative force.
f f
−
→ −→ −
→ −→
ΔU = − ∫ F . dr or U f − U i = − ∫ F . dr
i i
The Potential Energy of a Spring
Potential energy of a compressed or stretched spring
1
2
U = kx
2
Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy
The sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy is called the total mechanical energy.
Total mechanical energy of a system remains constant if only conservative forces are acting on a system of
particles and the work done by all other forces is zero.
Undefined control sequence \Kappa
or K f − ki + U f − U i = 0
or K f + U f = K i + U i = constant
Equilibrium
−
→
A body is said to be in translatory equilibrium, if net force acting on the body is zero i.e., F net = 0
dU
If the force are conservative then, F = −
dr
dU dU
For equilibrium,F = 0. So, − = 0, or, = 0
dr dr
At equilibrium position slope of U − r graph is zero or the potential energy is optimum (maximum or
minimum or constant).
Law of Conservation of Energy:
"Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it may only be transformed from one form into another. As such the
total amount of energy never changes".
Power
We define power as the rate at which work is being done.
W ork done
Average power,Pav =
T ime taken to do work
T otal change in kinetic energy
=
T otal time in change
If ΔW is the amount of work done in the time interval Δt then.
ΔW W2 − W1
I ns tan taneous power, p = =
Δt t2 − t1
−
→ →
p = F . v = Fv cos θ
Collisions
When exchange of momentum takes place between two physical bodies only due to their mutual
interaction force. It is defined as collision between two bodies.
In all collisions, linear momentum is conserved.
→ → → →
i.e., m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
Newton's Law of Collision
According to Newton's experimental law of impact, the ratio of relative speed of separation after collision
and the relative speed of approach before collision is a constant. This constant is called coefficient of
restitution or coefficient of resilience. For a given pair of materials. It is denoted by e.
Coefficient of restitution,
→ →
v2 − v1 (velocity of separation af ter collision)
e = =
→ → velocity of approach bef ore collision
u1 u2
(i) e = 1, the collision is perfectly elastic.
(ii) e = 0, the collision is perfectly inelastic.
(iii) 0 < e < 1, the collision is inelastic.
In this case of elastic collision
1. Total kinetic energy is conserved.
2 Linear momentum is conserved.
3. Total mechanical energy is conserved.
4. It takes place under influence of conservative forces.
In case of inelastic collision:
1. Kinetic energy is not conserved. Loss in K.E takes place
2. Linear momentum is conserved
3. Total energy is conserved
4. It takes place under influence of non-conservative force.
Perfectly Elastic or Head on Collision (Collision in One Dimension)
m1 − m2 m2
v1 = ( ) u1 + 2 ( ) u2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
2m1 m2 − m1
v2 = ( ) u1 + ( ) u2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Perfectly Inelastic Collision (Particles Stick After Collision)
Collision is said to be perfectly inelastic if both the particles stick together after collision and move with
same velocity, say V.
m1 u 1 + m2 u 2
V =
m1 + m2
Loss of kinetic energy during collision is Undefined control sequence \Kappa
1 m1 m2 2
ΔK = [ (u 1 − u 2 ) ]
2 ( m1 + m2 )
Inelastic Collision (Head on) Particles do not Stick After Collision
( m1 − e m2 ) m2 (1 + e)
v1 = u1 + u2
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
m1 (1 + e) ( m2 − e m1 )
v2 = u1 +
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Loss in kinetic energy, Undefined control sequence \Kappa
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
= m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 − m1 v 1 − m2 v 2
2 2 2 2
Undefined control sequence \Kappa
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