MODULE - III

SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERING

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 Module 3 - Topics
Environmental management standards

ISO 14000 series

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) – Scope and Goal

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) – Procedures of EIA in India

Circular Economy

Biomimicking

Industrial Ecology

Industrial Symbiosis

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 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (EMS)
• Population explosion, rapid industrial growth – depletion of
natural resources- unsustainable.

• Industries recognized – proper planning right from the start

• EMS came as a response to the increasing seriousness of the

human impact on our environment.

• Main intention – Protection of environment in a sustainable

way

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 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (EMS)
• EMS – “Tool that enables an organization to control impact of
its activities, products or services on the natural environment.”

Advantages:
• Serves as a tool to provide a systematic way of managing an
organization’s environmental affairs.
• Focuses on continual improvement of the system.
• Restrict and regulate overexploitation of natural resources.
• Set targets to reduce the use of energy and water and waste
going to landfill.
• Set environment friendly purchasing procedures.

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 Basis EMS framework
PDCA Cycle

Plan – Do – Check - Act

Plan Planning, identifying environmental aspects and
establishing goals in accordance with the organizations
environmental policy
Do Implement the planned processes which includes training
and operational controls
Check Checking (monitoring) and corrective actions
Act Reviewing, includes progress reviews and actions to
make needed changes which continually improve
performance of the environmental management system
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS (EMS)
Basic elements

• Reviewing the organization's environmental goals;

• Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements;
• Setting environmental objectives and targets to reduce
environmental impacts and comply with legal requirements;
• Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets;
• Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the
objectives;
• Ensuring employees' environmental awareness and
competence; and,
• Reviewing progress of the EMS and making improvements.
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• An EMS encourages an organization
to continuously improve its
environmental performance.
• The system follows a repeating cycle.
• The organization first commits to an
environmental policy,
• Use the policy as a basis for
establishing a plan, which sets
objectives and targets for improving
environmental performance.
• After that, the organization evaluates its environmental
performance to see whether the objectives and targets are being
met. If targets are not being met, corrective action is taken.
• The results of this evaluation are then reviewed by top
management to see if the EMS is working. Management revisits
the environmental policy and sets new targets in a revised plan.
The company then implements the revised plan. The cycle repeats,
and continuous improvement occurs.
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 Environmental Management
Standards
• EMS cannot be implemented in a random manner.

• Requires regular and robust verification to ensure its

operation effectively.

• A set of standards are required.

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ISO 14000 series

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 ISO 14000 series
• Series of internationally
recognized standards for
structuring the EMS of an
organization and managing the
environmental performance of
the system to induce
environmental improvement
and cost savings.

• Managed by the International

Organization for
Standardization (ISO)

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Elements of ISO 14000 EMS
• Formulate and design policy
and objectives in this regard.

• Formulate a plan to
implement the policy and
objectives.

• Develop the capabilities and

support system to achieve the
implementation of policy
objectives.

• Monitor and evaluate the

environmental performance. 11
ISO 14000 series

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 ISO 14001
• Corenerstone standard of ISO 14000 series
• World’s most widely used EMS
• Voluntary in nature
• Only standard that is auditable

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Certification of ISO 14001 EMS

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Flow chart model - ISO 14001

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 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Life Cycle Assessment/Cradle-to-grave analysis.

• Process to assess the environmental impacts associated with all the stages
of a product, process or activity from cradle to grave by identifying the
materials used and waste generated.

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 Product Life Cycle

M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E

Ra w Ma te ria l Ma te ria l Ma nufa c ture Us e & Re tire m e nt Tre a tme nt

Ac quisition P roc e ss ing & As se m bly S e rvice & Re c ove ry Dis pos a l

W W W W W W

re us e
re ma nufa c ture

c lo se d-loop re cycle ope n-loop

re cycle

M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution

W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution

Material flow of product component

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Stages (basic components) in the LCA process

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 Stages (basic components) in the LCA process

1. Goal & Scope Definition

– Important step in LCA
– Assumptions are clearly defined
– System boundary is fixed
– Technical details included
– How and whom the results are to be communicated

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Stages (basic components) in the LCA process
2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis
– Second stage in LCA
– Data collection
– Develop a flow diagram: maps inputs and outputs

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 Stages (basic components) in the LCA process
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA):
– Significance of potential impacts are evaluated
A. Selection of impact categories
• Identification of relevant environment impacts ( Global
warming, ozone layer depletion, eutrophication etc)
B. Classification of impacts
• Global impacts
• Regional Impacts
• Local impacts
C. Impact characterization
• Uses science based conversion factors to convert into a
common equivalence unit
• Other optional LCIA elements : Normalisation, Grouping, Weighing

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 Stages (basic components) in the LCA process

4. Data interpretation
Systematic process to identify, quantify, check and evaluate the
results
▪ Identification of significant issues based on the results in LCI
and LCA phases
▪ Evaluation of the study
▪ Results are summarized as a set of conclusions and
recommendations

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 Different type of LCAs
• Cradle - to - Grave :
• Raw-material extraction to Disposal phase
• Cradle - to - Cradle :
• Raw material extraction to (end of disposal = recycling
process)
• Cradle - to - Gate :
• partial LCA
• Raw-material extraction to Factory Gate
• before product is transported to consumers
• consumption & disposal phase is omitted
• Gate - to - Gate :
• focuses on only one process in the life cycle of product
• Well - to -wheel :
• used in transportation sector
• evaluate energy consumption, emission impacts
Other types of LCAs
• Attributional LCAs
– establish burden associated with production / use at a point
in time
• Consequential LCAs
– env. consequences of a decision or change in system under
study
LCA - Examples
1. LCA of Aluminium cans
 Aluminium cans - process
BAUXITE Alumina Primary Ingot
Extraction Refining Smelting Casting

Re-meltin Fabricatio
g n

Recyclin Can
g manufacturing

Use
Landfills Waste
cans phase
1. Goal & Scope

Goal
To carry out LCA of Aluminium cans of soft drinks

Scope
• Consist of cradle to grave analysis
• starting from starting from extraction of Bauxite ore
at the mine - production of ingot-manufacture of
cans-final disposal
 2. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Refining of Alumina
Inputs Output
Manufacturing of
Fuel / Energy Products & By
(thermal, electrical) Cans
products

Raw materials Use / Reuse /

Emissions to air,
(Bauxite) Maintenance
water, soil

Ancillary Recycling / Waste

materials Other wastes
management
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Major impacts
1. Global Warming potential (measure GHG emissions)

2. Acidification potential (measure acidifying effects of NOx, SO2, NH3... )

3. Photochemical smog creation potential (measure NOx, VOCs)

4. Eutrophication potential (measure N, P)

5. Ozone depletion potential
4. Data Interpretation
Solid waste,
Liquid waste,
Air pollutants
produced during
manufacture

Analysed &
Impact
parameters are
found

Is the
Impact
Adopt NO parameter YES
within the Eco-friendl
Remedial
prescribed y product
measures limits
2. LCA of PET Bottles
 PET bottles - process
Transported
Extraction Oil--> Heating & to
of oil from refined--> Shaping godown/sto
earth plastic pellets into bottles re

To landfill To trash
bins
Convert to Consumer
other purchases &
items Use
Brough to Recycling
factory
1. Goal & Scope

Goal
To carry out LCA of PET bottles
Scope
• Consist of cradle to grave analysis
• starting from starting from extraction of oil form the
earth - oil refining - bottle manufacture - use -recycle
- final disposal
 2. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis

Refining of Oil

Inputs Output
Manufacturing
Fuel / Energy (Plastic pellets converted to Products & By
(thermal, electrical) bottles)
products

Raw materials Use / Reuse /

(Oil)
Emissions to air,
Maintenance water, soil

Ancillary
materials Recycling / Waste Other wastes
management
 3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Major environmental impacts

1. Air emissions
▪ mainly from heating process

▪ high volume air samprs to collect PM & pollutants

2. Waste water
▪ samples collected

▪ analysed to determine physical, chemical, biological impurities present

3. Solid waste
▪ samples collected - analysed - characterized
 4. Data Interpretation
Solid waste,
Liquid waste,
Air pollutants
produced during
manufacture

Analysed &
Impact
parameters are
found

Is the
Impact
Adopt NO parameter YES
within the Eco-friendl
Remedial
prescribed y product
measures limits
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT

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 EIA
Planning tool
used for
identification, evaluation & mitigation of potential impacts
(positive/negative)
of a
proposed plan/ policy/ programme
on
physical/biological/ social/ cultural/ economic factors
prior to
decision making

• Main objective :
• Predict environmental impacts of projects
• Find ways to reduce adverse impacts
• Refine / shape the proposed project to suit local
environment
• Present the predictions & options before decision
makers 40
 History
• First introduced in US (1969) as USNEPA (United States
National Environmental Policy Act)

• Later countries all-over the world made similar ways

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 In India..
• EIA was first initiated with [Link] of river valley
projects (1978 - 1979)

• Before 1994, developmental projects were assessed based

on
» technical feasibility
» cost benefit analysis
» all impacts were expressed in monetary
terms

• In 1994, EIA Notification was implemented under EPA-1986

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 EIA Notification
• EIA notification consisted of 3 schedules + 1
(amendment-1997)

Schedule-I
Schedule-II
✔ List of projects requiring
Application form
environmental clearance
from Central Govt.
✔ Industry should fill
application form for
✔ Nuclear power plants,
environmental clearance
River valley projects, Ports
& Harbours,Petrolium
✔ submit it to MoEF along
refineries
with necessary data

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 Schedule-III Schedule-IV
Composition of Expert Procedure for public hearing
committee for giving
[Link] ✔ Public should be informed &
consulted on proposed
development before sending it to
✔ Experts from various
MoEF for approval
disciplines (air pollution, ✔ conducted by district collector /
risk analysis, social SPCB
science, NGOs, ✔ Hearing board consist of Rep.s
Economics, Water from SPCB, State Govt. , Collector,
pollution) should be local bodies, senior citizens
there in the committee ✔ proceedings of hearing sent to
MoEF to obtain Environmental
Clearance

▪ [Link] projects that has applied for Env. Clearance

increased over the years
▪ There was a need for strict [Link] rules
▪ MoEF notified the new “EIA Legislation” in 2006 44
 2006 EIA Govt. of India
Notification-salient features
• List of developmental projects under Schedule-I was
expanded

• SEIAA (State level Env. Impact Assessment Authority- 3

member committee) to be constituted by Govt. of India in
consultation with State Govt. concerned

• EC (Expert Committee) was redesigned as EAC (Expert

Appraisal Committee)

• All developmental projects in Schedule-I were categorized

under 2 heads
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 Projects & Activities
under Schedule-I

CATEGORY-A CATEGORY-B
comes under purview comes under purview
of MoEF of SEIAA

CATEGORY-B1 CATEGORY-B2
projects requiring EIA projects not requiring
clearance EIA clearance

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 EIA Procedure in India
1. Project description
2. Screening
3. Scoping
4. Consideration of alternatives
5. Baseline studies (Data collection)
6. Impact prediction & Assessment
7. Impact mitigation Measures
8. Preparation of EIA report (EIA Document)
9. Public hearing process
10. Reviewing EIA Report & Decision making
11. Monitoring the Clearance Conditions (Post Project Monitoring)

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1. Project description
▪ condensed description
▪ showing project details & boundaries
▪ Project proposal submission == commencement of EIA
process

2. Screening
▪ all projects may not require environmental clearance
▪ Screening = process of scrutinizing the application
submitted by an industry seeking whether the project
require clearance or not
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3. Scoping
▪ identify the important [Link] (terms of reference :
ToR) that need to be further investigated
▪ terms of reference --> different for different industry
▪ eg. paper/pulp industry --> major impact = water pollution
▪ cement factory --> major impact = air pollution

4. Consideration of alternatives
▪ all available options/ alternatives w.r.t. a project
/process/technology are considered

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5. Baseline data collection - Very important
▪ Data collection on the env. status of study area before the
project commences

Primary data : in-situ field data

▪ Baseline data
Secondary data : from literature available
Baseline data to be collected on existing env. conditions before
starting a project

✔ Existing surface water ✔ Social Aspects

quality ✔ Aesthetics
✔ Existing GW quality ✔ Cultural aspects
✔ Existing air quality ✔ Noise level
✔ Land use pattern & soil ✔ Health
✔ Flora, fauna ✔ Economic aspects
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6. Impact prediction & Assessment
▪ Impact of an activity = deviation from the existing baseline
condition of environment
▪ all impacts (positive / negative) are identified
▪ suitable methods are used to assess magnitude of identified
impact
▪ expressed quantitatively or qualitatively
Impact

Direct impact Indirect impact Cumulative

impact

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7. Mitigation measures
▪ these are actions to reduce adverse env. impacts
▪ various options are chosen --> ranked --> best on is
selected
▪ For each potential impact --> prepare mitigation plan

“EMP“- Environmental Management Plan

(detailed plan of mitigation measure to be adopted)

8. Preparation of EIA Report

▪ All details of projects --> documented --> 'Report' -->
submitted to decision makers
▪ “EIA Report “ = comprehensive report

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9. Public hearing
▪ before sending the report to MoEF --> public must be informed
and consulted
▪ Their views are considered
▪ public hearing --> conducted by Dist. Collector / SPCB
▪ “Public hearing report”

10. Review EIA Report & Decision making

▪ Go through EIA report & Public hearing report
▪ NOC from state govt.
▪ Expert Appraisal committee (EAC) decides --> approved / rejected
/ needs further change

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11. Monitoring Environmental clearance
condition
▪ If project is approved --> env. clearance condition is
monitored
(during construction & operation phase of project)

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EIA procedure in India

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 Submission of application
to MoEF

ce
an
Get ToR for EIA

ur ar
study

ed Cle ✔ Commission Baseline

e
oc al
Pr ent
studies
✔ Prepare Draft EIA
m
on

Apply to SPCB to
conduct
vir

Public Hearing
En

Obtain Public Hearing

** MoEFCC launched online Proceedings
application system in 2014 for
Category A projects Apply to MoEF

** Kerala SEAC launched online Scrutiny by

application system in 2015 for MoEF
category B1 projects
EAC Compliance
Grant of EC
Meeting monitoring
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 EIA Methodologies
1. Checklist method ▪ Complete list of environmental factors affected by the
project
▪ only a qualitative idea about the impact
2. Matrix method ▪ commonly used & improved method
▪ use interaction matrix = Leopold matrix
▪ (b/w causes & impacts)
3. Overlay Method ▪ Base map -- overlayed with -- map containing impact
charachteristics of project
▪ GIS softwares are used
4. Network Methods ▪ Network of project activities is drawn along with causes
& effects of the same
▪ Cause - Effect flow diagramEvent-Tree analysis, Fault
Tree analysis
5. Expert opinion ▪ used when time is limited
(AD-HOC Method) ▪ information available are very less

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Leopold Matrix Method

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 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• A sustainable circular economy involves designing
and promoting products that last and that can be
reused, repaired and remanufactured.

• This retains the functional value of products, rather

than just recovering the energy or materials they
contain and continuously making products anew.

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 Biomimicry
• From
– bios, meaning “life” + mimesis, meaning “to imitate”
• Biomimicry = to imitate life

• Viewing nature as role model/teacher– nature has

already solved many of the technological and
sustainability problems that we face today - learning
from nature, not about nature

• Imitate nature’s processes, not products

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Biomimicry Principles – 9 basic laws
Nature is the most successful designer and the most brilliant
engineer

Nature…..
1: Runs on sunlight
2: Uses only the energy it needs
3: Fits form to function
4: Recycles everything
5: Rewards co-operation
6: Banks on diversity
7: Demands local expertise
8: Curbs excesses within
9: Taps the power of limits
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Example 1

Airplane
Imitated not the bird (product)
but the air flow around the wings (process)

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Example 2

Shinkansen Bullet train

Huge noise was reduced by adopting the concept of
Kingfishers beak

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Example 3

Termites (No air conditioning…)

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 Example 4

Mercedes-Benz’s bionic car and Boxfish

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 INDUSTRY ECOLOGY
• Industrial ecology conceptualises
industry as a man-made
ecosystem that operates in a
similar way to natural
ecosystems, where the waste or
by product of one process is used
as an input into another process.

• Industrial ecology interacts with

natural ecosystems and attempts
to move from a linear to cyclical
or closed loop system.
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 INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• Industrial symbiosis is the process by which wastes
or by-products of an industry or industrial process
become the raw materials for another.

• Application of this concept allows materials to be

used in a more sustainable way and contributes to
the creation of a circular economy.

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THANK YOU

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