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 Population : Part – 1

EXERCISE Q.1 [PAGE 11]

Exercise Q.1 | Q 1 | Page 11

Identify the correct correlation :
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: Areas which have fertile soil have a dense population.
R: Fertile soils are good for agriculture.
1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
Exercise Q.1 | Q 2 | Page 11
Identify the correct correlation :
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: Population of a region does not change.
R: Birth rate, death rate, and migration affect the population of a region.
1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
Solution: Only R is correct
Exercise Q.1 | Q 3 | Page 11
Identify the correct correlation :
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: In stage 2, the death rate reduces but the birth rate is constant.
R: The population increases rapidly in stage 2.
1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

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Solution: Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

EXERCISE Q.2 [PAGE 11]

Exercise Q.2 | Q 1 | Page 11

Write a short note on :

Impact of relief on population distribution.
Solution:

- Relief is one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of the
population.
- Generally, mountains are thinly populated, plains are thickly populated and plateaus
are moderately populated.
- The mountains and hilly areas are less populated because of limited means of
livelihood; agriculture is poorly developed and transportation facilities are limited. For
example, the north eastern states of India have less population due to hilly and
mountainous relief.
- On the other hand, plains are densely populated because of fertile soil and well-
developed agriculture. Due to plain relief, it is easy to construct roads and develop
industries. Better employment facilities attract people in these areas. For example,
Ganga plains are thickly populated
- In short, we can say plains are densely populated and mountains and plateaus are
sparsely populated.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 2 | Page 11

Write a short note on :

Correlation between birth rates and death rates.
Solution:

- Birth rate and death rate are the important components of population change.
- Birth rate is the number of live births i*n a year per thousand population.
- Death rate is the number of deaths in a year per thousand population.
- Population growth depends upon birth rate and death rate in a year. Population growth
occurs not only by increasing the birth rate but also because of the decreasing death

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rate.
- When the birth rate is more than the death rate, the population increases.
- When the birth rate is less than the death rate, the population decreases.
- If both, birth rate and the death rate are the same then the population is said to remain
stable. However, the birth rate and death rate being the same is only a hypothetical
situation.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 3 | Page 11

Write a short note on :

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition theory.
Solution:

- Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Theory is the stage of expanding the

population.
- From the second stage to this stage, death rates are decreasing. Birth rates are also
decreasing. A decrease in both birth rates and death rates reduces the rate of growth of
the population. But actually, the population is growing because the birth rates are higher
than death rates.
- In this stage, since the country is making progress, the income of the people is above
the subsistence level and there is an improvement in the standard of living of the
people. Poverty is also reducing
- There is the development of technology as a result secondary and tertiary activities
develop.
- Due to an increase in education level, people understand the importance of family
planning so the size of family reduces.
- In short in stage 3 countries are moving from the developing stage to the developed
stage.

EXERCISE Q.3 [PAGE 11]

Exercise Q.3 | Q 1 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

India is passing through Stage 3 of the demographic transition.
Solution:

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- In India, since there is a decrease in the birth rates and death rates, the growth rate of
the population is also decreasing.
- Due to the development in the country, the income of the people has reached above
subsistence level, the standard of living is improved, poverty is decreasing, technology
is developing.
- Number of people engaged in secondary and tertiary activities is increasing.
- Due to an increase in the literacy rate, people have understood the importance of
family planning. Therefore, there is a decrease in the size of the family.
- Hence, India is passing through Stage 3 of the demographic transition.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 2 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

Population distribution is uneven.
Solution:

- Distribution of the population in the world is very uneven because the distribution of
population depends upon many physical factors such as relief, climate, availability of
water supply, soil, etc.
- For example, if you consider the relief factors, mountains and hilly areas are thinly
populated. Plateau regions are moderately populated and plains are densely populated.
The Himalayan region in India is thinly populated but the Gangetic plains are thickly
populated and the Deccan plateau region is moderately populated.
- The distribution of population also depends upon human factors such as agriculture,
mining, transportation, urbanization, etc.
- For example, agriculture or mining activities support a large population since they
provide a source of living to many people.
- Sometimes government policies also affect population distribution. For example,
government-provided land, water, electricity at concessional rate in New Mumbai area
to attract people and to reduce the pressure of the population in Mumbai city.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 3 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

Population increases because of transportation facilities.

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Solution:

- The development of roads and railways makes the region more accessible.
- Such areas provide favourable conditions for the development and manufacturing
industries, which generate employment. Therefore, people from different areas migrate
in search of jobs. Thus, such areas become densely populated. For example, the
Gangetic plain of India, where the density of roads and railways is highest in India.
- Population increases in port cities due to the availability of sea transport for the
development of trade. Therefore, the coastal region is densely populated. For example,
many port cities like Chennai, Mumbai are developed on the east and west coast of
India.
- Thus, the population increases because of transportation facilities

Exercise Q.3 | Q 4 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

Secondary and tertiary activities increase in the third stage of demographic transition.
Solution:

- In Stage 3 of demographic transition theory, the growth rate of the population

decreases.
- As a result, the income of the people in the country reaches the above subsistence
level. Poverty rate decreases and the standard of living increases. Therefore, the use of
technology increases and this generates employment in secondary and tertiary
activities.
- Due to an increase in education level and development of health facilities there is an
increase in employment in the tertiary sector.
- Thus, secondary and tertiary activities increase in the third stage of demographic
transition.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 5 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

Population may increase though birth rates are low.
Solution:

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- The growth of the population depends upon the difference between the number of live
births in a year per thousand population and the number of deaths in a year per
thousand population. Therefore, the growth of the population depends upon both birth
rate and death rate.
- When the birth rate is low and the death rate is also low, then though the number of
live births per thousand population is less, but due to a smaller number of deaths per
thousand population, there is an increase in the population of the country.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 6 | Page 11

Give a geographical reason:

Population density is a function of the population and area of a region.
Solution:

- The number of people living in an area or country is called the total population of the
area or country.
- The density of the population is the ratio between the total population and a total area
of that region or country.
- For example, as per the census of 2011, the Density of population in India is 325
persons per sq. km. It is a ratio between the total population in India and the total area
of India in sq. km.
- In some countries, the total population may be less but the density of the population is
high due to small area of the country. For example, Bangladesh's total population is less
but the area of the country is small, therefore, the density of the population is high.
- In some countries total population may be more but the density of the population is low
due to the very large area of the country. For example, Brazil has more total population
but the area of the country is also large, therefore, the density of the population is low.
Thus, population density is a function of the population and area of a region.

EXERCISE Q.4 [PAGE 11]

Exercise Q.4 | Q 1 | Page 11

Answer in detail:
Explain the physical factors affecting the distribution of the population.

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Solution:

Physical factors affecting the distribution of population are:

(i) Relief
(ii) Climate
(iii) Availability of water
(iv) Soils

(i) Relief
- Distribution of population is greatly affected by relied features.
- Generally, flat plains or gently sloping lands are densely populated.
- Plains are suitable for agricultural activities.
- In these areas, it is easier to construct roads and railways and the development of
industries and trade. As a result, many people are attracted to plains and they become
densely populated. For example, the Ganga plains are thickly populated.
- On the other hand, in mountainous and hilly areas density of the population is low.
This is because in such areas agricultural development is difficult.
- The construction and development of transport facilities are very difficult and costly
too. Such areas are inaccessible.
- Due to inaccessibility, the movement of goods and people is restricted. Therefore,
mountainous and hilly areas are thinly populated. For example, the northeastern states
of India have less population due to hilly and mountainous relief.

(ii) Climate
- Climate is the most important factor of all the factors influencing the distribution of the
population.
- Areas having a very hot or very cold climate, heavy rainfall is very uncomfortable for
human settlement. Such areas are thinly populated.
- For example, polar regions where Eskimos and Lapps live are sparsely populated due
to the extremely cold climate. The Sahara Desert is sparsely populated due to the
extremely hot climate.
- On the other hand, areas with an equable climate, that is climate having not much
seasonal variation attract people. People feel comfortable to stay in these areas.

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- For example, coastal areas have dense populations because of equable climate and
wide scope for the development of agriculture, industries, and trade.

(iii) Availability of water

- Water is the most important factor affecting the distribution of the population. It is the
most essential factor for all human activities.
- Therefore, more people live in areas where potable and sufficient water is available.
As a result of this most of the river valleys are densely populated I .s. Nile river valley.
- Even in desert areas there is more population near oasis due to the availability of
water.

(iv) Soil
- Fertile soils are most important for the development of agriculture.
- The areas having fertile alluvial soil have developed intensive agriculture and support
a large number of people and hence they are densely populated, e.g., Gangetic Plain,
Plains of Mississippi, Irrawaddy, and the Yangtze, etc.
- Similarly, in the areas having very fertile black cotton soil or regur soil, agriculture is
well developed, and hence such areas are densely populated.
- The volcanic soil is very fertile hence, it supports agriculture. Therefore, the slopes of
volcanic mountains have a dense population. For example, volcanic mountain slopes of
Java island.

Exercise Q.4 | Q 2 | Page 11

Answer in detail:
In the first and fifth stages of the demographic transition, population growth is almost nil.
What is the difference between the two stages then?
Solution:

- In the stage 1 both birth rates and death rates are high. The difference between the
two is very less and therefore, the population is stable.
- In stage 1 birth rates are high due to limited educational opportunities, people feel
having many children is good. Therefore, families are big.
- In stage 1, due to the lack of sanitation facilities, medical facilities, the spread of

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contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc., the death rate is high.
- In stage 5 birth rates and death rates are very low. Birth rates are almost equal to
death rates.
- As a result, the population growth is almost minimal or very low or even negative in the
case of some countries.
- In stage 5, the death rate is low because of improved medical facilities, eradication of
contagious diseases, and a healthy environment.
- In stage 5, due to an increase in awareness among the people, the birth rate is low.

Exercise Q.4 | Q 3 | Page 11

Answer in detail:
Discuss the problems faced by countries in stage 4 and stage 5.
Solution:

Problems faced by stage 4 countries are as under:

- The death rate is very low and going down as the medical facilities have improved and
pandemic like the plague, cholera, smallpox, etc., are eradicated.
- Birth rate is the same as the death rate so population growth is minimal. Problems
face by stage 5 countries are as under:
- In this stage, the birth rate is very low and the death rate is high. Therefore, the growth
of the population is slow or negative growth of population is seen.
- Due to a large number of old people the death rate is high and due to a smaller
number of young people birth rate is low.
- Due to a large number of old people, the dependent population is high.
- Due to the less young age population, the working population is limited.
- As a result, the size of the dependant population is larger than the active population
and adverse effect on the economy of the country.
EXERCISE Q.5 [PAGE 11]

Exercise Q.5 | Q 1 | Page 11

Draw a neat labelled diagram for demographic transition theory and its various stages.
Solution:

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 Population Part – 2

EXERCISE Q.1 [PAGE 20]

Exercise Q.1 | Q 1 | Page 20

Identify the correct co-relation:
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: Increase in the dependency ratio will affect the economy.
R: Medical costs are high when there are more elderly in the population.
1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Exercise Q.1 | Q 2 | Page 20
Identify the correct co-relation :
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: In the population pyramid, a broad base indicates a high number of children in a
country. R: Broad apex is an indicator of the high number of elderly in a country
1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

EXERCISE Q.2 [PAGE 20]

Exercise Q.2 | Q 1 | Page 20

Write a short note on :

Population growth and migration.
Solution:

- When people move from one place to another place, or one city to another city or one
country to another country it is called migration.

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- The place where people go out is called the donor region.
- The place where people migrate is called the recipient region
- Due to migration there are changes in the total population in both the regions.
- From the donor region, people move outside so the donor area population will
decrease. Generally, youngsters migrate in large numbers, so the donor region will
have a less young age population, it will affect the fertility rate and there will be slow
growth of the population.
- In the recipient region migrants will be added to the total population of that region.
Thus, increasing the population of the region.
- In the recipient region more young age population will be added, so the fertility rate will
increase, and there will be more population growth.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 2 | Page 20

Write a short note on:

Population pyramid and sex ratio.
Solution:

- The ratio between the number of males and females in the population is called sex
ratio.
- Sex ratio is an indicator of the status of women in the country.
- In the population pyramid X-axis shows the percentage of the population in a particular
age group and the Y-axis, which is at the center of the graph shows age groups.
- The length of the bar shows a number or percentage.
-The left side of the graph shows the male population whereas, the right side of the
graph shows the female population.
- Thus, the population pyramid indicates the number of percentages of the male and
female population in different age groups in the country.
e.g., If we want to know the percentage of males and females in the 15-59 age group,
we can get it from the population pyramid.
- Therefore, we can study the age-wise sex ratio using the population pyramid.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 3 | Page 20

Write a short note on:

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Occupational structure of a population.
Solution:

- In all countries working population is engaged in primary, secondary, tertiary, and

quaternary activities for their livelihood.
- The percentage of people engaged in these activities is called occupational structure.
- In developing counties the percentage of people engaged in primary occupations is
high compared to people engaged in secondary, tertiary, or quaternary activities.
- In developed countries, the percentage of people engaged in secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary activities is more compared to people engaged in primary activities.
- Trade and infrastructure are advanced. So, more people are required in secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary activities.
- More people engaged in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities more the
country has been developed
- Thus, the occupation structure of the country is an indicator of the level of economic
development of the country.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 4 | Page 20

Write a short note on:

Literacy rate.
Solution:

- The literacy rate shows the proportion of literate people in the country. The people
who can read and write are called literate people.
- Every country has different norms to decide literacy. In India, those who can read,
write, and do arithmetic calculations are called literate.
- Literacy in the country is essential to eradicate poverty and for social, economic, and
political development.
- The literacy rate in the country depends upon the cost of education, the standard of
living, the status of women in the society, availability of educational facilities and
government policy, etc.
- In general, the literacy rate of males is more than female with few exceptions.
- The literacy rate is more than 90% in most of the developed countries of Europe, North

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America, Australia, etc.
- Lowest literacy rate is in Sub-Saharan Africa.
EXERCISE Q.3 [PAGE 20]

Exercise Q.3 | Q 1 | Page 20

Give a geographical reason:

In developed countries, the percentage of the population engaged in agriculture is low.
Solution: - In developed countries, there is the development of industries,
infrastructure, and trade.
- Therefore, more people are engaged in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary activities.
- These countries replace human labor with machinery. So agricultural activities can be
carried out with minimum people and can make use of machinery.
- Therefore, the percentage of the population engaged in agriculture is low in developed
countries.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 2 | Page 20

Give a geographical reason:

Literacy rate of a country is an indicator of its socio-economic development.
Solution: - Socio-economic development of the country is measured by people's
standard of living, social status of females in society, educational facilities in the
country, and government policies.
- Higher the literacy rate of women, the more women are educated and employed.
- If the literacy rate is high people are educated, employed, and well settled. Owing to
which the standard of living becomes high.
- If government policies are favorable for education, educational institutes are more
developed, more people become educated and employed. This leads to a higher
standard of living.
- Thus, the literacy rate of countries is an indicator of its socio-economic development.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 3 | Page 20

Give a geographical reason:

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Demographic dividend increases when the proportion of the working population
increases.
Solution: - The productivity of the country depends upon working and non-working
population in the country.
- If more people are working and fewer people are non-working, then resources are
invested in other areas, so there is a boost to the country's economic development.
- Due to a boost in the economy per capita income increases.
- Thus, there is an economic benefit to the country which is dividend and it benefits all in
the country.

Exercise Q.3 | Q 4 | Page 20

Give a geographical reason:

Migration is not always permanent.

Solution: - When migrated person never returns to his original place it is called
permanent migration.
- In most of the cases migration is seasonal, maybe to work as a labourer in the farm
during a particular season or migration of tribal people in search of fodder. This is short
term migration.
- In case of migration for jobs to city areas or to other countries, people work in migrated
areas but visit their original places once or twice in a year. This is long term migration.
- Thus, in most of the cases migration may be short term or long term and not
permanent.

EXERCISE Q.4 [PAGE 20]

Exercise Q.4 | Q 1 | Page 20

Differentiate between:
Donor region and Recipient region.
Solution:
Donor Region
Recipient region

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 (i) Donor region is the region from where (i) Recipient region is the region, where
people migrate to other areas. migration takes place or region where
people go.

(ii) In donor region due to a reduction in (ii) In the recipient region due to an
local population there is less utilisation of increase in population there is more
public facilities like transport, water pressure on public facilities like transport,
supply, education, recreation, etc. water supply, education, recreation, etc.

(iii) The expenditure on the public (iii) The public facilities are not sufficient
facilities is not utilised fully for the increasing population.

(iv) From the donor region mostly young (iv) More young men are added to the
men migrate to other areas in search of population for job opportunities or
jobs, business, or education. business or education.

(v)There are changes in age and sex (v) There are changes in age and sex
ratio, there are more women, children, ratio. There are more males than females
and the old age population than young and more young age population.
age people.

(vi) There is more non-working or (vi) There is more working-age population,

dependent population, it has an adverse with innovative ideas, concepts, etc.,
effect on the economy of that area. which helps technological and economic
development of the region.

Exercise Q.4 | Q 2 | Page 20

Differentiate between:
Expansive pyramid and Constrictive pyramid.
Solution:
Expansive pyramid
Constrictive pyramid

(i) Expansive pyramid is very broad at (i) Constrictive pyramid is narrow at the
the base and becomes narrow at the base and broader at the apex.
apex.

(ii) It shows that there is a higher (ii) It shows that there is a high percentage
percentage of young people but a lower of old age people and a lower percentage
percentage of old age people in the of young age people in the country.
country.

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 (iii) It indicates a high birth rate making (iii) It indicates a low birth rate making the
the base broad and high death rate base narrow and low death rate making the
making the apex narrow. apex broad.

EXERCISE Q.5 [PAGES 3 - 20]

Exercise Q.5 | Q 1 | Page 20

Answer in detail :
Outline the importance of population pyramids in the study of populations.
Solution:

- To study the population of any country people use the population pyramid.
- With the help of the population pyramid, the age-wise and gender-wise population of
the country can be studied.
- Age structure and sex ratio are important aspects of the population of the country.
- In the population pyramid, the percentage of the population in age groups is shown on
the X-axis. Whereas markings of age groups are shown on the Y-axis.
- The right side of the pyramid shows the female population and the left side shows the
male population.
- As the age groups are on Y-axis, the base of the pyramid indicates the young age
population, and apex of the pyramid indicates the old age population, and the middle
portion of the pyramid indicated the adult population
- The population pyramid makes us understand age-wise and sex-wise population as
per the following:
Broader the base, more young age population.
Narrower the baseless young age population.
Broader the apex, more old age population.
Narrower the apex, less old age population.
The Left and right side of the pyramid shows the male and female population in the
country.
- When the old age population is more, it leads to a more non-working population and
there is increased expenditure on medical and health facilities.
- When the younger age population is more, it also leads to a more non-working and

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dependent population. This causes a burden on the economy.
- When the adult age population is more, then the working population is more. This
helps in the development of the country.
- There are three types of population pyramids that depict the birth rate and death rate.
Expansive pyramid- It has a broad base and narrow apex. It shows a high birth rate and
a high death rate.
Constrictive pyramid- It has a narrow base and broad apex. It shows a low birth rate and
low death rate,
Stationary pyramid- Here all age groups have the same percentage. It shows a very low
birth rate and a very low death rate, which means the slow growth of the population in
the country.

Exercise Q.5 | Q 2 | Page 20

Answer in detail:
Explain the rural and urban population structure.
Solution: - The area where more people are engaged in primary activities is called a
rural area and the people living in rural areas are called rural populations.
- The area where more people are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities is called
urban areas and people living in the urban areas are called urban populations.
- There is a difference in density of population, age structure, sex ratio occupation
structure standard of living, the lifestyle of people, sources of income, literacy rate, etc.
- There is a major difference in the level of economic development in rural and urban
areas.
- There is more use of modern technology in urban areas compared to rural areas.
Therefore, development in all fields is very fast.
- Due to more development of industries and infrastructure in urban areas there is an
increase in the transportation and trade as compared to rural areas.
- The criteria to differentiate rural and urban population varies from one country to
another country.

Exercise Q.5 | Q 3 | Page 3

Answer in detail:

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Examine the impact of migration on the population structure of a country.
Solution: - In migration people move from one place to another place for different
reasons.
- The place from where people migrate outside is called the donor region.
- The place where people migrate to is called the recipient region,
- Due to the migration of people there are changes in age structure and sex ratio in both
the regions.
- In the donor region due to the migration of young male population there is a
disturbance in the age structure.
- More females remain in the donor area. So, the donor area has a high sex ratio. In
India, there is a high sex ratio in rural areas due to the migration of people from rural to
urban areas.
- In the donor region, there are changes in age structure as well.
- More old age people and children remain in the donor region which is a non-working/
non-productive population.
- There is a shortage of working population.
- In the recipient region male population increases due to the migration of males into the
region.
- As a result, the sex ratio in the recipient region goes down. In many big cities of India
sex ratio is less than 85% or 90%.
- In the recipient region the percentage of the working population increases.
- There is a more working population than the non-working population, which helps in
the economic development of the region.

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 Human Settlements and Land Use

EXERCISE Q.1 [PAGE 29]

Exercise Q.1 | Q 1 | Page 29

Identify the correct correlation:
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: Settlements can be of various types.
R: Various physical factors affect the growth of settlements.

1. Only A is correct.
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Exercise Q.1 | Q 2 | Page 29
Identify the correct correlation :
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: When cities grow, their functions also grow.
R: Cities can have only one function.

1. Only A is correct.
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Solution: Only R is correct

EXERCISE Q.2 [PAGE 29]

Exercise Q.2 | Q 1 | Page 29

Give a geographical reason:
Not all rural settlements change into urban settlements.

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Solution: - The area between rural and urban is called the rural-urban fringe.
- Villages are beyond the rural-urban fringe and cities have different land use pattern.
- In villages, the land is mainly used for agriculture and related activities such as
permanent pasture, grazing land, miscellaneous tree crops and groves, fallow land, etc.
- In city areas land is mainly used for industries, residential purposes, recreation,
transportation, etc.
- Since the villages are far away from the city, they maintain their distinct identity and do
not change into an urban settlement.
Exercise Q.2 | Q 2 | Page 29
Give a geographical reason:
In rural settlements, land use is related to agriculture.

Solution: - Generally, the land in rural areas is used for agriculture and related
activities.
- The classification of the land use in rural areas is done according to the Land Records
Department.
- As per Land Records Department, the land in rural areas is mainly used for activities
related to agriculture, such as some land is under permanent pastures and grazing
lands or some under tree crops or culturable waste-land or fallow land, etc.
- Thus, all the above types of land use around the rural settlements are related to mainly
agriculture.
Exercise Q.2 | Q 3 | Page 29
Give a geographical reason:
Rural-urban fringes have the characteristics of both urban and rural settlements.

Solution: - The area between urban and rural areas is called the rural-urban fringe.
- It has the characteristics of both urban as well as rural areas since it is a transition
zone between the two.
- Thus, in the rural-urban fringe, there is a mixture of urban-rural land use.
- In some rural areas apart from the land use for agriculture, some agricultural land has
been converted into residential and industrial uses.
- The villages in the rural fringe are partly affected by urbanization.

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- Thus, the rural-urban fringe has the characteristics of both urban and rural
settlements.

Exercise Q.2 | Q 4 | Page 29

Give a geographical reason:
Growth of urban areas is linked to land use.

Solution: - Land use in urban areas is different from land use in rural areas.
- In rural areas, the land use is closely related to agricultural activities like the cultivation
of different crops, plantation of trees, permanent pastures, grazing land, cultivation of
tree crops, fallow land, etc.
- On the other hand, land use in urban areas is varied and closely related to housing
and economic activities.
- As the population of the urban area increases, more and more non-agricultural
activities develop in urban areas.
- Growth of urban areas depends upon area under construction, industries, different
types of institutions such as school, college, insurance companies, bank, etc.
- Recreational activities, transportation are the other urban land uses.
- Thus, the growth of urban areas is linked with land use.

EXERCISE Q.3 [PAGE 29]

Exercise Q.3 | Q 1 | Page 29

Write a short note on:

Interrelationship between rural and urban settlements.

Solution: - Settlements can be divided into urban and rural on the basis of their
functions. Rural settlements are smaller than urban settlements.
- In rural areas agriculture and allied agricultural activities like livestock rearing, fishing,
lumbering, etc., are developed.
- In urban areas, industries, construction, and economic activities like trade, transport,
and communication, banking, and insurance are important activities.
- The development industries need various raw material and services which are

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supplied by rural areas.
- For example, cotton grown in rural areas is supplied to cotton textile industries in
urban areas. Everyday many rural people commute to urban areas to work in different
activities.
- Thus, there is a good interrelationship between urban and rural areas since they
depend on each other.
Exercise Q.3 | Q 2 | Page 29
Write a short note on:
Problems of urban settlements.

Solution: - Most of the urban areas have a very large size of population and the density
of the population is also very high.
- When cities increase in size, many changes occur. These changes are related to land
use and the structure of the city.
- The large size of the population and high density creates a number of socio-economic,
cultural, infrastructural, administrative, and environmental problems.
- The air, water, and noise pollution, development of slums, traffic jam, overcrowding in
trains and buses, waste disposal, etc., are some of the serious problems in most of the
urban settlements.
Exercise Q.3 | Q 3 | Page 29
Write a short note on:
Suburbs

Solution: - In the outer part of the urban areas there are small towns or small cities,
they are known as suburbs.
- When big cities become overcrowded and overpopulated, the further development
starts outside the city area and thus suburbs develop.
- For example, Dombivali, Kalyan, Ambarnath, etc., are the suburbs of Mumbai.
- Suburbs generally consists of residential housing and shops of a low order, which acts
as a central place for the local community.
- Often, suburbs are the most recent growth of an urban area and their end marks the
urban fringe.

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- With an increase in population there is the growth of suburbs, the growth of suburbs
may result in urban sprawl.
Exercise Q.3 | Q 4 | Page 29
Write a short note on:
Mixed land use.

Solution: - Mixed land use is observed in some of the urban areas.

- It is an area where different types of land use exist together.
- In some cities residential, industrial, commercial, administrative functions are found in
an integrated manner.
- In many cities in developing countries one can find schools, clinics, houses, business
shops in one place itself.
- Generally mixed land use is found in cities which are growing very fast, because land
in the city is not sufficient to reserve certain areas for certain land use, therefore there is
mixed land use.

EXERCISE Q.4 [PAGE 29]

Exercise Q.4 | Q 1 | Page 29

Answer the following question:
Explain the characteristics of rural settlements.

Solution:
- On the basis of functions, settlements can be divided into two types - rural and urban.
- Agriculture and allied agricultural activities like fishing, livestock rearing, lumbering,
etc., are most economic activities in rural areas.
- The classification of land use in rural areas is done according to the Land Records
Department.
- As per Land Records Department the land in rural areas is mainly used for activities
related to agriculture, such as some land is under agriculture, some under permanent
pastures and grazing lands or some under tree crops or culturable waste-land or fallow
land, etc.
- Most of rural settlements are semi-clustered or fragmented and small in size.
- Primary activities like agriculture, lumbering, fishing, livestock rearing are more

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developed in rural settlements.
- In rural areas, sometimes agricultural areas are converted into residential or industrial
areas.
- Many people in rural areas daily commute to city areas for work, thus rural and urban
areas are connected with each other.
- There is an area between rural and urban areas which is called the rural-urban fringe,
rural settlements are beyond the rural-urban fringe.
Exercise Q.4 | Q 2 | Page 29
Answer the following questions:
What factors are responsible for the development of various patterns in the settlement?
Give examples.

Solution:
- Patterns of settlements are affected by various physical factors like relief, soils,
climate, availability of water supply, etc.
- Physical factors influence the type and spacing of settlements, which results in various
patterns of settlements.
- Type of soil and quality of soil are two important factors that affect rural settlements.
- Fertile plains and valleys have thick, rich and fertile alluvial soil, which supports
agriculture, so nucleated settlements develop in these areas. For example, most of the
villages in Ganga plains have nucleated settlements.
- Settlements develop as per the relief of that area. For example, Foothill settlements
develop at the foot of the mountain, hilltop settlements develop at the top of the hill. For
example, hilltop settlement at Shimla or Manali.
- In the areas of mountainous or hilly relief, due to inaccessibility, there are dispersed or
isolated settlements. For example, dispersed or isolated settlements in the Himalaya
mountains.
- Sometimes settlements develop along the coastline, canal, river, road, or railway line.
They are in a straight line; they are called linear settlements. For example, settlements
along the Konkan coastline and settlements along the Mumbai-Pune road.
- Climate also affects the development of settlements. Areas of extreme climate are
avoided by people. Therefore, such areas have dispersed settlements.
- For example, due to the extremely hot climate there are dispersed settlements in
Rajasthan and due to extreme cold climate, there are isolated settlements in the polar
regions.
- Water is essential for human development. Therefore, many settlements develop
around lakes or natural tanks, they are circular settlements.
- Sometimes settlements develop at the confluence of two rivers, the settlements grow
in all three sides, they are triangular settlements. For example, Karad town is on the
confluence of Krishna and Koyna river.

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- Sometimes settlements grow around the mines or any central object. This center point
provides a source of livelihood to the people. Thus, the radial pattern of settlement
develops. For example, radial settlements around coal mines in the State of Bihar.

EXERCISE Q.5 [PAGES 29 - 30]

Exercise Q.5 | Q 1 | Page 29

Differentiate between :
Land use and Landcover

Solution:
Land Use
Land Cover

(i) Land use describes the use of land by (i) Land cover describes the physical
people for different activities, such as surface covering the land such as forest
recreation, housing, agriculture, rock, ice, sand, water, etc.
educational institutes, etc.

(ii) For example, in any city, people may (ii) For example, in any area land may be
use some land for housing, some for covered by natural factors such as
recreation, some for sports ground, etc. vegetation, river, sand dune, snow-
covered mountain, etc.

(iii) Land use may change from place to (iii) Land cover is a natural factor it hardly
place depending upon the type of land changes unless man purposefully makes
and need for the people. changes in it.

(iv) Land use cannot be studied by the (iv) Land cover can be studied by satellite
satellite imagery alone. imagery.

Exercise Q.5 | Q 2 | Page 30

Differentiate between:
Barren and Non-agricultural land

Solution:
Barren Land
Non-agricultural Land

(i) The land which is not used for any (i) The land which is used by man for various
human activity is called barren land. human activities except for agricultural
In other words, it is a wasteland. activity, is called as non-agricultural land.

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 (ii) For example, hilly or mountainous (ii) For example, land used for housing,
land, desert land, ravines, swamps, industries, construction of roads, railways,
and marshy land, etc. etc.

(iii) Generally barren land cannot be (iii) Due to the development of secondary or
used for agriculture or other activities tertiary activities there is an increase in the
with available technology. use of non-agricultural land.

Exercise Q.5 | Q 3 | Page 30

Differentiate between:
Radial Pattern and Circular Pattern

Solution:
Radial Pattern
Circular Pattern

(i) In radial pattern settlements grow (i) In circular pattern settlements grow
around the certain objects. around the water body.

(ii) They develop near a temple or a (ii) They develop near a lake or natural
center of commercial activity. tank.

(iii) For example, settlements near (iii) For example, settlements around
Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh. Nainital lake in Uttarakhand.

Exercise Q.5 | Q 4 | Page 30

Differentiate between :
Nucleated and Dispersed Settlement

Solution:
Nucleated Settlement
Dispersed Settlement

(i) Settlement where buildings or houses are (i) Settlement where buildings or
grouped or clustered around a central point houses are scattered or dispersed, is
known as a dispersed settlement.

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 or nucleus is known as nucleated
settlements.

(ii) Houses or buildings are very close to (ii) Houses or buildings are far from
each other. There may be a common wall each other. One house may be at a
between two houses. distance of half a kilometre from the
other.

(iii) Geographical factors are favourable (iii) Geographical factors are not
such as spring or fertile river valley. favourable such as extreme climate,
barren land etc.

(iv) For example, settlements in river (vi) For example, settlements in the
valleys. desert of Rajasthan.

EXERCISE Q.6 [PAGE 30]

Exercise Q.6 | Q 1 | Page 30

Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram for:
Linear settlement

Solution:

Exercise Q.6 | Q 2 | Page 30

Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram for:
Radial settlement

Solution:

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Exercise Q.6 | Q 3 | Page 30
Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram for:
Compact settlement

Solution:

Exercise Q.6 | Q 4 | Page 30

Draw a neat and well-labelled diagram for:
Dispersed settlement

Solution:

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EXERCISE Q.7 [PAGE 30]
Exercise Q.7 | Q 1 | Page 30
Write a note in your own words about how land use in Lonar city has evolved
over time.

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Solution:
- Two maps of Lonar city are given. One map is of the year 2005-06 and another is of
2015-16.
- These two maps show the changes in land use that have taken place in the span of 10
years.
- The following changes have been registered.
- There is no change in the size of Lonar lake.
- The area occupied by Lonar city has increased substantially.
- Forest area around the lake has increased.
- An area under waste land/ scrubs have increased.
- Around the temple in the southeast, on the waste scrub land a new rural hospital,
government hostel, government ITI, Tahsil office, etc., has been developed. This newly
developed area has been named as Krishna Nagar, which is not in the 2005-06 map.
- To the north-east of the Lonar city two more buildings have been constructed. One is a
central public school and another is a civil and criminal court.
- To the south of the temple in the heart of Lonar city built-up residential area is
spreading over built-up residential sparse.
- Overall built up residential sparse is increasing in all directions around Lonar lake and
south-eat of the Lonar city and thus there is encroachment over agricultural land.

EXERCISE Q.8 [PAGE 31]

Exercise Q.8 | Q 1 | Page 31

Read the given passage and answer the following questions:

Different types of human settlements include hamlets, villages, small towns, large
towns, isolated places, cities, and conurbations. In some systems, types of human
settlements are broken up into urban, suburban, and rural; for example, the U.S.
Census Bureau divides settlements into urban or rural categories based on precise
definitions. Small settlements, such as hamlets and villages, have low populations and
restricted access to services. Larger types of settlements, such as cities, have higher
populations, higher densities, and greater access to services. For example, a village
may have only one or two general stores, while a large metropolis may have many
specialized stores and chain stores. These differences are known as low-order service
settlements and high-order service settlements. Larger settlements also have a sphere
of influence affecting surrounding settlements. Settlements may also be divided by the
site chosen, such as sites selected based on resources, trading points, defensive sites,
shelter, and relationship to water resources. The functions of human settlements also
differ, as settlements may be established as ports, market towns, and resorts. Types of
rural settlements may also be classified by function, such as proximity to farming,
fishing, and mining. Settlements that focus on one economic activity are called single
functional settlements. Human settlements may be permanent or temporary. For
example, a refugee camp is a temporary settlement, while a city is a permanent
settlement.

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 1) Which human settlements are mentioned in the passage above?
2) On what basis are urban and rural areas classified?
3) What are the functions carried out in rural settlements?
4) Explain the difference between low-order service and high-order service settlements.
Solution:
i. Hamlets, villages, small towns, In The towns, isolated places, cities, and conurbations
are the types of settlements mentioned in the passage.
ii. The settlement is classified on the basis of the size of the population, density, access to
higher-order and lower-order services, the site chosen, functions, permanent or
temporary, etc.
iii. Functions carried out in rural settlements are farming, fishing, mining, one or two
general stores, etc.
iv. The hamlets and villages have a low population and restricted access to lower-order
services. For example, a village may have only one or two general stores. They are
called low order settlements,
- Large metropolitan cities have a higher population, higher density, and greater
services of higher-order
- For example, large metropolitans may have chain stores, malls, departmental stores,
supermarkets, etc. They are called higher-order settlements.

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 Primary Economic Activities

EXERCISE Q1 [PAGE 40]

Exercise Q1 | Q 1 | Page 40
Choose the correct option and complete the sentence:
Gathering of various products from the forests for livelihood is mainly carried in

1. Temperate coniferous forests

2. Temperate Deciduous forests
3. Tropical deciduous forests
4. Equatorial evergreen forests
Solution: Equatorial evergreen forests
Exercise Q1 | Q 2 | Page 40
Choose the correct option and complete the sentence:
Ideal location for fishing

1. rugged coasts, shallow seas, hot climate, growth of planktons

2. shallow seas, confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of planktons,
cold climate
3. continental shelf, growth of planktons, good fishing skills, cold climate
4. continental shelf, rugged coasts, growth of planktons, cold climate
Solution: shallow seas, confluence of warm and cold ocean currents, growth of
planktons, cold climate
Exercise Q1 | Q 3 | Page 40
Choose the correct option and complete the sentence:
Primary Economic activity not related directly to latitudinal locations

1. lumbering
2. fishing
3. mining
4. agriculture
Solution: mining
Exercise Q1 | Q 4 | Page 40

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Choose the correct option and complete the sentence:
Characteristics of extensive commercial agriculture

1. monoculture, use of water, tropical, cereal production

2. monoculture, use of machinery, tropical, cereal production
3. monoculture, use of manual labour, equator, Thailand, horticulture
4. monoculture, use of scientific know how, sub-tropical, production of pulses
Solution: monoculture, use of water, tropical, cereal production
EXERCISE Q2 [PAGE 40]

Exercise Q2 | Q 1 | Page 40
Complete the chain
А B С
(1) Intensive subsistence (1) Dogger bank (1) Small size of
agriculture farm
(2) Pampas grassland region (2) Offshore oil and gas (2) Unfavourable
production
(3) Fishing (3) Rice (3) Bombay high
(4) Gathering (4) Dense forest (4) NE Atlantic
Ocean
(5) Mining (5) Commercial animal (5) South America
husbandry
Solution:

A
B C

(1) Intensive subsistence (3) Rice (1) Small size of farm

agriculture

(2) Pampas grassland region (5) Commercial animal (5) South America
husbandry

(3) Fishing (1) Dogger bank (4) NE Atlantic Ocean

(4) Gathering (4) Dense forest (2) Unfavourable

Climate

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 (5) Mining (2) Offshore oil and gas (3) Bombay high
production

EXERCISE Q3 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q3 | Q 1 | Page 41
Write short notes on
Plantation agriculture

Solution:
1. Plantation agriculture is an extensive type of agriculture having large farm size on
which one crop is cultivated. This is known as monoculture.
2. Care has been taken to maintain the quality of the crop using scientific methods.
This type of agriculture is modern as well as capital intensive agriculture.
3. Since most of the work is done by human labour this type of agriculture is also
referred to as labour intensive agriculture.
4. The plantation crops once grown provides production for 10 to 15 years.
5. Tea, coffee, rubber, cocoa, cashew nut, spices, etc., are the most important
crops. For example, Rubber plantations in Kerala or tea plantations in Assam.
6. Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Caribbean islands are
the important countries where plantation agriculture is practiced.
Exercise Q3 | Q 2 | Page 41
Write short notes on
Physical factors and fishing
Solution: Development of fishing requires specific physical factors. Therefore, it is
developed on a commercial scale where physical factors are favourable for fishing. The
following are the important physical factors, which can be responsible for the
development of fishing.
1. Broad continental shelf, with shallow water is favourable. For example,
continental shelf along the eastern coastline of Japan is broad and water is
shallow.
2. Warm and cold ocean currents should meet near the coastline, so that plankton
(favourite fish food) is available in plenty.
3. Broken coast line which provides natural ports and harbours.
4. Cold climate is favourable for natural preservation of fish.
5. Since above all physical factors are present on the north-east coast of USA,
north western coastline of Europe as well as in Japan, commercial fishing is well
developed.
Exercise Q3 | Q 3 | Page 41

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Write short notes on
Lumbering on a commercial scale
Solution: Commercial lumbering is well developed in coniferous forest region of
Canada, North Western Europe and Soviet Union. The important factors responsible for
the development of commercial lumbering in the above areas are as follows.
1. In coniferous forest one species of trees are found over an extensive area.
2. Coniferous trees are tall and away from each other so lumbering is easy.
3. Wood is soft and durable. Coniferous forests provide good raw material for paper
and pulp industry and furniture making industry.
4. Due to good quality of wood (softwood) it has great demand in the world market.
5. Cool and pleasant climate is favourable for labour to work throughout the year.
Exercise Q3 | Q 4 | Page 41
Write short notes on
Hunting and loss of ecosystem

Solution: Before the development of agriculture hunting was the important activity of
man to obtain food. Many animal species were becoming extinct because of large scale
hunting. Therefore, to protect the ecosystem, in many countries commercial hunting is
banned. Presently, many laws are being passed to conserve and protect the animals
and ecosystem. Yet, many tribal people such as Eskimos in Tundra region, Pygmies of
Equatorial Selvas, Bushmen of Kalahari, Sentinels in Andaman etc., are still hunting.
EXERCISE Q4 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q4 | Q 1 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Agriculture is done on a large scale in India.

Solution: More than 46 percent of the total population of India is engaged in

Agricultural Activities.
- In northern India, we have extensive fertile alluvial soil in Gangetic plains most suitable
for the development of agriculture. In south peninsular India, there is very fertile black
cotton soil suitable for a variety of crops. Along the coastal lines fertile soil is found in
the deltas of river Krishna, Godavari, Mahanadi, Tapi, Narmada, etc. Many rivers like
Ganga. Yamuna, Godavari, Tapi, Narmada and their thousands of tributaries and
canals provide water for irrigation. The economic and social factors, including labour,

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market, capital, transportation facilities, storage facilities and government policies, etc.,
are all favourable for the development of agriculture.
Exercise Q4 | Q 2 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Mining is developed in Chhota Nagpur plateau of India.

Solution: The distribution of minerals is highly uneven in India. The geology of Chhota
Nagpur region is very rich in minerals. There is concentration of minerals like iron-ore,
manganese, mica, copper, limestone, and lead in Chhota Nagpur region. The
government policy, capital investment in mining activities, technological development,
availability of skilled labour, transport facilities, etc., are favourable for the development
of mining activity in Chhota Nagpur region. Development of many industries related to
minerals are located in this area, which gave boost to the development of mining
activities.
Exercise Q4 | Q 3 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Lumbering is developed on a large scale in Canada.

Solution: Lumbering is one of the most important economic activity in the areas
covered by coniferous forest in Canada. In Canada coniferous forest grow in large belt,
since the climate is suitable for the growth of coniferous trees. In these forests only one
species of trees grows in one area which is favourable for the lumbering. The
development of lumbering depends upon the type of wood, climate, market and
transport facilities. Commercial lumbering is developed in Canada because there is
coniferous forest region, which provides soft wood, which is easy to cut, carry and
durable. Cool climate of Canada, well developed transport facilities for the movement of
logs, use of machinery for logging, large demand in local and international market for
paper and pulp industries, limited development of other economic activities due to
extreme cold climate are the other factors responsible for lumbering in Canada.
Exercise Q4 | Q 4 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Extensive agriculture is a commercial type of agriculture.

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Solution: Extensive commercial agriculture was developed in temperate grassland
region in Steppes, Prairies, Downs, Pampas and Veld grasslands. In these grassland
areas population density is low and size of farms is very large from few hundred to
thousand acres. There is extensive use of machinery from sowing to harvesting.
Modern and scientific methods of agriculture are used, so production is large. The per
hectare production is low whereas per capita production is high. Since population in
those grasslands is very low and there is surplus production, therefore, large quantities
of food grains are available for export, so this agriculture is known as commercial type
of agriculture.
Exercise Q4 | Q 5 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Lumbering is practiced more in coniferous region than in tropical region.

Solution: Lumbering activity depends upon nature of wood - hard or soft, density of
forest, number of species in the forest, transportation facilities, use of machinery and
market. In coniferous forest region trees provide softwood, which is easy to cut and
durable. In coniferous forest region one type of species are found in extensive area, so
lumbering is easy. In coniferous forest region there is use of machinery for lumbering
and transport facilities are also well developed. There is lot of demand for softwood in
local and international market, hence commercial lumbering is more developed. On the
other hand, in tropical region, density of trees is very high, different types trees grow in
close proximity, so lumbering is difficult. In tropical region surface movement is difficult
and transport facilities are not developed because of marshy land. In tropical region
there is no local market since trees provide hardwood and therefore commercial
lumbering is not developed.
Exercise Q4 | Q 6 | Page 41
Give geographical reasons:
Hunting has been banned.

Solution: In the olden days hunting was the most important primitive activity of man to
obtain food. Since agriculture was not developed, it was the only source of food for
man. As a result, large number of animals were killed to such an extent, that some of

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the species of animal have become extinct or at the verge of extinction. In order to
conserve and protect animals, hunting is banned all over the world.
EXERCISE Q5 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q5 | Q 1 | Page 41
Differentiate between:
Lumbering in equatorial forests and Temperate forests.

Solution:
Equatorial Forests
Temperate Forests

(i) It is a tropical evergreen forest. (i) It is a temperate coniferous forest.

(ii) It is mixed forest. (ii) One species of trees are found over an
extensive area.

(iii) Wood is hard. (iii) Wood is soft.

(iv) Hot and humid climate, suitable (iv) Cool and pleasant climate is suitable for
for labour. labour.

(v) Surface movement difficult. (v) Surface movement not difficult.

(vi) Mechanisation not possible for (vi) Mechanisation is used for cutting trees.
cutting trees.

(vii) No demand in local market. (vii) Local market well developed.

Exercise Q5 | Q 2 | Page 41
Differentiate between:
Plantation agriculture and Extensive commercial agriculture.

Solution:
Plantation Agriculture
Extensive Commercial Agriculture

(i) Developed in tropical region. (i) Developed in temperate region.

(ii) Labour intensive farming. (ii) Machinery is more used.

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 (iii) Only crops are grown. (iii) Commercial animal rearing is also done
along with farming.

(iv) Tea coffee, cocoa spices are (iv) Wheat and maize are important crops.
important crops.

(v) This type of agriculture is (v) This type of agriculture is practiced in

practiced in Malaysia, India, Sri temperate grasslands of North America, South
Lanka, Indonesia, etc. America, Europe and Asia.

(vi) Crops for export purpose. (vi) Crops for export purposes.

Exercise Q5 | Q 3 | Page 41
Differentiate between:
Mining and Fishing.

Solution:
Mining
Fishing

(i) Since ancient times man is (i) Since ancient time man is using fish as a food.
using minerals as raw material.

(ii) Found naturally in crust of (ii) Found naturally but in rivers, lakes, seas and
the earth. oceans.

(iii) Used as industrial raw (iii) Used as a food.

materials.

(iv) Highly uneven distribution. (iv) Found everywhere in waterbodies.

(v) Availability of minerals (v) Availability of fish depends on nature of coast

depends upon geological line, cool climate, cold and warm ocean water
structure. currents etc.

EXERCISE Q6 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q6 | Q 1 | Page 41
What are the factors affecting commercial fishing?
Solution: Following factors affect commercial fishing.

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 1. Extensive continental shelf with shallow water. For example, Dogger bank fishing
area.
2. Confluence of warm and cold ocean water currents, which is favourable for the
growth of plankton. For example, Gulf warm ocean current and Labrador cold
current meet together near Dogger bank on North Eastern coast of North
America.
3. Broken coastline for the development of ports.
4. Traditional skills of some local people who are expert in fishing.
5. Large size of population to provide demand for fish.
6. Limited land to grow protein rich food, so that fish becomes staple food of people.
7. Use of advanced fishing boats and fishing nets.
8. Cool climate for natural preservation of fish.
9. Forest resources to provide wood for ship building industry.
Exercise Q6 | Q 2 | Page 41
Write a note on Intensive Subsistence agriculture.
Solution:
1. Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in densely populated countries like
China, India. Japan, Sri Lanka and east Asian countries.
2. Since there is large population and limited fertile agricultural land, there is small
land holding.
3. Farmers work intensively to get maximum yield from available small land.
4. Rice is the dominant food crop produced in this region.
5. Mostly manual labour and animals are used for all agricultural activities.
6. Most of the production is consumed locally and hence no surplus is available for
export.
7. Yield per hectare is high but yield per capita is low.

Exercise Q6 | Q 3 | Page 41
Give characteristics of Market Gardening.
Solution: The following are the characteristics of market gardening.
1. It is a modern type of agriculture developed mainly on the fringe of highly
industrialised and densely populated urban areas.
2. Vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, meat etc., are the important products produced.
3. Size of the farm is very small like garden.
4. Scientific and technological knowledge as well as manual labour to some extent
is used in production.
5. Use of capital is very high.
6. Natural organic manures and chemical fertilizers are used.
7. Developed in areas lying at the distance of overnight journey by trucks, so that
perishable products can be carried to nearby city market as early as possible.
For example, vegetables and fruits grown at Vasai and Virar are carried to
Mumbai.

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Exercise Q6 | Q 4 | Page 41
Write a note on the areas in the world practicing commercial animal husbandry.
Solution:
1. Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in 30°N to 60°N latitude, and 30°S to
55°S latitudes.
2. Commercial animal husbandry is practiced in temperate grassland regions of
steppes in Russia, prairies in North America, downs in Australia and velds in
South Africa and Pampas plains of Argentina.
3. In these areas there is cultivation of crops as well as grass for animals.
4. In these areas agriculture and animal husbandry is done together.
5. This type of farming needs huge capital investment and more use of modern
machinery, advanced technology, market and large land.
6. In North and South America, it is carried with the help of advanced technology on
a commercial scale.
Exercise Q6 | Q 5 | Page 41
Mining is dependent on the extraction of naturally occurring minerals. Explain.
Solution:
1. Mining is one of the oldest economic activity of man.
2. Man cannot produce minerals that are naturally found in the crust of the earth.
3. This activity solely depends on the presence of minerals.
4. It also depends on geology of the region, value of minerals, quality of minerals,
capital investments, technology and availability of skilled labour, etc.
Exercise Q6 | Q 6 | Page 41
Write in detail about the characteristics of primary economic activities.
Solution:
1. Hunting, gathering, fishing, rearing animals, mining and agriculture, etc., are the
important primary economic activities of man.
2. These activities are solely dependent on nature.
3. Primary activities mean extraction of natural resources.
4. These activities mainly produce raw materials required in different types of
industries.
5. Natural calamities affect most of the primary activities.
6. In developing countries very large proportion of working population is engaged in
primary activities, since there is less use of machinery.
7. In developed countries there is less proportion of working population engaged in
primary activities, since there is more use of machinery,
EXERCISE Q7 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q7 | Q 1 | Page 41
On an outline map of the world, show thefollowing with appropriate symbols and
prepare an index:

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 1. Dogger Bank fishing area.
2. Area of lumbering in Asia.
3. Area of animal husbandry in Australia.
4. An area of agriculture in Europe.
5. Mining area in Arabian Sea.
6. Fishing area in South-West Atlantic Ocean.
Solution:

EXERCISE Q8 [PAGE 41]

Exercise Q8 | Q 1 | Page 41
Given below is the data about the continent wise employment engaged in primary
economic activities in the year 2018. Draw a suitable diagram to represent the data and
answer the questions that follow:
Continent % of population engaged in
primary economic activities
Europe 7.91
Asia 24.49
North America 14.93
South America 14.94
Africa 47.28
Australia 27.79
1. In which continents is less than 10% of the population engaged in agriculture?

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 2. In which continent is more than 40% population engaged in agriculture?
3. Looking at the given data, can you arrange these continents in an ascending
order on the basis of level of economic development?
Solution:
1. In Europe less than 10% population is engaged in agriculture.
2. In Africa more than 40% population is engaged in agriculture.
3. Ascending order is as follows:
Africa, Asia, Australia, South America, North America, Europe.

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 Secondary Economic Activities

EXERCISE [PAGE 54]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 54

Complete the chain:

А B С
1) Small- scale (1) Manual manufacturing (1) Ceramics
industries
2) Cottage industries (2) Skilled crafts person (2) Tata Iron and Steel
company
3) Consumer goods (3) Individual (3) Potters
4) Private (4) Ready for direct (4) Pharmaceutical
consumption
Solution:
A
B С

(1) Small scale (1) Ready for direct (1) Potters

industries consumption

(2) Cottage industries (2) Manual manufacturing (2) Ceramics

(3) Consumer goods (3) Skilled crafts person (3) Pharmaceutical

(4) Private (4) Individual (4) Tata Iron and Steel

company

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 54

Identify the correct correlation:
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: The humid climate of Mumbai offered great scope for the development of cotton
textile industries.
R: Industries require ample amount of water.

1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

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Solution: Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 54

Identify the correct correlation:
A: Assertion; R: Reasoning
A: In India, industries are found concentrated in few areas are available.
R: India is predominantly agrarian country.

1. Only A is correct
2. Only R is correct
3. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
4. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
Solution: Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 54

Give geographical reasons:
Distribution of industries is uneven.
Solution: Distribution of industries depend upon various physical factors like climate,
raw material, water and power supply, labour, transportation, land, etc., and economic
factors like capital, market and government policies.
Physical and economic factors vary from region to region and political factors vary from
country to country. Industries are developed where physical and economic factors are
favourable for their development, thus, distribution of industries is uneven.
For example, in India industries are concentrated in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi,
Chota Nagpur region and in the rest of India, agriculture is the only major economic
activity.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 54

Give geographical reasons:
Iron and steel industries are found in mineral rich area of Dhanbad.

Solution: Important raw materials used in iron and steel industry are iron-ore,
limestone, dolomite, manganese and coal. All these raw materials are heavy, bulky and
weight-losing. The cost of transportation of these materials are very high. Dhanbad and
its surrounding areas are the major iron-ore and coal producing areas. Since this

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industry is using weight-losing raw materials which are available around Dhanbad, iron
and steel industry is found at Dhanbad.

Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 54

Give geographical reasons:
Fruit-processing industries are found in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan
region.

Solution: Fruit processing industries use fruits as raw material. Ratnagiri and
Sindhudurg districts are known for horticulture. They are major mango, jackfruit, cashew
and kokum producing districts of Maharashtra. All these fruits are raw materials in fruit
processing industry. These raw materials are bulky, weight-losing and perishable and
hence the industry is located in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts where fruits are
grown in plenty.

Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 54

Give geographical reasons:
What are the major factors which have hindered the growth of industries in South
America?

Solution: Industries in the continent of South America are developed only in coastal
areas of Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru. The hindrances in the growth of industries in
South America are due to unfavourable physical factors such as dense forests in Brazil,
deserts in interior parts of Argentina, Andes mountain range running along the west
coast. The economic factors like limited capital, lack of modern technology and lack of
transportation facilities etc., create hindrance in development of industries.
Comparatively low density of population and lack of markets are the other factors
responsible to have hindered the growth of industries in South America.

Exercise | Q 3.5 | Page 54

Give geographical reasons:
What factors are responsible for non-development of industries in Central Australia?

Solution: Central part of Australia is covered by the Great Australian desert. Since it is
a desert, physical factors like climate, water, raw materials, labour and transport
facilities are not suitable for the development of industries. Because of these adverse

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physical conditions, the density of population is extremely low and therefore there are
limited markets. Also, due to these unfavourable economic factors also industries are
not developed in central Australia.

Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 54

Short notes:
Footloose industries.

Solution: Footloose industry is a general term for an industry that can be placed and
located at any location without effect of factors of location such as land, labour, climate
and capital.
- The raw material used as well as finished products of these industries are very light so
their location near the source of raw material or transport is not important. These
industries often have spatially fixed cost, which means that costs of the product do not
change despite where the product is assembled. Diamond cutting, computer chips and
mobiles manufacturing are some of the examples of footloose industries. Advance
technology like internet, email are used for raw material as well as marketing. These are
generally non-polluted industries.

Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 54

Short notes:
Public sector industries.

Solution: Public sector industries are owned by the state. The investments in public
sector industries is done by the government. Also, marketing of goods is done through
government agencies. Public sectors include public goods and governmental services
such as military, law enforcement infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water
supply electrical grids, health, etc.). Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited (BHEL) is one of
the largest engineering and manufacturing companies of its kind in India engaged in
designing engineering construction.

Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 54

Short notes:
Economics of scale.

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Solution: Economics of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain because
of various facilities established due to basic industries in certain region. Sometimes due
to advantage of many favourable factors for industrial development in certain areas,
there is concentration of industries in that area, which is called agglomeration of
industries in these regions industries develop not due to any locational factors but due
to economies of scale enjoyed because agglomeration of industries. Due to the
development of basic industries other ancillary industries which are complementary to
each other also develop. For example, once cotton textile industry develops in any
region, readymade garment making industries, industries supplying dyes and
chemicals, industries producing materials like thread, buttons, laces, etc., also develop.
Due to such agglomeration, the industries in that region get more profit compared to
their investment due to economies of scale such as cheap transport, labour, financial
facilities etc. For example, transport companies give concession, hence, the cost of
transportation decreases. Since industries in this region are complementary, it is easier
to collect or supply goods from other industries of nearby areas. For example, dye
making industries supply dyes to cotton textile industry and cotton textile industry
supplies cloth to ready-made garment industries.

Exercise | Q 4.4 | Page 54

Short notes:
Role of transportation in industries.

Solution: Transportation facilities are important for the collection of raw materials and
distribution of finished products. Low cost of transportation is the key factor in the
location of industries. Transport network is crucial for sustained economic growth and
development of a nation. Transport system helps to send raw material, fuel and
machinery to different industries at the right time and runs the industry. Thus, transport
plays a crucial role in the development of industries.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 54

Differentiate between:
Weight-losing and Weight-gaining industries.

Solution:

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 Weight-loosing
Weight-gaining

(i) Weight-losing industries are those (i) Weight-gaining industries are those
industries in which raw material are industries in which raw materials are
relatively bulky but finished products are relatively lighter than finished products.
relatively light.

(ii) Weight-losing industries are located (ii) Weight-gaining industries are located
near raw materials. near markets.

(iii) For example, sugar industries locate (iii) For example, cotton textile industries
near sugarcane producing areas. 10 tons locate near the market because finished
of sugarcane is required to produce 1 ton product cotton cloth is heavier than the
of sugar. raw material cotton.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 54

Differentiate between:
Primary and Secondary Activities.

Solution:
Primary Activities
Secondary Activities

(i) Primary activities include activities, (i) Secondary activities include

such as hunting, fishing, mining, manufacturing and constructions.
agriculture.

(ii)These activities concerned with are (ii) These activities add value to the already
obtaining materials directly from existing products by changing their form,
nature. For example, fish from water making them more suitable to satisfy our
or wood from trees. needs and wants.

(iii) Primary activities produce raw (iii) Secondary activities produce finished
materials. products,

(iv) Production of goods in primary (iv) Production of goods in secondary

activities depends upon natural activities depends on technology, skill of
factors. labours and capital

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 54

Differentiate between:
Basic Industries and Consumer Industries.

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Solution:
Basic Industries
Consumer Industries

(i) The finished products of these industries (i) The finished products of these are
are used by other industries. used as raw material which are directly
consumed by consumers.

(ii)For example, iron and steel industry (ii) For example, the medicines made in
provides steel as raw material to machine pharmaceutical industries are directly
tool making or agricultural implements consumed by consumers.
making industry.

(iii) These industries supply their products (iii) These industries supply their
to others. Hence, they are called linkage products to consumers. Hence, they are
products. called as consumer goods industries.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 54

Answer the following:
Explain the physical factors affecting location of industries.
Solution: Climate, raw material, water, power, labour, land and transport are important
physical factors deciding the location of industry. Extreme climate like too hot, too cold,
dry and very humid climate are not suitable for industries. Generally, industries develop
in areas of moderate climate.
Availability of raw material is essential for the development of industries. Industries
using perishable, heavy, bulky and weight-losing raw materials are located in the areas
of source of raw materials. For example, sugar mills near sugarcane growing areas.
Most of the industries require lot of water for processing, like cooling, washing ete. Such
industries are located near lakes, rivers or other water bodies. For example, many
industries are located around Great Lakes in USA.
Labour is another important factor deciding location of industries. Availability of skilled,
semi-skilled and cheap labour is very important to work in industries. Hence, we
generally find labour colonies are located where skilled and cheap labour is available.
Transport facilities are essential for transport of raw materials and finished products.
Low cost transport is the key factor in the development of industries. Industries develop
in the areas, where transportation network is well developed. For example, many
industries are developed along Trans-Siberian railway line in Russia.
Industrial development need huge land for the construction of industrial units. Industries
develop where cheap, plain and extensive land is available.

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Industries need power supply, main sources of power supply are coal, oil, electricity and
now a days wind energy, solar energy etc. Industries locate near coal mines, or
availability of electricity. For example, industries concentrated around coal mining area
of Ruhr region of Germany or industries concentrated near Khopoli hydro power station.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 54

Answer the following:
Explain the factors affecting location of sugar industries.

Solution: The following are the factors affecting the location of sugar industries.

1. Sugar industry is and agro-based industry.

2. Sugarcane is the raw material in sugar industry.
3. Sugarcane is perishable and weight-losing raw material.
4. It is also heavy and bulky raw material.
5. Taking into consideration all above characteristics of raw material used in sugar
industry, it is always located in the areas of sugarcane production.
6. In Maharashtra, Satara, Kolhapur, Ahmednagar, Sangli etc., are the sugarcane
producing districts and the same districts have concentration of sugar industry.

Exercise | Q 7 | Page 54
Show the following on a map of the world with suitable index:
1. Ruhr industrial region
2. An industrial region in Japan
3. An industrial region in South Africa
4. An industrial region in Australia
5. Industrial region near Great Lakes
Solution:

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 Tertiary Economic Activities

EXERCISE [PAGES 64 - 65]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 64
Complete the chain:
A B C
(1) Matheran (1) Tea (1) Communication
(2) GPS (2) Atlantic Ocean (2) Tertiary Activity
(3) Sri Lanka (3) Satellite (3) Export
(4) Panama Canal (4) Tourism (4) Pacific Ocean

Solution:
A
B C

(1) Matheran (1) Tourism (1) Tertiary Activity

(2) GPS (2) Satellite (2) Communication

(3) Sri Lanka (3) Tea (3) Export

(4) Panama Canal (4) Atlantic Ocean (4) Pacific Ocean

Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 64

Choose the correct option:
Tertiary activities include

1. Use of natural resources

2. Finished product
3. Raw material
4. Transportation
Solution: Transportation
Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 64
Choose the correct option:
Natural ports

1. Kochi

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 2. Finished product
3. Raw material
4. Transportation
Solution: Kochi
Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 64
Choose the correct option:
Trans-Australian Railway connects

1. Perth - Sydney
2. Perth - Vladivostok
3. Sydney - Vancouver
4. Vancouver - Vladivostok
Solution: Perth - Sydney
Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 64
Give geographical reasons:
Tertiary activities include both services and exchange.

Solution: Transportation, communication, trade and commerce are the main tertiary
activities. Road, rail and airways are the important modes of transportation, which help
in exchange of goods and services. Therefore, it is a service activity. Transportation
provides facilities for the movement of goods from areas of surplus to areas of scarcity
produced in primary and secondary activities. Credit facilities, banking facilities,
marketing are also tertiary activities, they provide services to people. Postal services,
shopkeepers, vegetable sellers, fruit sellers, etc., are also included in service activities.
Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 64
Give geographical reasons:
The proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.

Solution: Air transport is an important enabler to achieve economic growth and

development. In the global world, there is exchange of goods between countries.
Therefore, there is more use of air transport to carry perishable, valuable and light
goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas. It facilitates integration into global economy
and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional and international scale. Nowadays

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tourism is the fastest growing industry; air transport is more used for international
tourism. Therefore, the proportion of airways as means of transportation is increasing.
Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 64
Give geographical reasons:
Geographical diversity is responsible for trade to occur.

Solution: The geographical diversity is the set of physical, human and cultural elements
differentiated from each other that converge in the relatively small geographic space
that is part of the same zone, region or country. If you take into consideration natural
regions of the world, each region is different from another. The natural resource
available in one country will be different from the ones available in different regions.
There is variation in climate, soil, minerals, forest, relief, water supply etc. Depending
upon the availability of geographical factors, there is specialisation of certain economic
activities in certain areas and there is trade from surplus areas to scarcity areas. For
example, in one region, plenty of oil is available while in another region no oil reserves
are available. This variation in distribution of oil will be responsible for the development
of trade between oil rich and oil poor countries. Thus, geographical diversity is
responsible for trade to occur.
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 64
Short notes:
Importance of satellites as means of communication.

Solution: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies

radio telecommunication signals via, transponder. Communications satellites are used
for television, telephone, radio, internet and military applications. The information about
physical and human factors is obtained from satellite communication. Satellite
communication is used in remote islands, in some countries and continents where
landline telecommunication is rare or not available. As television becomes the main
market, its demand for satellite communication becomes very important. Satellites are
also used for internet communication, military communications, etc. Thus, importance of
satellite as means of communication is increasing.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 65
Short notes:

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Role of transportation in trade.

Solution: Transport support trade and industry in carrying raw material to the place of
production and distribution of finished products for consumption. Transport means to
make goods available to consumers. Transport makes possible movement of goods
from one place to another with great ease and speed. Trade means exchange of goods
and services. In trade there is movement of goods from surplus areas to scarcity areas.
The movement of goods is possible only because of transport. In other words, without
the help of transport development of trade is not possible. Thus, transport plays an
important role in economic development and globalisation of trade.
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 65
Short notes:
Tourism and GDP.

Solution: Tourism is vital for the success of many economies around the world.
Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs and develops
the infrastructures of the country. It also creates jobs in agriculture, communication,
health and educational sectors. The government that depends on tourism, invests a lot
in the infrastructure of the country. They construct new roads and highways, develop
parks, improve public places, and set up airports, etc. With augmenting facilities, more
and more tourists are attracted in such countries, thus, there is boosting of the GDP.
Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 65
Differentiate between:
Secondary economic activities and Tertiary economic activities.

Solution:
Secondary Economic Activities
Tertiary Economic Activities

(i) Secondary activities are concerned with (i) Tertiary activities are concerned with
activities adding value to already existing providing services rather than
products from primary activities. providing material goods.

(ii) Development of secondary activities (ii) Development of tertiary activities

depends upon the production of resources depends upon the development of
in primary activities. secondary activities.

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 (iii) Manufacturing and construction are (iii) Trade, transport communication,
important secondary activities. banking, insurance, etc., are tertiary
activities.

(iv) Secondary activities produce goods and (iv) Tertiary activities help reach these
commodities. goods and commodities to the
consumers.

(v) Secondary activities may be away from (v) Tertiary activities are always near
the market and settlement. the market and settlement.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 65

Differentiate between:
Quaternary and Quinary activities.

Solution:
Quaternary Activities
Quinary Activities

(i) Quaternary activities refer to those activities (i) Quinary activities involve work
where the task is to think, research and related to administration.
develop ideas.

(ii) Confined to research, training and (ii) Confined to the highest-level

education. decision taking and policy making.

(iii) Software developers, statisticians, hospital (iii) Senior business executives,

staff, teachers, financial planners tax government officials, scientists,
consultants, people working in theatres, etc., judges, etc., comes under quinary
comes under quaternary activities. activities.

Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 65

Differentiate between:
Waterways and Airways.

Solution:
Waterways
Airways

(i) Development of water transport (i) Development of airways needs favourable

needs courted area with broken climate, advance technology and plain land for
coastlines. airports.

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 (ii) This is the cheapest mode of (ii) This is an expensive mode of transport.
transport.

(iii) Heavy and bulky goods are (iii) Light, perishable and expensive goods are
transported, e.g., minerals, oil, coal, transported, e.g., electronic goods, gold, silver,
machinery, etc. fish, dairy products, etc.

(iv) Slow mode of transportation. (iv) Fast mode of transportation.

(v) More used for goods transport (v) More used for passengers' transport than
than passengers' transport for goods transport.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 65

Answer in detail:
Explain the factors affecting trade between two countries.

Solution: Trade refers to transfer of goods or services from one person to another or
from one country to another. Factors which affect the trade are natural resources,
climate, population, culture, economic cost, specialization, etc.

Natural resources: Distribution of natural resources is uneven. The natural resources

available in one country differs from another. Because of this uneven distribution of
resource, there is trade between resources surplus and resource deficit.

Climate: Climate mainly affects the plants and animals in a region. In the areas of
different climate, there are different types of plants and animals. Example, in the tropical
countries like Sri Lanka whose major export is tea or Malaysia and Indonesia, whose
major export is rubber. This occurs naturally because of favourable climate for growing
tea and rubber plants in these countries.

Population: Population size, distribution and density are different in different countries.
This leads to difference in production and consumption and hence trade occurs.
Standard of living can also determine the demand for various goods and services. The
country with less population depends more on trade because fewer human resources is
engaged in production of goods.

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Culture: Some countries are known for their specific art and craft, based on their
culture, specific production of goods which have worldwide market, for e.g., Kashmiri
shawls or Iranian carpets.

Economic Cost: Cost of production is the major factor in the process of production. It is
cheaper to import certain goods than producing it in the country itself. For example, it is
cheaper to import tea from India and Sri Lanka than producing it in England.

Specialisation: Due extremely favourable factors of production, some countries have

specialisation for certain goods and they have name and fame in the world market, so
they develop export trade. For example, watches of Switzerland or electronic goods of
Japan or tender beef of Argentina.

Government Policy: Government policy about export or import affects trade. For
example, Government may increase import duties of some goods, to encourage people
to buy domestic goods. Thus, import trade of those goods goes down.

Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 65

Answer in detail:
Development of transportation is dependent on geographical factors. Explain.
Solution: Various geographical factors affect the development of transport.
1. Relief, climate and location are the three most important factors that affect the
development of transportation.
2. It is easier to build roadways and railways in plain areas.
3. Dense forests, hilly and mountainous regions affect the construction of roads and
railways, in Africa and South America.
4. Coastal location with broken coast lines is favourable for development of ports
and harbours.
5. For the development of airways; favourable climate and plain region for
construction of airports are essential.
6. Foggy and smoggy weather and high peaks will be obstacles for the
development of air transport.
Exercise | Q 6.3 | Page 65
Answer in detail:
Why is transportation system important in the development of any nation?

Solution: Transportation plays important role in rapid economic growth of a nation. The
introduction of railways has been historically the most important and powerful single

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factor in the process of economic development of industrial nations of the world like
USA, France, Germany, Japan, etc. The significance of transportation in economic
activity is found in its effects on both human wants and satisfaction of wants through
production and distribution of goods. Transportation increases the quality and variety of
consumer goods, thereby stimulating the demand and development of trade and
economy of the nation. Transport provides various employment opportunities and
boosts up the economy of the country. For example, many people got employment in
construction work of Metro rail track.
Exercise | Q 6.4 | Page 65
Answer in detail:
Tertiary activities are expanding day-by-day. Explain the statement.

Solution: Tertiary activities act as the link between primary and secondary activities.
These activities are mostly in the form of services. Tertiary activities include transport
and communication, trade, loading and unloading of goods, banking, insurance,
marketing, export, etc. Providing public services like hospital, education, research and
development, administration, etc., are also included in tertiary activities. With increasing
industrialisation population growth and trade, number of people working in banking,
insurance, tax consultants, software developers, teachers, etc., went on expanding day
by day.
Exercise | Q 7 | Page 65
On an outline map of the world, show the following with the help of suitable
index:
1. A Canal bringing radical change in sea transport.
2. Railway connecting two continents.
3. An international airport in India.
4. An important port in India.
Solution:

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Exercise | Q 8 | Page 65
Read the given passage and answer the following questions:
Careful planning and implementation is necessary for economic development of any
country. In the tourism sector the need for planned development is of great importance.
It involves many industries working together in a complex way and needs special
attention. Planning basically tries to allot limited resources between various competitors
with a view to maximize output, income and employment and to make sure different
sectors have fair growth. Tourism planning is a process through which the set goals can
be achieved and the various choices linked to tourism development can be addressed.
It is a long term and constant process of preparing, upgrading and improving a
destination for tourist. Communities are the basic elements of tourism. It mainly
depends upon the level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of
planning their involvement is essential The development of tourism creates impact on
mainly environment, socio-culture and economy of the host community at any
destination. These impacts produce both negative as well as positive impacts. Planning
is necessary to reduce the negative impact and boost the positive impact for sustainable
development of a destination.
1. Why does the tourism sector need planning?
2. What is the importance of communities in planning?
3. Explain any two benefits of planning.
4. What factors affect the economy of the host community?
5. Why planning is a long-term task?
Solution:
1. Why does the tourism sector need planning?
Plan development in the tourist sector is of great importance, since it involves

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 many industries working together in a complex and hence special attention.
Planning will help to allot limited resources between various competitors with
view to maximise output, income and employment.
2. What is the importance of communities in planning?
In the process of planning communities are basic elements of tourism. It mainly
depends upon level of acceptance shown by local communities. In the process of
planning their involvement is necessary and therefore, community planning is
necessary.
3. Explain any two benefits of planning.
Planning reduces the negative impact and boosts the positive impact for
sustainable development of a destination.
4. What factors affect the economy of the host community?
The development of tourism creates impact on mainly environment socio-culture
and economy and economy of host community at any destination.
5. Why planning is a long-term task?
Planning is a long-term task because planning is a constant process of
preparing, upgrading and improving a destination for tourists.

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 Region and Regional Development

EXERCISE [PAGE 74]

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 74

Identify the correct group:
A B С D
Satpuda Yavatmal Thar Marathwada
Deccan Amravati Sahara Khandesh
Alps Solapur Himalaya Vidarbha
Rockies Greater Gobi Konkan
Mumbai

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Solution: D
Exercise | Q 1.2 | Page 74
Identify the correct group:
A B C D
Plain PressureTropical Fishing
forest
Lake Rivers Thorny Lumbering
forest
Mountain Temperature Mangrove Agriculture
forest
Plateaus Humidity Deciduous Bakery
forest
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Solution: C
Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 74
Differentiate between:

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Functional region and formal region.

Solution:
Functional region
Formal region

(i) Specific to one area. (i) Often physical in nature.

(ii) Areas organised around a node or (ii) Has specific boundaries that set them
focus one point like university, airport, etc. apart.

(iii) This region has no common (iii) This region has some common
characteristics but functions are more characteristics such as common
important, functions bind regions together. economic activity or common language.

(iv) Often a metropolitan area that consists (iv) Homogeneous areas or habitats
of major city and lot of smaller towns. inhabited by social groups, societies or
nation.

(v) The region is tied to a central point by (v) Organised and represented by small
transportation system or economic or systems or part systems.
functional associations.

(vi) It functions and works together to form (vi) Has clear-cut political boundaries.
a part of an economic and social system.

(vii) Defined by a set of activities. (vii) Defined by common political units

where all people are subject to same law
and government.

Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 74

Differentiate between:
Physical region and political region.

Solution:
Physical region
Political region

(i) Physical region is an area of land (i) Political region tends to be based on
divided by natural borders. political units such as sovereign states like
administrative region, province, states,
township, etc.

(ii) For example, interior plains of USA (ii) For example, USA, State of
with borders of Appalachian Mountains Maharashtra, etc.

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 in the east and Rocky Mountains in the
west.

(iii) Physical regions are natural (iii) Political regions are man-made regions.
regions.

(iv) Physical regions are almost (iv) Political regions are not permanent
unchanged regions. regions.

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 74

Write short notes on:
Factors affecting regional development
Solution: The physical factors like relief, climate, location, population and land use of
the region affects the regional development.
Regional development occurs near areas with favourable location, plain relief, sufficient
rainfall, developed agriculture, transportation, industries and trade. For example, Asian
countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods. USA has
developed industries and trade.
There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like
mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the northern part of Russia,
economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
Location of the region is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then
there is development of ports and thus development of trade and economy. For
example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to
development of trade.
On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade
due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For
example, Afghanistan, Nepal.
The economic development in any region depends upon the quantity and quality of its
people.
Where more suitable land is available, different economic activities are developed. For
example, cities use land for various purposes such as industries, education,
entertainment, transport, commerce, etc. Therefore, cities have economic development.
Hence, physical factors are said to affect the economic development of the region.

Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 74

Write short notes on:
Measures to reduce regional imbalance.

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Solution: The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the
government to reduce regional imbalance.
1. The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social
reasons for the non-development are studied.
2. Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded
through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
3. Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of
roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health
facilities, etc.
4. Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts,
deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
5. The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of
industries.
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 74
Give geographical reasons:
Regional development is dependent on physical setting.

Solution: The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the
regional development. Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based
industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient
rainfall. For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of
agricultural goods. Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of
transportation and industries. There is poor development of economic activities in areas
with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. For example, in the
northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.
Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline,
then there is development of trade and economy. For example, Japan has economically
developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade. On the
other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to
absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. For example.
Afghanistan, Nepal. Thus, there is relationship between regional development and
physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on
physical factors.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 74
Give geographical reasons:
Factors like literacy, poverty affect the regional development.

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Solution: Literacy and poverty are the important factors affecting the regional
development. High literacy rate determines the quality of human population. This
increases the availability of employment opportunities and development of resources,
which contributes to the economic growth and regional development. Due to high
literacy rate, the population growth is controlled and resources are shared among less
people in the country. However, poverty decreases the purchasing powers resulting in a
decline in the demand for goods, which reduces the production and drops the economic
development and GDP of a country. Hence, poverty and literacy affect regional
development.
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 74
Give geographical reasons:
Development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

Solution: Relief and climate are the most important factors affecting the development of
any region. The Himalayan region has high mountains with a steep slope. The climate is
cold and the mountains are covered with snow. There is heavy soil erosion and hardly
plain land, so agriculture is not developed. In this mountainous region, it is difficult and
expensive to develop transportation facilities. Hence, there is poor development of
industries. Since all above factors are neither suitable for agricultural, industrial or trade,
development is not seen in the Himalayan region.

Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 74

Answer in details:
What is a region?

Solution: A region is an area of a country or any part of the world having common
features. Thus, there is a difference between two regions on the basis of its features.
The common features may be physical (relief, climate, soil, natural vegetation, ete.),
socio cultural factors (language, religion, etc.), man-made like political features
(administrative or political boundaries). Regions may be small or large. The large
regions include sub-regions. For example, the plateau region of India has various sub-
regions such as Chota Nagpur plateau, Malwa plateau, Marwar plateau, Deccan
plateau, etc. The main characteristics of regions are:
Regions have its geographical location mentioned in latitudes and longitude.

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Every region has a specific boundary, the area of another region starts beyond that
boundary.

The extent of a region depends upon the homogeneity of a region. There are sub-
regions in one region and therefore regions can be arranged into different orders on the
basis of same features.

There are two types of regions - formal and functional regions.

A formal region is also known as uniform region or homogeneous region. It is an area in

which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. It can be
common physical characteristic such as relief or climate of the region. It can be socio-
cultural or economic activity such as common language. For example, rice producing
regions.

In some formal regions, there are boundaries. Thus, district, state or country may be
formal region. For example, USA and Canada are the examples of formal regions.

In functional regions characteristics are not important but functions are more important.

In one functional region, there may be many political or physical regions but due to one
common function it is said to be functional. For example, Mumbai metropolitan or Pune
metropolitan regions.

Functional regions act as a focal point that connects surrounding areas by

transportation and communication. For example, Mumbai metropolitan city is well
connected with its surrounding areas through transportation.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 74

Answer in details:
On what factors are the regions differentiated? Give examples.

Solution: A region is an area of a country or any part of the world with same common
features. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of physical or man-made or
socio-cultural factors. For example, Chota Nagpur plateau region has plateau relief.
Himalayan mountain region has mountainous relief. The desert region of Rajasthan has
shortage of rainfall and very high temperature. Northern plain region has plain relief,
fertile soil and moderate climate. The region may be differentiated on the basis of man-

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made factors like political factors such as administrative boundaries or political
boundaries. For example, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab are two different regions because
they have different political boundaries and government bodies. The region may be
differentiated on the basis of socio-cultural factors such as language, religion or
ethnicity. For example, in Mumbai there is an area, where people speaking Gujarati
language live in one region. The Middle East countries form one region where people of
Muslim religion stay together. Thus, regions are differentiated on the basis of various
factors.
Exercise | Q 5.3 | Page 74
Answer in details:
Per capita income is not the real indicator of regional development. Explain.

Solution: The per capita income is the income of per person in the country or region. It
is the ratio between the country's national income and total population. Per capital
income is an index of development because more the per capita income, higher the
standard of living of people. But it is not always true. The per capita income gives an
idea about the average income of people in the country but it does not explain how
income is distributed among the people. Some people may be rich and some may be
below the poverty line. The per capita income is related to only economic aspect of the
country but it does not take into account literacy rate, health, sex ratio, age structure, life
expectancy etc. Sometimes rise in per capita income is due to increase in prices of
commodities. If the population is low the per capita income will be high, but the regional
development will be slow, because such regions have shortage of skilled labour supply
for further development. Therefore, we can say that the per capita income is not the real
indication of regional
development.
Exercise | Q 6 | Page 74
Find the correlation between land under permanent crops and GDP given in the table
using Spearman's Rank Correlation. Write the conclusion in your own words:

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Solution: do it yourself.

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 Geography : Nature and Scope

EXERCISE [PAGE 81]

Exercise | Q 1 | Page 81
Identify the correct group:
A В С D
Geomorphology Cartography Tourism Political Geography
Climatology Survey Forest Conservation Physical Geography
Biogeography Data collection Wildlife Conservation Population Geography
Historical Geography GIS/GPS Culture Conservation Economic Geography
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
Solution: B
Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 81
Give geographical reasons:
Human Geography is multidisciplinary in nature.

Solution: Human geography is the branch of geography dealing with human activities
and their influence on culture, communities and economies. In human geography every
social science studies separately has interface with branch of human geography:
because of their spatial attributes. Social sciences like sociology, political science,
economics, history and demography are very closely related with branches of human
geography, such as social geography, political geography, economic geography and
historical geography, respectively. Since, we study varied branches of geography in
human geography, it is said to be multidisciplinary in nature.
Exercise | Q 2.2 | Page 81
Give geographical reasons:
Geography is dynamic in nature.

Solution: Most geographical phenomena whether physical or human are not static and
can change overtime. In economic geography, we study economic activities as well as
factors affecting their distribution and changes. In climatology we study changes in

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temperature and rainfall due to global warming. Depending upon the changes in
climate, changes are made in cropping patterns. Geographers study relationship
between production, distribution and geographical factors. For example, tea is grown on
a large scale in the State of Assam due to high temperature, heavy rainfall, red soil, hilly
relief, cheaper water transportation due to the Brahmaputra River and cheap and skilled
labour supply from nearby States of Bihar and Orissa. We study weather over a period
of about 30 years and decide climate of that place or population of a country or the
world over a period of time. Since, changes occur time to time. Thus, geography is
dynamic in nature.
Exercise | Q 2.3 | Page 81
Give geographical reasons:
Geography is dualistic in nature.

Solution: There are two contrasting approaches to study the subject of geography.
They are possibilism and environmental determinism. This contrast in approaches is
called as dualism in geography. Some geographers are of the view that nature is more
dominant than man. It is called environmental determinism. According to them, when we
study geography, we study the earth. We study how natural resources have influence
on economic activities, as well as food habits of people. For example, in coastal areas
fishing activity is more developed and fish is the main food the people. Some
geographers are of opinion that man dominates the nature. It is called possibilism.
According to them man can make changes in nature due to his intelligence. the people.
For example, there are polyhouses even in polar areas, in which temperature is
controlled artificially and vegetables are grown. There are many other thinkers who
have different approaches in geography. Thus, the study of geography is dualistic in
nature.
Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 81
Write short notes on:
Physical Geography is related to various branches of Science.

Solution: Almost every discipline, under natural and social sciences is linked with
geography. Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography and Biogeography are the
branches of physical geography. Geomorphology studies landforms, rock types,

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processes of formation of rocks, landforms, etc. Therefore, it is related to geology.
Climatology studies elements of atmosphere such as temperature, winds, rainfall,
humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones, storms, etc. Therefore, it is
related to meteorology Oceanography studies oceans and seas on the surface of the
earth, ocean currents, ocean routes, etc. Therefore, it is related to Hydrology.
Biogeography studies the distribution of plants and animals, their species, ecosystems,
etc. Therefore, it is related to biology. Knowledge of mathematics is important for
cartographic techniques, such as drawing of maps and diagrams. Similarly, knowledge
of statistics is useful to do data analysis since various statistical techniques and
hypotheses testing are used in data analysis. Thus, physical geography is related to
various branches of sciences.
Exercise | Q 3.2 | Page 81
Write short notes on:
Branches of Geography,

Solution: There are three major branches of Geography - Physical Geography, Human
Geography and Geographic Techniques. Geography has various sub-branches;
however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology,
Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography. Human geography comprises of six
sub-branches, Historical Geography, Political Geography, Economic Geography,
Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population Geography. Geographic
Techniques have four branches, namely, remote sensing, quantification methods in
geography, cartography and Geographic Information System (GIS).
Exercise | Q 3.3 | Page 81
Write short notes on:
Latest trends in Geography.

Solution: Currently, the explanation of all geographic phenomena depends upon the
cause and effect relationship. Geographers developed number of disciplines within its
boundaries.
- Number of techniques for analysis and prediction through data collection and
modelling are also developed by geographers. Due to the dynamic nature of geography,
new things are added in the subject. Use of audio-visual media and information

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technology has enriched the database. The latest technology of software has brought
about better opportunities in data collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation.
Presently, the use of GIS and GPS has become essential. Therefore, maps are made
by using GIS software and have proved to be more accurate. Nowadays the use of
mathematical modelling and computer models in applied geography has increased.
They are used for prediction of weather changes or natural calamities. The above
mentioned are all the latest trends in Geography.
Exercise | Q 3.4 | Page 81
Write short notes on:
Skills required for studying geography.

Solution: The skills required to study the methods and techniques used in geography
have made the study of geography empirical and practical in nature. The study of
geography is based on theory and observation. It is supported by the scientific study like
data collection and data analysis through number of tools and techniques. The
geographers developed skills for conducting surveys with the help of advanced
technology. They have also acquired the skills to make use of satellite images for data
collection. The geographers have attained the skills for experiments, data collection,
data organisation, observation patterns, data analysis, research findings, etc. The
geographers have learnt analytical techniques of data with the help of statistical
techniques and representation of statistical data using graphs and maps.
Exercise | Q 4.1 | Page 81
Answer in detail:
Explain how the knowledge of Geography is important in our day-to-day life. Give
examples.

Solution: The knowledge of geography is important in our day-to-day life because with
geographical knowledge we can understand the basic physical systems that affect our
everyday life. For example, the earth-sun relationship, water cycle, wind, ocean
currents, etc. For the effective functioning of different places, we learn the physical and
cultural characteristics of places. With the help of geography, we can understand the
geography of the past, how geography had played an important role in the evolution of
people, their ideas, places and environment. We can prepare a map of a province or

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territory, country and the world, so that one can understand the location of various
countries. For example, the political map of the Asian continent gives idea about
location of Asian countries. With the help of various distribution maps, we can
understand distribution of minerals, crops, population, etc., in the world. For example,
with the help of dot map we can understand spatial distribution of population in the
world. With the help of economic geography, we can understand the development of
economic activities in different countries of the world and their correlation with physical
and economic factors. For example, we can study the world's leading areas in fishing
activities and their reasons. With the help of climatology, we understand atmospheric
phenomenon, such as cyclones, global warming, etc.
Exercise | Q 4.2 | Page 81
Answer in detail:
Discuss the relationship between Geography and other subjects.

Solution: Geography is related to almost every discipline under natural and social
sciences. There are three major branches of Geography, namely, Physical Geography,
Human Geography and Geographic Techniques. Geography has various sub-branches;
however, the four major sub-branches of Physical Geography are Geomorphology.
Climatology, Biogeography and Oceanography. In Geomorphology we study the
formation and types of landforms, gradient, rock structure, ete. This is related to the
subject of geology. In Climatology we study the atmospheric elements such as
temperature winds, rainfall, humidity, natural disasters like cyclones, anticyclones,
storms, ete. This it is related to the subject of meteorology. In Oceanography we study
the ocean currents, ocean routes, coastal features, etc., of oceans and seas. This it is
related to the subject of hydrology. submarine relief,. In geography of soil, we study the
components, layers, texture, and fertility of the soil, etc. This is related to the subject of
pedology. Human geography comprises of six sub-branches, Historical Geography,
Political Geography, Economic Geography, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography
and Population Geography. In historical geography, we study the correlation of historical
events with geographical factors. This is related to the subject of history. In Political
Geography, we study the effect of geographical factors on political events. This is
related to the subject of political science. In Economic Geography, we study the
correlation of geographical factors and economic activities. This is related to the subject

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of economics. Similarly, Behavioural Geography, Social Geography and Population
Geography are related to the subjects of psychology, sociology and demography
respectively. Thus, it can be concluded by saying that geography has a strong
relationship with other subjects in natural as well as human or social sciences.
Exercise | Q 4.3 | Page 81
Answer in detail:
Explain the nature of Geography in detail.
Solution: Geography is the study of the earth as a home of man, and various
phenomena related to it. Therefore, geography is the study of the physical environment
in relation to man. The physical environment has direct effect on cultural and social
environments. The earth is dynamic in nature. Hence, we find variations in its physical
and cultural/social environments. In geography we study the relation between the
physical environment and production, distributions and their patterns and variations.
Geographers study the location, geographical phenomena, whether physical or human,
which are highly dynamic and its causes. Since geography is the study of space and
time it makes geography dynamic in nature. In geographical study, the geographer tries
to answer questions like what, why, where and when.
Exercise | Q 5.1 | Page 81
Differentiate between:
Physical Geography and Human Geography.

Solution:
Physical Geography
Human Geography

(i) Physical Geography is the branch (i) Human Geography is the branch of
of geography dealing with natural geography dealing with how human activities
features. influence the culture, communities,
economies, etc.

(ii) Geomorphology, Climatology, (ii) Historical Geography, Political Geography,

Oceanography, Biogeography, Economic Geography, Behavioural
Geography of soils, are the branches Geography, Social Geography and
of Physical Geography. Population Geography are the branches of
Human Geography.

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 (iii) Physical geography is natural (iii) Human geography is a social science.
science.

Exercise | Q 5.2 | Page 81

Differentiate between:
Possibilism and Determinism.

Solution:
Possibilism
Determinism

(i) When man dominates (i) When nature dominates man, it is called
nature, it is called possibilism. determinism.

(ii) Due to intelligence, man (ii) Determinism asserts that development of

makes changes in the natural human history, culture, society, lifestyle, etc., are
environment. shaped by their physical environment.

(iii) There are limitations to (iii) There are no limitations on impact of physical
changes made by man in environment on human activities.
nature.

Exercise | Q 6.1 | Page 81

Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram:
Relationship between Geography and other subjects.

Solution:

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Exercise | Q 6.2 | Page 81
Draw a neat and well-labeled diagram:
Skills required to study Geography.

Solution:

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