MODULE 1 UNIT WEIGHT/SPECIFIC WEIGHT
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑊)
𝛾=
Fluid Mechanics is a physical science 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑉)
dealing with the action of fluids at rest or in 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
motion, and with applications and devices in
𝜌𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌 𝑔𝑎𝑠
engineering using fluids. Fluid mechanics can SPECIFIC GRAVITY, 𝑠 = ; 𝑠=
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟
be subdivided into two major areas, fluid For water at 4⁰ C:
statics, which deals with fluids at rest, and fluid 𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = 62.4 = 9.81
dynamics, concerned with fluids in motion. 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
Hydraulics deals with the application of fluid 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1.94 3 = 1000 3
mechanics to engineering devices involving 𝑓𝑡 𝑚
liquids, usually water or oil.
COMPRESSIBILITY
TYPES OF FLUIDS ∆𝑉
∆𝑃 = −𝐸𝑏 ( )
𝑉
𝑉 = Initial volume
∆𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑉 = change in pressure and volume
Bulk modulus of elasticity of water, ∆𝐸𝑏 =
2.2 𝑥 109 𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 3.2𝑥105 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
VISCOCITY
𝑑𝑣
𝜏=𝜇 (Newtons Law of Viscosity)
𝑑𝑦
Where:
MASS DENSITY, (RHO) 𝜏= ;
𝐹
shear stress in
𝑙𝑏
𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑓𝑡 2
Units:
𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐
English: 𝑦 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑚
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
Metric:
𝑐𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑁−𝑠
SI: 1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.1 𝑜𝑟 0.1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝑚3 𝑚2
For an ideal gas, its density: KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
𝜇
Where: 𝜌 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝐴 𝑣=𝜌
R = gas constant Joule/kg-ºK
𝑐𝑚2
For air: Unit: 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑅 = 287𝐽/𝑘𝑔 − º𝐾
𝑅 = 1,716 𝑙𝑏 − 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 − º𝑅 Common units in Viscosity
𝑇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
⁰K = ⁰C + 273
⁰R = ⁰F + 460
Densities of Common Fluids
Note:
𝑚2
1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒 = 0.0001
𝑠
1 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.1 𝑃𝑎 − 𝑠
𝟏
SPECIFIC VOLUME, 𝑽𝒔 =
𝝆
SURFACE TENSION
𝑁
Ans. 𝜏 = 2400 ; 𝐹 = 216 𝑁
𝑚2
5. A gas at 30ºC under a pressure of 10,000 mb abs
has a specific weight of 103 N/m3. What is the
value of R for the gas? R = 314 m2 /s2 K
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
ℎ=
𝛾𝐷 6. Calculate the internal pressure of a 10mm
diameter droplets if the surface tension is 0.6
ℎ = capillary rise of depression N/m. 240 Pa
𝐷 = tube diameter
𝛽 = the angle of contact bet. Liquid and solid 7. Calculate the internal pressure of a 30mm
𝜎 = surface tension diameter soap bubble if the tension in the soap
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 film 0.6 N/m. 160 Pa
8. Calculate the capillary effect in mm in a glass
Capillarity tube 2mm in diameter when immersed in
𝑁
mercury. Assume 𝜎 = 0.5 and the contact
𝑚
angle for mercury is 130º. -0.00483m or 4.83mm
depression
(Other problems to be discussed)
Capillarity (Capillary action) is the name given to the
behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore tube. Liquids rise in
tubes they wet (adhesion > cohesion) and fall in tubes
they do not wet (cohesion > adhesion).
2𝜎
𝑝= 𝑟
pressure in a droplet
4𝜎
𝑝= pressure in a bubble
𝑟
𝑝 = internal pressure
𝑟 = droplet radius
Sample Problem:
1. If the specific weight of a fluid is 50lb/ft3 what is
its density? 1.553 slug/ft3
2. If the specific weight of a fluid is 10kN/m3 .
𝒌𝒈
(a) what is its density? 1,019.37
𝒎𝟑
(b) Its specific gravity? 1.019
3. A certain gas weighs 20 N/m3 at a certain
pressure and temperature. Determine the
values of:
(a) Density? 2.04 kg/m3
(b) Specific Volume? 0.49 m3 /kg
(c) Specific of gravity with respect to air
which weighs 12 N/m3 . 1.67
4. A 150mm by 600mm plate slides on oil (µ=0.75 N-
s/m2 ) over a large plane surface as shown in the
figure. What force F is required to drag a plate
at a velocity v of 1.6 m/s if the thickness t of the
separating oil film is 0.5mm?
