Name: Mohamed Naleer Abdul Gaffor Email: muhammed_naleer@[Link] IP: 184.162.144.

24

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2.5 A cantilever beam of a rectangular cross-section is subjected to a shear force V

as shown in Fig. 2.17. The bending stress is given by
Mz
σ xx =
I
where M = −V ( L − x ) . Assume a state of plane stress parallel to the x-z plane,

i.e., σ yy = τ xy = τ yz = 0 . Find the transverse shear stress τ xz (= τ zx ) by

integrating the equilibrium equations over the beam thickness and applying the
h
boundary conditions τ xz = 0 at z = ± .
2
Hint: From the equilibrium equation
∂σ xx ∂τ xz
+ =0
∂x ∂z
we have
∂τ xz ∂σ z ∂M
= − xx = −
∂z ∂x I ∂x

Figure 2.17 Cantilever beam subjected to a shear force

Solution:
∂M
(a) Bending moment is M = −V ( L − x ) , so =V
∂x
(b) From the equilibrium equation for a state of plane stress parallel to the x-z plane,
we have
∂τ xz ∂σ z ∂M V
= − xx = − =− z
∂z ∂x I ∂x I
⎛ V ⎞ V
Therefore, τ xz = ∫ ⎜ − z ⎟dz = − z 2 + C
⎝ I ⎠ 2I

2.5.1

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h
(c) Applying the B.C.: τ xz = 0 at z = ±
2
we have
2
V ⎛h⎞ Vh 2
− ⎜ ⎟ +C = 0 => C=
2I ⎝2⎠ 8I

So τ xz = −
V 2
2I
z +C =
V 2
8I
(
h − 4z 2 ) also I =
bh 3
12

=> τ xz =
V 2
(h − 4z 2 ) =
3V
(h 2 − 4 z 2 )
8I 2bh 3
--- ANS

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2.6 The state of stress in a body is uniform and is given by

σ xx = 4MPa , τ xy = 2MPa , τ xz = 0

σ yy = 3MPa , τ yz = 0 , σ zz = 0

Find the three components of the stress vector t on the surface ABCD as shown
in Fig. 2.18. Find the normal component σ n of the stress vector.
Hint: From the equilibrium equation

Figure 2.18 Shape of a wedge

Solution:

(a) The stress vector t can be expressed as {t } = [σ ] n ,{ }

in which σ ji = σ ij

⎧t x ⎫
{t i } = ⎪⎨t y ⎪⎬ is the stress vector on surface ABCD,
⎪t ⎪
⎩ z⎭

⎡σ xx τ xy τ xz ⎤
[σ ]
ij
⎢
= ⎢τ yx
⎥
σ yy τ yz ⎥ are the stress components associated with the coordinate
⎢ τ zx τ zy σ zz ⎥⎦
⎣
x-y-z,

⎧n x ⎫
and {n j } = ⎨n y ⎬ is the normal vector to the surface ABCD,
⎪ ⎪
⎪n ⎪
⎩ z⎭

2.6.1

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(b) Calculate the normal vector to the surface ABCD, {n j }

Assume that the positions of point B, C, D are B(1,0,1), C(1,0,0), D(0,1,0)

We have BC = (0 ,0 ,−1) and CD = (− 1,1,0 )

BC × CD ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
thus {n} = =⎜ ,0 ⎟
T
,
BC × CD ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

(c) Now applying {t } = σ[ ]{n }, we have

⎧t x ⎫ ⎡4 2 0 ⎤ ⎧1 / 2 ⎫ ⎧6 / 2 ⎫ ⎧4.24 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨t y ⎬ = ⎢2 3 0 ⎥ ⎨1 / 2 ⎬ = ⎨5 / 2 ⎬ = ⎨3.54 ⎬MPa
⎪t ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ z⎭ ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭

--- ANS

(d) The normal component σ n = {t} ⋅ {n},

T

⎧1 / 2 ⎫
⎧ 6 5 ⎫⎪ ⎪ 11
σn = ⎨ 0⎬⎨1 / 2 ⎬ = = 5.5MPa
⎩ 2 2 ⎭⎪ ⎪ 2
⎩ 0 ⎭
--- ANS

2.6.2

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2.7 Find the principal stresses and corresponding principal directions for the stresses
given in Problem 2.6. Check the result with other methods such as Mohr’s
circle.

Solution:
(a) The stress given in problem 2.6 is

⎡ 4 2 0⎤
[σ ij ] = ⎢⎢2 3 0⎥⎥ ,
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦

[ ]
To find the principal stresses, we require that σ ij − σ [I ] = 0 , or

4 −σ 2 0
2 3−σ 0 =0
0 0 −σ

( )
Expanding the determinant yields − σ σ 2 − 7σ + 8 = 0 , the solutions of σ are
7 ± 17
σ = 0 , or σ = , (which are 1.43845 and 5.56155)
2
--- ANS
(i) When σ 1 = 0
We have the equations

⎧4 n x + 2 n y = 0
⎪
⎨ 2n x + 3n y = 0 , and also we have (n x ) + (n y ) + (n z ) = 1
2 2 2

⎪ 0⋅n = 0
⎩ z

So the solutions can be obtained uniquely as

⎧n x = 0
(1)
⎧n x ⎫ ⎧0⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨n y = 0 , and ⎨n y ⎬ = ⎨0⎬ is the corresponding principal direction
⎪n = 1 ⎪n ⎪ ⎪1⎪
⎩ z ⎩ z⎭ ⎩ ⎭

--- ANS
(ii) When σ 2 = 1.43845
We have the equations

⎧2.56155n x + 2n y = 0
⎪
⎨ 2n x + 1.56155n y = 0 , and also we have (n x ) + (n y ) + (n z ) = 1
2 2 2

⎪ − 1.43845n = 0
⎩ z

2.7.1

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Therefore we have the corresponding principal direction

( 2)
⎧n x ⎫ ⎧ 0.61541 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨n y ⎬ = ⎨− 0.78821⎬
⎪n ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ z⎭ ⎩ 0 ⎭

--- ANS
(iii) When σ 3 = 5.56155
We have the equations

⎧− 1.56155n x + 2n y = 0
⎪
⎨ 2n x − 2.56155n y = 0 , and also we have (n x ) + (n y ) + (n z ) = 1
2 2 2

⎪ − 5.56155n = 0
⎩ z

Therefore we have the corresponding principal direction

( 3)
⎧n x ⎫ ⎧0.78821⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨n y ⎬ = ⎨0.61541⎬
⎪n ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ z⎭ ⎩ ⎭

--- ANS
(b) Comparing with Mohr’s circle
Since the stresses associated with z are all zero, we know one principal stress is 0,
(1)
⎧n x ⎫ ⎧0⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
and its corresponding principal direction is ⎨n y ⎬ = ⎨0⎬ . So here we can use the
⎪n ⎪ ⎪1⎪
⎩ z⎭ ⎩ ⎭

2D analysis on the x-y plane just for other principal values.

(4,2)

σ
σ min σ max

(3,-2)

According to the Mohr’s circle, we have the radius of the circle

2.7.2

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r=
1
2
((4 − 3) 2
+ (2 + 2 )
2
) = 2.06155 ,
⎛4+3 2−2⎞
The central coordinate of the circle is ( xc , y c ) = ⎜ , ⎟ = (3.5,0 )
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
Therefore we have the maximum and minimum stresses, respectively,
σ max = xc + r = 3.5 + 2.06155 = 5.56155
σ min = xc − r = 3.5 − 2.06155 = 1.43845
These are the same as we obtained above.
--- ANS

2.7.3

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2.9 An isotropic solid with Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio υ is under a
state of hydrostatic stress as given in Problem 2.8. Find the corresponding strain
components.

⎡σ 0 0 0⎤
Recall: [σ ij ] = ⎢⎢ 0 σ 0 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 σ 0 ⎥⎦

Solution:
(a) Three dimensional stress-strain relations can be expressed as:

⎧ε xx ⎫ ⎧σ xx ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪σ ⎪
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎪ yy ⎪
⎪⎪ε zz ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪σ zz ⎪⎪
[ ]
⎨ ⎬ = aij 6×6 ⎨τ ⎬ , where aij are elastic compliances.
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎪ yz ⎪
⎪γ xz ⎪ ⎪τ xz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭

(b) When the material is isotropic, a ij can be obtained individually as:

1 υ
a11 = a 22 = a33 = , a12 = a13 = a 23 = a 21 = a 31 = a32 = − ,
E E
1
a 44 = a 55 = a 66 = , and others are zero.
G
(c) For a state of hydrostatic stress, we can obtain strain components with matrix
multiplication:
⎡1 υ υ ⎤
⎢E − − 0 0 0⎥
E E ⎧σ 0 ⎫
⎢ υ ⎥ ⎪ (1 − 2υ )⎪
⎧ε xx ⎫ ⎢ 1
− 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎧σ 0 ⎫ ⎪ E
⎪ε ⎪ ⎢ ⎪
E E ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪ ⎪σ 0
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ 0⎪ (1 − 2υ )⎪
0 ⎥ ⎪σ ⎪ ⎪ E
1
⎪⎪ε zz ⎪⎪ ⎢ 0 0 ⎪
E ⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪σ ⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ 0 ⎬ = ⎨ 0 (1 − 2υ )⎬
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎢
1
0 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪ E ⎪
⎪γ xz ⎪ ⎢ G ⎥⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
0 ⎥ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪
1
⎩⎪γ xy ⎭⎪ ⎢
symm 0 ⎪
G ⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭
⎢ ⎥
⎣ G⎦
--- ANS

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2.11 A block of elastic solid is compressed by normal stress σ xx as shown in Fig.

2.19. The containing walls are rigid and smooth (frictionless). Find the values
of k for plane strain and plane stress conditions, respectively, in the
stress-strain relation obtained from the compression test above.
σ xx = kε xx
Assume that E = 70GPa and υ = 0.3 .

y
σ xx = −σ 0 σ xx = −σ 0
x

Figure 2.19 Solid between two smooth rigid walls

Solution:
Recall: Three dimensional stress-strain relations can be expressed as:

⎧σ xx ⎫ ⎧ε xx ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎪ε ⎪
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎪ yy ⎪
⎪⎪σ zz ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ε zz ⎪⎪
[ ]
⎨ ⎬ = cij 6×6 ⎨γ ⎬ , where c ij are elastic constants.
⎪τ yz ⎪ ⎪ yz ⎪
⎪τ xz ⎪ ⎪γ xz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭

or

⎧ε xx ⎫ ⎧σ xx ⎫
⎪ε ⎪ ⎪σ ⎪
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎪ yy ⎪
⎪⎪ε zz ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪σ zz ⎪⎪
[ ]
⎨ ⎬ = aij 6×6 ⎨τ ⎬ , where aij are elastic compliances.
⎪γ yz ⎪ ⎪ yz ⎪
⎪γ xz ⎪ ⎪τ xz ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭

If the material is isotropic, c ij and a ij are given as

c11 = c 22 = c33 = λ + 2G , c12 = c13 = c 23 = c 21 = c 31 = c32 = λ ,

c 44 = c55 = c66 = G , and the rest are zero.
υE E
where λ = and G =
(1 + υ )(1 − 2υ ) 2(1 + υ )

2.11.1

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1 υ
or, a11 = a 22 = a33 = , a12 = a13 = a 23 = a 21 = a 31 = a32 = − ,
E E
1
a 44 = a 55 = a 66 = , and the rest are zero.
G
(a) Plane strain problem:
In plane strain problems, we have

ε zz = γ yz = γ xz = 0

In this problem, we also have the following constraint condition

ε yy = 0

Therefore, the relation {σ } = cij [ ] {ε }

6×6
can be used to obtain

⎧σ xx ⎫ ⎡λ + 2G λ λ 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ ε xx ⎫
⎪σ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎢ λ + 2G λ 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎪ε yy = 0⎪
⎪⎪σ zz ⎪⎪ ⎢ λ + 2G 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪⎪ε zz = 0 ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪τ yz ⎪ ⎢ G 0 0 ⎥ ⎪γ yz = 0⎪
⎪τ xz ⎪ ⎢ symm G 0 ⎥ ⎪γ xz = 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩τ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ G ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭

Expanding the matrix multiplication, we have

⎧σ xx = (λ + 2G )ε xx
⎪ σ = λε
⎪ yy xx

⎪⎪ σ zz = λε xx
⎨
⎪ τ yz = 0
⎪ τ xz = 0
⎪
⎪⎩ τ xy = Gγ xy

Comparing to the problem statement, we have

(1 − υ ) E (1 − 0.3) ⋅ 70
k = λ + 2G = = = 94.23 GPa
(1 + υ )(1 − 2υ ) (1 + 0.3)(1 − 2 ⋅ 0.3)
--- ANS
(b) Plane stress problem:
In plane stress problems, we have

σ zz = τ yz = τ xz = 0

In this problem, we also have

ε yy = 0

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Therefore, the relation {ε } = aij [ ] {σ }

6×6
can be used to obtain:

⎡1 υ υ ⎤
⎢E − − 0 0 0⎥
E E
⎢ υ ⎥
⎧ ε xx ⎫ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎧ σ xx ⎫
1
− 0 0
⎪ε = 0⎪ ⎢ E E ⎥ ⎪ σ yy ⎪
⎪ yy ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
0 ⎥ ⎪σ = 0⎪
1
⎪⎪ ε zz ⎪⎪ ⎢ 0 0
⎥ ⎪ zz ⎪
E
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨τ = 0 ⎬
⎪ γ yz ⎪ ⎢
1
0 0 ⎥ ⎪ yz ⎪
⎪ γ xz ⎪ ⎢ G ⎪τ
⎥ xz = 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ γ xy ⎪⎭ ⎢ symm 0 ⎪ τ xy ⎪
G ⎥⎩ ⎭
⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ G⎦
Expanding the matrix multiplication, we have

⎧ 1
⎪ ε xx = E (σ xx − υσ yy )
⎪ 1
⎪ε yy = (−υσ xx + σ yy ) = 0
⎪ E
⎪ ε = − υ (σ + σ )
⎨ zz
E
xx yy
⎪ γ yz = 0
⎪
⎪ γ xz = 0
⎪ 1
⎪ γ xy = τ xy
⎩ G
Solving the first two equations leads to,
1 1−υ 2
ε xx = (σ xx − υσ yy ) = σ xx
E E
E 70
Thus, k = = = 76.92GPa under plane stress condition.
1−υ 2
1 − 0 .3 2
--- ANS

2.11.3

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