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Organisms & Population Notes

Biology class 12 notes Vidyodaya international school

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500 views22 pages

Organisms & Population Notes

Biology class 12 notes Vidyodaya international school

Uploaded by

a2007burman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
pate 2 / = Dhapies= 13 —Ongantims 20 — Populations nam Fis e behowwe , clictlbution ond adaptation in — xelabion a. tothe onuixonmentol conditions « as i % || Sheues - Surmilar oxgamitens hosing potuntiol for ws ~~ _intoxbuseding ond _prroouice _portile _ofypuingas a? —eoratitute a particule species * =e = # | Pe ion enim living of a NOT povtivwto _floce “at a. quien time _ ds es one Pe cer cece ae ens ee dione * || Binloai hy = i totol _prafpulata m4 Bee i oe ee ~ a ee ee ~~ oo scanned with CamsScanner —>~ Be Habitat ot ary pontioulon times hamdacope = Tb us a umit Be delocdsttasth namai boil is bourdany hauing a mojaie of patches amd, these patches genenally _ repxesemt dippers _uosysterms. sBusme = Te us oe darege i suit, shonatkvused by ——_s _-majon vegttation type ond asvasiated. fauna founds wna. _speespie diets rome. Eg staat er o forest» tropseal forest - Biosphere - oll eoxths foxueshuial biome and oguatic biome constitute 0 biosphexe . The birsphere _ dower _atmoiphere 9 amd > oceans 4 rivers 5 _ Jakes + wsherewer bie 5 spresemt - Emulonmont - TH vs. the sum Usted of oll biotic and. obintic factors thot surrounds amd prodicolly nares om organism « orn ems ixomment ob. Juegqurce on athew act a4 xegulotory potlon «the difjeent component poorubronment are untuclinked on sinter - dependent . The -emuirconmend fy veflected in egtonal» -glsbol clmote “pattowrs 04 ell 0b local chirmatiz Rit Meare amicos imate . the _emuteonment vores prom _ploce cto floce due to _voxtations in bimote - Mimnate= Tt xehos to average weather of an axea reas sindusling 9 gmeral patterns of “cdhrnoapherde conditions , seasonal aan teh extremes, aa overs Jong poviod . vase te. [OQ] Scanned with CamScanner ss fee Date__/ + : Weather = weather of an area ig towed ox ehimate -€ hut vowtus proportion of atmasphexe Like fuuuke > temperature ond fuwmidity » aimjall ,_uvnd. ct olven plore ond time ui “coltedl weather - _ 2D2e é. Liimaats rons Based on vadatim in ~nean fempeealur along latitude , the climatic regions axe deopical (o’ to 20°) 4 aub= teopital (20° to vo") demprxate ( Yo" to 60') >» axctic. and amtaxhio . 2|9\2|\ 29 9 Mixo - clvimate-It xeprewsents the cuimatic conditions thet prevails at a Jocal scale aw in axee of dimited size 4uch\ as immediate _suxxaundlimg puosnis and animals . Ong mises amd vt} Enuixorment ~_ are 0 CAAA RAAARAD NS RADA 9999 Reginald. Lowal_avitions suthin cach biome ead ge tothe _fowmation of susie —_vavirehy habitats . Majo bitornes fe Indian. axe desert grassland 4 e ‘ » temperate fost + conifexaus foxeut 2 anxchic amd _alphime _tumdlxa. « oe =] i ee i —. “i es de Repeat otal Mean annual precipitation (cm) Page No. [OS —- Scanned with CamScanner ete (a Majar Abiatic factor : HE Mefox chips farts thot lead. to 40 much vaxtation, in the physical amd chemical conditions ea Lipperemt habitats axe i e Jeol) Temperature = Temperature ix the most ecologicoclly elant unuixonmentol porto Avexage dempexatuxe on damd) voruts seasonally.» decrease progeesively fom the wuatox towarcls the puoles cend._{norn, ploms to the mountain tops « Euxysthoumal uss = _Oxgomisms that cam tolerate Nn G RARARL ne Ge = 2 wide range % temperate are _ called nythormal Organ s ain a0) a © seeenelpigendims <_Osgumiims thot cam tolerate marnois _sange $4 temperature fT DeLee PETTERS od axe tabled — stenotheumal —_oxgomismy. The devels of theval toderamce in Aippererct species detevmine thei geographical diteibution to a deeye. extent » Wodter = kite on eaxth oxigimated um sader omd dt sumsustoinoble soithout swooter - The availabili a Sf woater us 40 Jirmictel tn _clesexts thot only orxgamiums awsith special edoptabons com duruive there. Fore Aquatic oxgemismns 2 the quality of soter ( chemical empotition > pH) is vexy mfantomt . nd Eavughaline opgornismns - oxgamisans thot cam tolekate side, omige he rs | Tn highex splamits 5 seeds ond, sore _ athe vegetabive || Hebeoductive ubuutures serve os means fob filam avers 9 poubda 94 Abrus besides helping umn _diipersol = they imate to foun mew plats wndex_ fowourole maidwee and demperatince comeuitions « They do 40 by ee Reding imetabole, astivities amd gaing ino state = 9/9 tof dlevemacy 2 wuue é g Tr_aminalss the oxgamisens right ouoiél the abeeus M jnq__in tire Th ape vende of, bears unto _hibexmotion dusuing usintex is am example ef excape win time aie ome _amails and pan go_ints aetvaton to anid ieee summer - elated. lems + Umdere- wrrpoouxable tonditions rnamy. zoaplambton a ree eee ui s imeslokes somd\ fronds axe Braun fo _enten — clixpause |_o stage of suspended development . ee Baepationst Pa Pf o Adeppctatiom, is Cis oftribute of dhe oxegamtber Comat spilt a Pee i tts can Sa Jepmodluce in sts a cael fp _durasive or a) fii Fox example! In obscence of om external source of wwoater Page No, ‘Scanned with CamScafner Date _/__. = Kangaroo wat in Naxth vArenian S wits capohle oh a meeting all vith ater _reguukeremts through ith amteunal fat oxidation - It also has on ability to woncentxote its usuine so that mrwnimodl water “is wed tp umove exccetony pod Cts eon — aoc Gi) Mor dest Mamts howe _a thick cuticle on thet deo} suurfoces ond hove. thelx _atemata cxnamnged. von deep pits to mrwininuie water a Jxamipikation . They alo have a special photosynthetic — pothivay (CAM). that enabled thet stomata to aie Sore desert jp dike Opumbio have mo leanes ~ they one reduced. to spines = and the photo uprthetic 409) functions us taken over by the _plottened aterng, Mammals from colder mates pemexclly pave shorter axs amd vmnbs to mwnirruie heat ass » This 4s tolled Allens sue. (v) When _a. person oe to_higher altitude , he Auf porn prom oltttude POE OELS “asl, gee a iy otmorphexic pce vee of higher altitudes , the body hoes mot get _enaugh oxygen. Gut» _gradurortly the person. The— body —coropentat laws _orygem ayatlability by 2A) umertosing RBC production ri the _ bindér | gets acthimatised and step eeiemeng altitude dens. J a 7 Oppionity sf roemoglsbim and. by sincxeaLing breathing ate . vi) og Desert “sands dock the phypslologfool Obitiby that mmom~mnals have to cleal with the high temp weotiures a of thu habitat, bat manage Rees theix bo dempexatune —fosdly onstomt by behoauoural omeams « Thug absorb heat wshem _ thede body, temperature BOUL nee y Fege to. OD | Scanned with CamScanner <> Ls = drops below the compart vone > but emnoye “wit ey Ahode ushen the ambient temperotuxe sorts — eS f vinvueasiing. Some speties ore copabte of buenouusing — gis wate dhe soil to hide od csoape for th -=% above = pees heat + “4 cs og2) | = HH | Populations + a edigamitm ising ate porduslor 3 Populations a_yroush of = a] plote ot a gien time uh called. populatons 1:| Populoction otbeibsutes a | Population otbdibubes axe surmynanits —dedoribims honaccteisticl r po of the pofurlection.. , ‘ni | Some spopulction atbubbubes ore birth cates »~ death yootes 9 sex. Hatin ete. In _o population bith amd Oy death yates neler to pee capita bisths and deaths. Gy sespectively « ss Gy S SSS fre = : == = |_seeproductive —— 24 (1) Expanding (ii) Stable (itt)_Deetining Devine 4 [co | pang population =a. ffilation it expanding ip she OA mumbor of feohle of Jhe pre - OA : speoduichive oge = goup is moxe than dhe number CA fe of —seepoducttive age group cond the_mumber @ of frople of the post - Heprooluctive age gasp is ¢ pomRlenst This HOMME ceria ipallecl expurelinn ee bo : cee Scanned with CamScanner Date __/__/ age. fuyrorrnicls fox Awman a ciectcy ies. . ” | Gi) id = Stoble population Ayrornid axe chase that shows a _gomeshat ual fechartion of the eee seat Jotion im each age pepe 2 iit) PTT Dukiny pyramid. ~ These. pupemids axe _tonsbucted at ‘ the bathom becawe thee us a dawex VT ° prrcemtage, of yalunge espe « Thase ahouss edn buth votes. Tt has higher _proko xtions um older age -_guoups. CT rae » Population, _grousth, ~ = 9 The deny yy a population ino giem fabitat durdry | 9 o_piten juried. 5 puctuates due to changes im Jae —»@ patie pucetues » tuo of ushich (modality amd. iramignation ) 34 conbibute toon. wauease un populcctiion dengity and 4 tuto (ome rctality and. emigration) toa deexease . Ce ~ a3 (a) | Nataltty - Lk xefes to dhe mumbex of bufoths clawing a m2 giem period in dhe population that are 7 a> added Jo the wnitial density . Pee eI dhe acts ty acai cacao 2 rspuletion duxing 0 aw re a ng gn period - = PP 6c) | Immigration = Tk is the mumbo of sindiuiduals of same Apeits that have come unto a habtbeut orad_gore. elie ushere duning phe time ported syndere tondiderxction « agen. [TO] Scanned with CamScanner — b Cd) || Benigxadion = Zi is the mumbue of dmdbiticluals _¢f _ gS ST he fopuletion sho yt jhe habitat ond. qe gone elewhere cluring the time peed —umélex 2s considexation i zr i ae er | — : Se sdf =F aie T ri aes ay fossaty Pri Density | = Monat $ <2 ce) iw) i, 2 em amt < ay eee o~@ cee a9 —. So > sf N dh the pspulaction, density ot time {> then gen ith density ot time t+1 is ae oo Netz = ne +(¢@+z) - Core) I one op cS =e} Sau Hegel. — - m4 . . - a = Os fh ene ne Pelee ee ee Tt is alto called S- thoped cue 2 | Gprousth ot o constant ote of wnurease per umit = fine ss Called _ exponential gto th . +9 Population wshaye —_emnembexs have auect to _obumdamt 9 fool and axe pret lo reproduce at thu 9 be = fone gel scanned with CamScanner = GeattD Sb Date _/__/, physiological : ation inckease under these _@s hysiological, capacity $ peu teont, Candition, is” walled exponential papulation’ ———~@png growth» Tk da also _vvepee to os __gtomibeie—papltios—p ore uno population of dive “NO Hhe birth xotes 855 Cmot total mumber but pve Lopite bith) one. Say seopresented — 04 bY amd death ates (again fer seopile — death wate) ay di’, then dhel dnuceage oH dlecnease ae CNT dunt ‘it shime +” EL dn) sill be during unit time J ean —~“eeg “an 2 (bod) XN ee _Os@ ot * os het Cb-d) = x, then op Ane NE) ay ct = =~ l_ Goethe: nal equation, a 2 HN apheee St og ct —e Gh the urtimele wate of matial umuccase - ee 5 re the _ size x the pepulation thot ue pany exponentially umowase in sonstomt _xate Jesussthinng, ewerctucdly) un sr Je shaped piousth wwe. (ashen pahulation gxouth —- Wlotted agavnat ume ) ai ip ed 5 Populi oe demustiy on” 5 sk So Sof hime (+) oJ al Pose no = Scanned with CamScanner Date__/__ The $= shaped save of exponential geausth ic Wiles whonactuted tp some population that axe introduced Ynto 0 mes ox wumfield enuixonment ox ushose ruumnbers _ have been olastically neduced by catastro _wemt . Thy Tetbape grauth scaly a paltorn gf grossth J ue ushich a population density of am wegamian _incxeases apiclly im _avn exponemliol foun butt hawt “of avesleration and decoration ard prolly wv e- on _auymbtote usher the _perulohon deniit ir oe ope cy yp > Thexifont «a flat of AL in Jtlation Bids ae. ey xis un a § - shaped cure colle digrmaid. cnwe & Sa Pe of population grat 2 called verhulit - Qe Sp Peat “Lagishie —G.rousth oy < Population, a denaty ON) a 3 >) e Tume Ub) po | Since xesouxces fox growth for onost anual _ dhe ogists growth model is “conuidered as io meee realists one « oe CSF) Loruying —Loparity =the _manuimwm ruembex _ of ©» mee FONT oclisidualt of 0 population thot Oe Tan be dustoined ahd finitely win 0. given ols Scanned with CamScanner nn es fahifat epresenis iti care, Sermentol xesistamce — Enuixonmental 4 RRA IS seduce the | pspuledtion one called enwsonmental _ oat Example competition » disease » predation, sumfouaueable “tondiligns (demperatuee » fuegune » xourpol) ete _ 1 * ° jation — Tnleupeipie wnternclions axe prom the drbuaction_of populations of caro different —speois They could be __ iat = beneficial 5 detswmental ox meutxol to one of the __speures ox both. Thexe wom be cliff exert prouible outcomes of wink untexachons such as _muctuali ny competition, redation . paxasitiven , ommenaliim amersalisen ches Bath the species herefit vn rrudduolideen omel beth aeons ftom im there umtwachiory —_iuith each _ather. In both poxasttisrn amd predation only one Apecues benelits ( fporasite amd poedatox sapectively ) amd. the umtyaction ss _detvurmental to the othe species Chost and faty eupectively) Cii) The _umtexoction ushowe one apecieg us bomeditted andthe othe s__meither benefited nar haxmed. ak called commensal. Im _amnendalixm on the other hand 4s wumodpected. oo Predation > poxastisen ame Lommensolisrn share _o- mon thoxactortic = the win coxtong apecies 4am hive _losly together . ree to. 5] “aallansn, —_— — Scanned with CamScanner Predechom= Predation is _o _binlogical wntexaction where, eal x one. sptete |] Oxganismn called the _prrcdlator ang | Bila _ond eats the other oxcgamiszm called = the fycey 2 Predoctors ploy Aewexal wmpartamt xales ain om eeouptem 9 (0) || Thy art as conduits fox enengy draruper oxo ; ew develg « a Cb) | they Resp fray populations under contol ox else then KD | population densities will buome vow High and, 8 it couse _eeotyyctem dimitobility 5 Biialogical contol methods adipited sin opriuttunal a i pet control axe bated on the ability, of the SS | pudatox to xequlate population + 7 pe ed z Se ‘ | ae Scanned with CamScanner = Guat | a : See ob uno Prato solo chdp in maintaining yprcies _civou commun Hi by vreclucimg the sankey of competition among cerepeting fy species 1s Yio predatory st tteo efpiuient ond overerploits ite fru 6 o then the pray anbaht become extimet and. fotlonsiig a nee dhe predotux wsill alo become extinct bore Tech “ay food » Thextpore » prey apes howe wolved vorxwous deserves to Jewen the impact of predation « (a) Somme tpuits of uinsudls erred frogs axe cnyptically - woloured | C tammouplaged) to ovoid hwing detected easily by the ppredoton rs Cb) Some axe fotionsus and theryoxe. auoided by the predators. x Fox ¢x- the Monaxch buttertly ts highly cbictostepil to uti __fredatpx Chie) because of a special chernical frtent vin ith body . Fox fants 5 texbivony one the predotons » Unlike orwimals 5 fants tocrmod. | jou. away from thet frudators. Plants therefore have wolved an astonishing | vovuchy ef morphological amd chemical clefemses _agaunat herbivores. Co) Thoxms (Ataria » Lactus) one the most common maaxphological means of defence . Memy Manly roduce and store chemical that anoke the terbinake sich shen dhey axe eaten 2 unhibit feeding 0% diguction 5 lianupt it's rerroduction Jo wen hill it « MMW UUM DUNGY OW Molalculees. Pooe no. TE] Scanned with CamScanner Date ee fh Lornbetition = ompetition iso binlogical int a chon between — speries ae exgamniiens wh sushich bath the: oxgamitms oxe harmed + Dk gurewally believed that competition occu shen __ Hosdy xelated species Lomapiete pox dhe same ee thet axe umiting but this is mot entixely due SU ices Bitliy’ prncaecih. speci ene acdc ge | for “the same veesaurced ce i Fox ex = um some shallows youth American Jakes » ~~ i uiiting plamingors and _veeaidemt fishes compete for fy i thule" common food» roplankten in the Joke . ey 1 || Secondly » resources meed mat be Wmiting _foux Oy i competition to oecw » i Oy | a =. Ey fl S Thecefore s competition ix hut —depimned ow a. process oy | n._wushich the \ fitmew of one species ui _algmificamtly Sy | loweX wn the _fuesence of amather spouts "” ay *—e || When seexourced are unriuted the ce vernpetii tively oo Auber species asi eventucully eliminate the —— apsiaiien sther speues . ~@:. } fox = The Jbingelon tortoite im Galapagos Telomels a became extinct within a decade — after ~~ exe introduced on the island. appazently due ds the gueatex brausing efficiony of the goats» => Lornpetitwe Extluuibn Principle - This puunaple stotes that dive closely velated _speats competing fox the _sorme Di ces. canna meen nal tel andthe iw one _uuill be ehinvnated venti sere copes cr Scanned with CamScanner Dap u = This anayhe ue if eesouveces exe qdummitimng kuct ot oo. ex | oteaiiseo Sailess tat SA — ——— Og | recent atudits shows thot apes facing competition might — Se ole. _qnechaniimns that pnomates co - cxditemce nother an ex exclusion » Ome auich = anecharigma ig 9 ycexaee _ —posditionung ” + = cto apediess compete for darn seesouecss > they eae| Bx voi macula by ees difperont tints for feeding See | ee 4 tacuilon Betas ase. walabership ite species ushece one, oeamitn + the hoxastte —Luves on ox. win omother _oxganism » the host » causing ut dome hawm amd us adopted gbuuturotly to uti way of Jife - i pees a 4 proxasiter howm the host i they moy reduce ith and _yuroduction _¢} the fost _ lay i SOM ds “a population density « They might ender a} the fost mare yulnevable to predation by maliing it f= @ physdcatly wreak « faq Hany —foagiter have evalu evolved to be hast —apesipin (hey. Po39@ tam _hraxosilige only 0 single. speticn of thoat) win uch oo a» sau tio bath aut amd. the roxasite tend) to to - —~s eave {ef the holt swale, special mechanisms —s fox —vejeching or wesibtings the porasite » she porosite, = os to walye _mechamiims to counteract amd meutnald i them >_dm_oxcex fo be _wucceu pul wustth the same host = ei : aS Edtoporossbs = Panouttes that feed om the extewnal = ace. the host jums axe cabled a. ee epee ~ =. Fox ex - bie on humans amo ticks on dogs . M | eh maxing poh ore wrpesctecl wuith — ectoporras itic =—_ cepspods - ~~ Peoe to. [] Scanned TamScanner Ce = WO ehat ive oy wnside the host be ot! Stee Fy dite ( dune > Ridmey » lumgs » RBCs ete) « -S The life’ yicle ef - endoporonitel axe Anant —s ne s becasue of thein — extuwmne spedalisacbion «___— a Foxe eX Alcaris Cxaundwarm) pruert wmsicl fu beings froxanitiyen in binds is 0. fascinating exenple of froauihiurn vin which the poxouitic bed Joiy e995 S in jhe net of, dts heat andl dee Jets the het SS Unusbate them, —Duximg. the rowe of ewalution » the Go) eas of the faxauitio “hied howe owned to seesembJe LP y dhe tage in aes ond rtalauk fp xeducoi the Dy shames of the host bid detecting the foreign e99s oa amd. efeching them from the tat» Lommynsalivm -— Ik us o biological wnteraction wm ushich a. one _speuies hemes _amd_the other Js Te either hawmed mor benefited « _ reo fastens \ Ain axchid _qrowdngs 04. ome epiphigte on a mango hxanch omc _baxmacles growing on the a9 bock of a whale benefit ushile esther the a tues mon. the —wushale derives amy apparent: | eevee example of cormmenvalirm wh the _umtexaction a beteen Jen anemone shat thas _shinguing tentacles * oe and dhe dawn fh that ives _amomg them . The ish guts _puntection peo firtolatous ushich toy awoay a Juom dhe _sdinging dentouls. the anerane ‘dacs rat 5% appear cto_douve” amy bent by _foating the down _ ph: i pap2 0.20 eel A Scanned with CamScanner a : Saati = Mutuolisr = ‘The bidlopical untexaction ain wshith “both the species | oyegamisrns one \ benefited. _-pom cath othe _ Js colle onutualion « Bakes Ee Lichems veehresemit..o- mutuals tee, sealataomhip essere * a fungus amd. phostosyathealsing algae a anobactersi Mycarxhizae axe Lomosiadions betwee puny! ame) the xsohs of highex. Alors. The gumgi hela the Marts un the _ absoxpiion of Apectal mubuerts _fiom. the soul aushule_ the _ p/p pm Perey flown un tien rouldes the fungi sith energy yitlehing Dp conbohydiates es Plants eed fhe help. af anvinals ox. jpallénaling thee powers and is thu. seeds» In vebuun » plants _ fpr veewords in the” form of pollem and mectove for eee pollimatases ond. july ome mutritious fruits fox seed PP PPI lib pensexs p ee Plamt = amwmol Bacio often wmnuawe Lo - eoludion p . of the muutwaliste » ate et the ewolution of the flowex ond. ts» poLumatar species axe tightly Jumked. PE vcsins b In_mamy _dpecits of fio dred» there is 0 tight one— to - one _dulationship usith the _rallynatar species od suasp . Ht means that _o pen fig specie wom be pollinated cy_ty HH Yontnen’” wwosp species amd ma other species je _pemale woth sues the pusik mot only age one oyu site but ues the atiurctioncet geeds —_yutthin he fruit fom. mouxishing ute dewoe The wasp — prolimates he #9. uaploxeicence vushule al deniiching fox _duituble ¢99 - Jayung dites. In Keluxms the p32. offers dome of the developing deeds» a4 F o fool fox the _ lew wudodp axwvae - o ; : Oxchids _ Ahous _o- doug dbivexsttiy Ea oxal ed reset. 21] Scanned with CamScanner Ne Gath % ii mS > spatter many of aushich fave ewalved to < dhe wight “pallinalave insect (both. cor bumblebess) 4” to amteed -Aallimation by wt» The Mediterxamean axchicl. offer seepestds phe —— 9 ereploys “ seusal deceit” et _frodllina on_dlont ty — aa o apeuts of pee. Ome petol of ut apa & beaxs am wur.cammny eesemblamce to the female of the bee wn size» ola amel mnathngs iio male hee gets attracted to ut» £ pauuclocopuloces” with the —plowex anol _davuing that __proctié the § fee is olutted unith fallen grains prom the! flat When the same plesoew bee * pyeuclocoputotes” auth, omocther poser a transfor pollen to ut _amol Vadadad thus — fpotunates the power Amenialimn = Ib is a biological umtevaction between tio axoomiimt pw _speuts um _ushich_ one Apede ws fhawmed av desteoyed and the _othex xemains _umaffected - WeSsee cv dsdese Heel ~ Scanned with CamScanner

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